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| 1 | Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment显示文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge. | Anekwe Jennifer Ebele Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Stuart Harrad | 2017 | Emerging Contaminants2017，3，1： | 44 |
| 2 | Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: A review显示文摘The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided. | Qian Sui Xuqi Cao Shuguang Lu Wentao Zhao Zhaofu Qiu Gang Yu | 2015 | Emerging Contaminants2015，1，1： | 20 |
| 3 | Contaminants of emerging concern in landfill leachate in China:A review显示文摘This review paper summarizes the occurrence,removal and ecological risk of contaminants of emerging concern(CEC)reported in landfill leachate in China since 1996(43 studies in 10 regions).Results show that many more studies are conducted in developed southeastern China than in developing western and northeastern regions in China.Phthalate esters(PAEs,with 15 studies)and pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs,with 13 studies)are the two most frequently studied CEC classes.Concentrations of nine CECs classes were in a wide range from 0.03(organochlorine pesticides)to approximately 4500 mg/L(alkylphenol polyethoxylates/bisphenol analog).Meanwhile,concentrations of CEC compounds range from below detection limit(e.g.doxycycline)to approximately 4500 mg/L(bisphenol A).Several PAEs(diethyl phthalate,di-n-butyl phthalate,and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate)and PPCPs(diclofenac and gemfibrizol)have significant variation between sampling sites.Typically,advanced treatment processes can achieve higher removal efficiencies of CEC compounds from landfill leachate compared with conventional treatment processes.Furthermore,environmental risk assessments of CEC compounds in treated landfill leachate using a risk quotient method show that 2(substituted)polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(sPAHs)(benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene),2 PPCPs(bezafibrate and sulfapyridine),g-hexachlorocyclohexane,and bisphenol A pose high risk.The importance of monitoring and potential risks of CECs in the leachate to vicinity aquatic environment cross China is addressed. | Chengdu Qi Jun Huang Bin Wang Shubo Deng Yujue Wang Gang Yu | 2018 | Emerging Contaminants2018，4，1： | 10 |
| 4 | An insight of environmental contamination of arsenic on animal health显示文摘The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead,cadmium,mercury and arsenic.Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water,food being the most important source in most populations.Although adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time,exposure to heavy metals continues and is even increasing in some areas.Longterm exposure to arsenic in drinking-water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer,but also some other cancers,as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes.Therefore,measures should be taken to reduce arsenic exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects.Animal are being exposed to arsenic through contaminated drinking water,feedstuff,grasses,vegetables and different leaves.Arsenic has been the most common causes of inorganic chemical poisoning in farm animals.Although,sub-chronic and chronic exposure of arsenic do not generally reveal external signs or symptoms in farm animals but arsenic(or metabolites)concentrations in blood,hair,hoofs and urine are remained high in animals of arsenic contaminated zones.So it is assumed that concentration of arsenic in blood,urine,hair or milk have been used as biomarkers of arsenic exposure in field animals. | Paramita Mandal | 2017 | Emerging Contaminants2017，3，1： | 8 |
| 5 | Defluoridation of groundwater by calcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxide显示文摘The present study evaluated calcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxide(CLDH)availability for the removal of fluoride from local groundwaters.The Mg/Al layered double hydroxide(LDH)was synthesized by coprecipitation method and characterized by XRD,FT-IR and TGA-TDA analyses.Batch defluoridation experiments were performed under various conditions such as calcination,solution pH,contact time,temperature,material dosage and reuse.Experimental results indicate that fluoride removal strongly increased after calcination of the LDH up to 600℃.The maximum fluoride removal was obtained at solution pH of 6.85.Kinetics of fluoride removal followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model.The rise in solution temperature strongly enhances the removal efficiency.The adsorption mechanism involved surface adsorption,ion exchange interaction and original LDH structure reconstruction by rehydration of mixed metal oxides and concomitant intercalation of fluoride ions into the interlayer region.The optimum dosages required to meet the national standard for drinking water quality were found to be 0.29 and 0.8 g/L,respectively,for Bejaad and Settat goundwaters.A decrease in the fluoride uptake with increasing the number of regeneration cycles was observed. | A.Elhalil S.Qourzal F.Z.Mahjoubi R.Elmoubarki M.Farnane H.Tounsadi M.Sadiq M.Abdennouri N.Barka | 2016 | Emerging Contaminants2016，2，1： | 8 |
| 6 | Early life exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs):A critical review显示文摘Due to the dynamic developmental processes during pregnancy,infancy,childhood and adolescence,exposure to PFASs is hypothesized to have the most pronounced negative effects during this period.In this review we critically evaluate the current state of the science regarding human early life exposure processes(until 18 years of age)to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).Efficient placental transfer of perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAAs)results in relatively high prenatal exposure compared with many neutral organic contaminants.The few biomonitoring studies that specifically target infants,toddlers and other children suggest relatively high serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)in early life with peak concentrations occurring sometime before the child reaches 20 months.This peak in serum concentrations is most likely explained by exposure via breastfeeding,ingestion of house dust and/or specific contact events with consumer products leading to high body weight normalized estimated daily intakes(EDIs).Although children have higher EDIs of PFASs than adults,these are not always reflected by higher serum levels of PFASs in children in cross-sectional biomonitoring studies due to the confounding effect of age and birth cohort,and different exposure histories due to production changes.Longitudinal exposure studies measuring internal and external exposure(for multiple pathways and PFASs)at several time points during early life are strongly encouraged to understand temporal changes in exposure of individual children.A better quantitative understanding of early life exposure processes would help to improve the validity of epidemiological studies and allow informed decisions regarding setting of regulatory thresholds and appropriate mitigation actions. | Kerstin Winkens Robin Vestergren Urs Berger Ian TCousins | 2017 | Emerging Contaminants2017，3，2： | 6 |
| 7 | Occurrence of emerging flame retardants from e-waste recycling activities in the northern part of Vietnam显示文摘This study investigated the contamination status of 21 emerging flame retardants(FRs)in soils(n=32)and river sediments(n=8)from an e-waste recycling(EWR)site in the northern part of Vietnam.Among analyzed FRs,higher levels of decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE)(NDe4200 ng/g dw),1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(BTBPE)(NDe350 ng/g dw)and Dechlorane Plus isomers(DPs)(NDe65 ng/g dw)were found in soils near EWR workshops and open burning places.The highest concentrations of DBDPE(20 ng/g dw),BTBPE(5.7 ng/g dw)and DPs(6.7 ng/g dw)were also detected in sediments collected from the middle of the EWR site.The levels decreased concomitantly with increasing distance from the EWR site.These results indicate that these FRs were released to the surrounding environment from improper recycling activities,such as manual dismantling of devices and open burning of e-wastes.Moreover,the estimated daily intakes of those FRs via soil ingestion were approximately ten times higher for children than adults.To our knowledge,this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil and sediment contamination by a series of emerging FRs at an EWR site in Vietnam. | Masayuki Someya Go Suzuki Alin C.Ionas Nguyen Minh Tue Fuchao Xu Hidenori Matsukami Adrian Covaci Le Huu Tuyen Pham Hung Viet Shin Takahashi Shinsuke Tanabe Hidetaka Takigami | 2016 | Emerging Contaminants2016，2，2： | 5 |
| 8 | Analysis of monomeric and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in fish muscle tissues using liquid chromatographyeelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry:Application to Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)from an e-waste processing area in northern Vietnam显示文摘Using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography(LC),a novel analytical method was developed to quantify eight monomeric organophosphorus flame retardants(m-PFRs)and three oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants(o-PFRs)in fish muscle samples.The optimization and validation experiments indicate that the developed method can determine accurately the concentrations of analytes in fish muscle samples.The recoveries of analytes in fish muscle samples were in the range of 74-105%.The coefficients of variation of the concentrations of analytes in fish muscle samples were 0.6-8.9%.The concentrations of analytes in procedural blanks were below the limit of quantification(LOQ)values.Furthermore,the developed method was applied to the analysis of m-PFRs and o-PFRs in the muscle samples of tilapias collected from an electronic waste(ewaste)processing area in northern Vietnam.The concentrations of m-PFRs such as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP),and triphenyl phosphate(TPHP)were dominant among the investigated m-PFRs.The respective concentrations of TCEP,TCIPP,and TPHP were up to 160,300,and 230 ng g^-1 lipid weight,respectively,whereas those of o-PFRs were up to 10 ng g^-1 lipid weight.The results of this study indicate lower accumulation potential of o-PFRs compared with m-PFRs for the first time. | Hidenori Matsukami Go Suzuki Nguyen Minh Tue Le Huu Tuyen Pham Hung Viet Shin Takahashi Shinsuke Tanabe Hidetaka Takigami | 2016 | Emerging Contaminants2016，2，2： | 5 |
| 9 | Detection of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in the urban soils of Melbourne, Australia显示文摘A range of brominated flame retardants(BFRs)have been incorporated into polymeric materials like plastics,electronic equipment,foams and textiles to prevent fires.The most common of these,polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),have been subject to legislated bans and voluntary withdrawal by manufacturers in North America,Europe and Australia over the past decade due to long-range atmospheric transport,persistence in the environment,and toxicity.Evidence has shown that replacement novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs)are released to the environment by the same mechanisms as PBDEs and share similar hazardous properties.The objective of the current research was to characterize soil contamination by NBFRs in the urban soils of Melbourne,Australia.A variety of industrial and nonindustrial land-uses were investigated with the secondary objective of determining likely point sources of pollution.Six NBFRs;pentabromotoluene(PBT),pentabromoethylbenzene(PBEB),hexabromobenzene(HBB),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB),1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(BTBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE)were measured in 30 soil samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction(S-PLE)and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS).NBFRs were detected in 24/30 soil samples with S5NBFR concentrations ranging from nd-385 ng/g dw.HBB was the most frequently detected compound(14/30),while the highest concentrations were observed for DBDPE,followed by BTBPE.Electronic waste recycling and polymer manufacturing appear to be key contributors to NBFR soil contamination in the city of Melbourne.A significant positive correlation between S8PBDEs and S5NBFR soil concentrations was observed at waste disposal sites to suggest that both BFR classes are present in Melbourne's waste streams,while no association was determined among manufacturing sites.This research provides the first account of NBFRs in Australian soils and indicates that these emerging contaminants possess a similar potential to contaminate Melbourne soils as PBDEs. | Thomas J.McGrath Paul D.Morrison Andrew S.Ball Bradley O.Clarke | 2017 | Emerging Contaminants2017，3，1： | 5 |
| 10 | Occurrence,removal and emission of per-and polyfluorinated alkyl substances(PFASs)from chrome plating industry:A case study in Southeast China显示文摘Per-and polyfluorinated alkyl substances(PFASs)have been used since the 1950s as chrome mist suppressant(CMS)in the electroplating industry.In this study,various samples within an electroplating factory,the related wastewater treatment facilities and surrounding environment at Hangzhou Bay in Southeast China were investigated for the occurrence and removal of PFASs.PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFAES are predominant compounds in the samples.The PFASs in the bath solution of the workshops had some differences from the final releases,partly because of the historic usage and memory effects.PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFAES were found in high concentration(5500 and 154.5 mg/L in influent,795 and 985 mg/L in effluent)in the electroplating Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP).The ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis(RO)treatment had a significant removal efficiency(74%e100%).On the other hand the reduction,precipitation and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A2/O)treatment had poor removal efficiency for PFASs.The receiving river samples had levels of PFASs between 300 and 1500 ng/L,and the concentrations of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFAES decreased with increasing distance to the municipal WWTP outlet due to dilution.The concentrations of PFOA in the river water samples were also high but might originate from other sources.The relevant ecological risk is noteworthy,especially for PFOS and PFOA for which limits have been defined.There is an urgent need to control plating industries in China and worldwide.Currently a GEF project related to Stockholm Convention implementation has reduced and possibly eliminated PFOS use and release in the plating industry in China.In addition,it will be important to evaluate and control the alternatives used. | Yingxi Qu Jun Huang Wolfram Willand Roland Weber | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 5 |
| 11 | Chlorinated paraffins in the technosphere:A review of available information and data gaps demonstrating the need to support the Stockholm Convention implementation显示文摘Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)have been produced for a wide range of applications,mostly in open uses,such as metalworking fluids,lubricants,coolants or additives in consumer goods.The production volume is more than one million tonnes requiring control of the lifecycle of these persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals.In May 2017,the Stockholm Convention amended its Annex A to list short chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs)as a Persistent Organic Pollutant(POP).Additionally,a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1%by weight.CPs can be released to the environment throughout their lifecycle.Therefore,the major objective of this review was to assess and compile information on SCCPs and other CPs regarding their lifecycle in the technosphere to support the Stockholm Convention implementation.A few studies have assessed CP production plants and contamination in the surrounding environments.However,there was no systematic investigation of release routes from production and no assessment of associated landfills,even though these are known major pollution sources at other organochlorine production sites.Some studies have reported that industrial areas,where CPs have likely been used,have elevated levels of CPs in sediments and soil.However,although CPs are largely released when used as metalworking fluids or lubricants,no systematic assessment of releases has been conducted at the thousands of sites where CPs are used in high volumes.Many CPs,mainly medium chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs)and SCCPs,are used as additives in the production of consumer goods,resulting in exposure risks.Levels above the European Union regulation for SCCPs of 1500 mg kg^-1 and up to approx.20%are frequently found.The end-of-life management of CP-containing products is difficult since no labelling requirement exists even for products containing SCCPs.The Stockholm Convention prohibits the recycling of SCCP-containing products,which will result in challenges recycling the impacted waste categories.The activities under the Stockholm Convention related to SCCPs,such as the inventory,phase-out,and management of impacted products,provide opportunities to address existing data gaps and challenges.Special attention needs to be given to developing countries with lacking analytical capacity as well as waste management and destruction capacity. | Yago Guida Raquel Capella Roland Weber | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 4 |
| 12 | Sources and environmental fate of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Arctic显示文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are large class of hydrophobic,semi-volatile organic contaminants that may enter the environment from both natural sources and anthropogenic activities.Pyrogenic PAHs arise from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter and following dispersal via long-range transport and may subsequently deposit in surface waters,soils and sediments of remote regions,including the Arctic.The current review summarizes and discusses Arctic data that is available for combustion-derived PAHs between 2004 and early 2018,focusing largely on data collected from remote,unexploited Arctic regions and from studies that provide some evidence of a pyrogenic origin.The increasing use of attribution ratios,which aid in discriminating PAHs from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources,suggest PAHs found in Arctic marine waters and sediment predominantly originate from natural underwater seeps,while those measured in air,freshwater,and terrestrial environments are likely to have originated from atmospheric and combustion-derived sources.Modeling efforts indicate that atmospheric PAHs in the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic are likely to have originated in the northern hemisphere e predominantly from Western Russia,northern Europe,and North America.East Asia appears to be a minor source of PAHs to the Arctic,despite contributing more than 50%of global PAH emissions.In comparison to the growing data for atmospheric PAHs,environmental data for these compounds in terrestrial and freshwater environments remain scarce.PAHs have been detected in Arctic biota from terrestrial,freshwater and marine environments,indicating exposure,however,levels are generally low,as most organisms efficiently metabolize parent PAHs.Globally,PAH emissions are expected to decline in the future,however models suggest the Arctic may not experience the same magnitude of decline projected for other world regions.Furthermore,future changes in climate may contribute to a re-volatilization of environmental PAHs,providing a source of secondary emissions to the Arctic atmosphere,emphasizing the importance of future monitoring for understanding the sources,fate and impacts of PAHs in the Arctic. | Jennifer E.Balmer Hayley Hung Yong Yu Robert J.Letcher Derek C.G.Muir | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 4 |
| 13 | Occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment samples along the Vaal River catchment,South Africa显示文摘The occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of twelve(12)organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs)were investigated in sediments from the Vaal River,South Africa.Six halogenated OPFRs[tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),three isomers of tris-(chloropropyl)phosphate(TCiPPs),tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TDCiPP)and tris-(2,3 dibromopropyl)phosphate(TDBPP)]and six non-halogenated OPFRs[tris-(n-butyl)phosphate(TBP),tris-(phenyl)phosphate(TPhP),tris-(butyl ethoxy)phosphate(TBOEP),tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEHP),diphenyl-2-ethylhexyl phosphate(DPEHP)and tris-(m-cresyl)phosphate(m-TCP)]were detected in this study.The concentrations of twelve OPFRs in total(S12OPFRs)ranged from 68 to 278 ng g^-1 dry weight(dw)with the mean and median of 138 and 120 ng g^-1;respectively.The non-halogenated OPFRs showed more abundances than the halogenated OPFRs with TDBPP,TBP,and TBOEP the most abundant compounds.Generally,concentrations of OPFRs in more urbanized region were higher than those in less urbanized regions.When the concentrations of OPFRs and total organic carbon(TOC)were correlated,a moderate and significant correlation(p<0.05)was observed.Ecological risk were estimated and our results showed that m-TCP poses high risk(HQ>1)while TBOEP,TPhP,and TBP posed medium risk(0.1 | Tlou B.Chokwe Jonathan O.Okonkwo | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 4 |
| 14 | Ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide treatment to remove gemfibrozil and ibuprofen from treated sewage effluent: Factors influencing bromate formation显示文摘Reuse of treated sewage effluent is an important option to overcome water scarcity.Conventional wastewater treatment methods are inadequate for the removal of several persistent contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs).In this study the removal of ibuprofen and gemfibrozil by ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide(O3/H2O2)advanced oxidation process(AOP),as well as the formation of bromate were investigated at different temperatures and pH values.Complete removal of gemfibrozil and a maximum of 80%ibuprofen removal were achieved using ozone dosage of 1.5 mg/L with O3:H2O2 ratio of 1:0.25 in the O3/H2O2 process.The effect of temperature on the removal efficiency of these two compounds was found to be negligible from 25 to 40ᵒC for both processes.pH effect from 6 to 9 was also found to be negligible for gemfibrozil removal,while ibuprofen had relatively lower removal by ozonation at pH 6 compared to higher pH values.Bromate formation was decreased to 0.012 mg/L when the pH was increased to 9.Increasing the temperature to 40ᵒC also resulted in less bromate formation which was the lowest value obtained in this study at 0.0102 mg/L.Addition of H2O2 did not affect the formation of bromate and in some cases it was found to be slightly higher compared with ozonation treatment. | Hajar Farzaneh Kavithaa Loganathan Jayaprakash Saththasivam Gordon McKay | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 4 |
| 15 | Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment显示文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)have received increasing attention.However,their transformation products(TPs)and metabolites,sometimes even with environmental concentration and/or toxicity higher than their parent compounds,received attention far from enough.This study gives useful insight on the occurrence,fate and toxicity of PPCP TPs or metabolites in WWTPs,surface water and even drinking water,highlighting the necessity of studying the PPCP TPs formation,occurrence,toxicity and environment risk,and further evaluating the environmental risk caused by PPCPs comprehensively. | Lina Yin Bin Wang Honglin Yuan Shubo Deng Jun Huang Yujue Wang Gang Yu | 2017 | Emerging Contaminants2017，3，2： | 4 |
| 16 | ‘New’unintentionally produced PCBs in the Arctic显示文摘Contamination of the Arctic by legacy polychlorinated biphenyls(PCB)is well documented,but the more recent discovery of unintentionally produced(UP)PCBs in the Arctic is a cause for concern.Legacy PCBs are covered by existing international conventions and regular monitoring,and the UP congeners are covered by the Stockholm Convention and the U.S.Toxic Substances Control Act,but systematic monitoring and regulatory enforcement of UP-PCBs are lacking.Sources of UP-PCB are by-products of manufacturing(e.g.pigments)and from thermal sources(e.g.incinerators).Estimates of PCB emissions in China now show UP-PCB eclipsing emissions of legacy PCB.Here we discuss the 209 PCB-congener results from surface snow samples from Lomonosovfonna in 2010 and 2014,a glacial site on Svalbard which,in 2014,shows presence of PCB5,PCB11,and an unusually high amount of PCB52.While PCB5 and PCB11 may not be found in legacy PCB mixtures,PCB52 is in many PCB mixtures,yet dominates none of them as in the 2014 snow sample.Is it possible that these congeners are from UP-PCB processes?A search of the literature shows that PCB5,PCB11 and PCB52 are co-synthesis products of pigment production and that PCB5 and PCB11 are found in flue gas and ash from hazardous waste incineration.Of these,PCB11 has received greater attention in the literature.It has recently been consistently detected in the air,snow,soil and biota in the Arctic,evidence that PCB11 and possibly other UP-PCB congeners are global contaminants.Ice core measurements dating from 1957 to 2009 of PCBs in Svalbard reveal PCB11 presence throughout that period,indicating historic presence in the Arctic before being a focus of research elsewhere.Other UP-PCB need to be more fully investigated,especially from thermal sources. | Paul W.Bartlett Elisabeth Isaksson Mark H.Hermanson | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 4 |
| 17 | Peroxymonosulfate assisted mechanochemical method for the degradation of phenanthrene in contaminated soils显示文摘In recent years,mechanochemical method has received attention in the field of degrading pollutants,especially for persistent organic pollutants.In this study,peroxymonosulfate(PMS)as a co-grinding reagent,coupled with contaminated soil were placed in a ball mill for mechanochemical reaction.Through investigating the influences of ball-milling parameters on the degradation efficiency,the reaction conditions were optimized.Under the optimal condition(mass ratio of soil to oxidant is 10:1,mass ratio of ball to material is 30:1,rotation speed of ball mill is 400 rpm),more than 98%phenanthrene(PHE)in contaminated soil could be degraded within 4 h.Meanwhile,the effects of soil organic matter content and soil type on the degradation efficiency were investigated.The results showed that the organic matter content was negatively correlated with the degradation efficiency.XPS analysis provided evidence for the breakage of the CeC bond and confirmed that Fe in soil was an important factor in activating PMS.XRD further verified the destruction of PHE structure.GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the intermediates and possible pathways were proposed. | Guoxuan Fan Xitao Liu Chunye Lin Peizhong Li | 2018 | Emerging Contaminants2018，4，1： | 4 |
| 18 | European cooperation to tackle the legacies of hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH)and lindane显示文摘Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH)waste isomers from lindane production are the largest single POPs legacy,with an estimated 4.8 to 7.4 million tonnes of disposed waste.The largest part of this waste e 1.8 to 3 million tonnes e was disposed in Europe,where most producers were located.This paper provides a short overview of projects supported by the European Union(EU)to address this waste legacy and to implement the Stockholm Convention for this group of POPs with associated protection of soil,ecosystems and human health.We report here particularly on the results of a project financed by the EU called the“HCH in EU project”,which aimed to develop a systematic inventory of sites where HCH was handled and potentially resulted in contamination.The compiled information provide guidance for competent authorities to further assess their national HCH inventory and to further develop a strategy to address this large POP legacy in future.The systematic inventory revealed that there were at least 299 sites where HCH was handled.These sites include 54 former production sites,76 pesticide processing plants that used lindane,59 uncontrolled HCH waste isomer deposits,29 landfills with HCH waste,34 former or current storage sites for stocks of obsolete pesticides including technical HCH or lindane,and 16 HCH treatment or disposal sites.Additionally,at 31 of the sites lindane/technical HCH was used in applications with significant risk of soil pollution,such as wood treatment.The number of sites in this latter category is likely higher and will need further assessment.In addition to this inventory,the“HCH in EU project”produced detailed country reports,a guidance document for how to find potentially HCHimpacted sites,and a strategy document for implementing the sustainable management of these sites EU-wide,with proposed actions at the EU,country,and site level.Furthermore,the project has facilitated information exchange and e together with other related EU projects e has led to sharing information and best practices among member states and to establishing a network of authorities and other stakeholders working on the lindane/HCH waste legacy.This collaboration will facilitate a more systematic and better coordinated process to further assess,secure,and remediate the large HCH waste legacy and reduce and control lindane/HCH releases in the EU and possibly beyond.Such a coordinated effort and exchange of information for inventorying and managing contaminated sites might also be useful for other POPs such as PFOS/PFOA or dioxins. | John Vijgen Boudewijn Fokke Guido van de Coterlet Katja Amstaetter Javier Sancho Carlo Bensaïah Roland Weber | 2022 | Emerging Contaminants2022，8，1： | 4 |
| 19 | Spatial distribution,patterns and source contributions of POPs in the atmosphere of Great Mendoza using the WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF modelling system显示文摘Global monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)has allowed the knowledge of levels and distribution around the world as well as the understanding of its transport through the atmosphere.However,there are still some gaps in this regard,especially in some locations,as the case of Great Mendoza,a medium-sized urban area located in the center-west of Argentina.In this work,the WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was used to estimate airborne levels of four families of POPs(PCBs,PBDEs,DDTs and HCB)in the study area.The model was validated from measured data obtained from eleven sites using passive air samplers with polyurethane foam disks(PUFs),subsequently analyzed by GC-ECNI/MS.Considering both sets of data,measured and simulated airborne concentrations,five statistical performance metrics were calculated for each family of POP[Mean bias error,(MBE),Fractional Bias(FB),Normalized Mean Square Error(NMSE),Factor of two(Fa2)and Pearson correlation coefficient(r)].Results exhibited a good agreement between modeled and measured data,showing that WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system predicts POPs airborne concentrations with reasonable accuracy at a local scale.Model output was used to examine the relative source contribution to ground-level concentrations and to assess the spatial variability of the studied POPs in the study area.Source apportionment showed the prevalence of emissions from open burning of municipal solid waste(ranging from 9%to 90%)on the simulated atmospheric concentrations.HCB presented the lowest mean contribution from this activity(37%)but the highest variability(SD=20%),followed by PCBs(69±9%),and PBDEs(84±4%).The spatial pattern obtained from simulations exhibited that both,lowest and highest levels predicted by the model,occurred in areas where no samples were taken,suggesting that the real gradient in the POPs air concentrations would be much greater than those reflected by measured data.This work highlights the usefulness of the implementation of an atmospheric dispersion model,not only in the study of air quality and exposure levels but also as a tool for the proper design of monitoring networks,taking into account the time and cost that sampling campaigns take,and the conclusions that are intended to be made from the analysis of the obtained data. | M.F.Ruggeri N.B.Lana J.C.Altamirano S.E.Puliafito | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 4 |
| 20 | Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria显示文摘The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure. | Anekwe Jennifer Ebele Temilola Oluseyi Daniel S.Drage Stuart Harrad Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah | 2020 | Emerging Contaminants2020，6，1： | 4 |
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