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1Recent research progress on mixed valence state tungsten based materials显示文摘Synthesis and characterization of tungsten based mixed valence state nanoparticles and their novel applications are reviewed.The mixed valence state tungsten based homogeneous nanomaterials such as bronze structure M_(x)WO_(3)(M=Na^(+),K^(+),Rb^(+),Cs^(+),NH_(4)^(+),etc.)and tungsten sub-oxide W_(18)O_(49) possess excellent infrared(IR)light shielding property,implying their great potential applications on heat ray shielding and indoor energy saving effect in summer season.Also,some novel properties such as electric conductivity,bio thermal therapy function and electrochromic properties of mixed valence state tungsten based materials are introduced.The design of components,formation of composites and structure control of thin films are expected to realize the property enhancement and candidates for practice application as window materials.The multifunc-tionality of the mixed valence state based composites also implies great potential on novel applications of various building materials.Shu Yin Yusuke Asakura 2019Tungsten2019,1,1:6
2Recent advances of phase engineering in group VI transition metal dichalcogenides显示文摘As the crystal quality and phase structure of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)have significant impacts on their properties such as electroconductivity,superconductivity and chemical stability,the precise synthesis,which plays an important role in fundamental researches and industrial applications,is highly required.Group VI TMDs,such as MoS_(2),usually exhibit diverse polymorphs including semiconducting 1H and metallic 1T phases.Even great efforts are devoted to revealing the structure-dependent physicochemical nature of TMDs by modulating their phases from the stable to the metastable at the atomic scale,there are still challenges on the phase-controlled synthesis of Group VI TMDs with metallic or semimetal properties.In this review,methods such as ion intercalation,chemical doping,strain engineering,defect triggering,and electric-field treatment are examined in detail.Finally,challenges and opportunities in this research field are proposed.Lingjia Meng Yang Ma Kunpeng Si Shiyu Xu Jinliang Wang Yongji Gong 2019Tungsten2019,1,1:6
3A review on scandia doped tungsten matrix scandate cathode显示文摘As the cathode with the highest electron emission capability in the thermionic cathode,the scandate cathode has attracted more and more attention in recent years,especially the scandia doped tungsten matrix scandate cathode.Experimental studies show that scandia doped tungsten matrix scandate cathodes with submicron microstructures exhibit excellent emission capacity,and the pulse emission current density in the space-charge region can be over 35 A cm^(−2) at 850°Cb.In the direct current(DC)condition with temperature compensation,the emission current density could reach 25 A cm^(−2) at 850°Cb.The device lifetime is over 3700 h after operating at 950°C_(b) with the DC loading of 40 A cm^(−2).The emission mechanism of the scandate cathode including the effect of the surface structure and composition on the work function of the cathode are systematically reviewed.Jinshu Wang Yunfei Yang Yiman Wang Wei Liu Meiling Zhou Tieyong Zuo 2019Tungsten2019,1,1:5
4Partial surface phase transformation of Li_(3)VO_(4) that enables superior rate performance and fast lithium-ion storage显示文摘Li_(3)VO_(4) is a promising electrode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its excellent specific capac-ity(592 mAh g^(−1)),suitable discharge voltage(0.5-1.0 V),and moderate volume change upon charge/discharge,while it still suffers from low electronic conductivity that usually gives a poor rate capability,low initial coulombic efficiency,and large polarization,imposing a challenge on its practical applications.In this work,a partial surface phase transformation of Li_(3)VO_(4) was initiated via a freeze-drying method followed by a heat treatment in inert gas.Using this method,Li_(3)VO_(4) was integrated with a conductive layer LiVO_(2) and carbon matrix.The synergistic effect among Li_(3)VO_(4),LiVO_(2) layer,and carbon matrix was systematically studied by optimizing the treatment conditions.When treated at 600°C in Ar,Li_(3)VO_(4)-based composite delivered outstanding electrochemical properties,as expressed by a specific capacity(689 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 A g^(−1) after 100 cycles),rate performance(i.e.,448 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1)),and longtime cycle stability(523 mAh g^(−1) after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g^(−1)),which are superior to those without LiVO_(2) conductive layer when treated at the same temperature in air.The findings reported in this work may offer novel hints of preparing more advanced anodes and promote the applications of vanadate materials such as Li_(3)VO_(4) for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.Xiaoqing Liu Liping Li Guangshe Li 2019Tungsten2019,1,4:5
5Applications of transition-metal sulfides in the cathodes of lithium-sulfur batteries显示文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are considered as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems with high energy density and reliable performance.However,the commercial applications of lithium-sulfur batteries is hindered by several shortcomings like the poor conductivity of sulfur and its reaction products,and the loss of active materials owing to the diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)into the electrolyte.Hence,the effective restraining of the LiPSs and the promotion of the sluggish conversion are highly demanded to fulfill the potential of lithium-sulfur batteries.Here,we summarize the applications of transition-metal sulfides(TMSs)in the cathodes over recent years and demonstrate the unique advantages they possess to realize reliable long-life lithium-sulfur batteries.Jing‑Han Zuo Yong‑Ji Gong 2020Tungsten2020,2,2:5
6Tungsten disulfide: synthesis and applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion显示文摘Recently,two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides,particularly WS_(2),raised extensive interest due to its extraordi-nary physicochemical properties.With the merits of low costs and prominent properties such as high anisotropy and distinct crystal structure,WS_(2) is regarded as a competent substitute in the construction of next-generation environmentally benign energy storage and conversion devices.In this review,we begin with the fundamental studies of the structure,properties and preparation of WS_(2),followed by detailed discussions on the development of various WS_(2) and WS_(2)-based composites for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications.In the end,some prospective prospects and promising develop-ments of WS_(2) in these fields are proposed.Wen Lei Jun‑Lei Xiao Hai‑Peng Liu Quan‑Li Jia Hai‑Jun Zhang 2020Tungsten2020,2,3:5
7Enhanced photocatalytic performance of tungsten-based photocatalysts for degradation of volatile organic compounds: a review显示文摘Photocatalytic oxidation process for the degradation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)contaminants is a promising technology.But until now,the low photocatalytic activity of the conventional TiO_(2) photocatalyst under visible-light irradia-tion hinders the deployment of this technique for VOCs degradation.WO_(3) has been proved to be a suitable photocatalytic material for degradation of various VOCs as its appropriate band-gap,high stability and great capability.Nevertheless,the actual implementation of WO_(3) is still restricted by short lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers and low light energy conver-sion efficiency:its photocatalytic performance is needed to be improved.This review discusses the process of tungsten-based photocatalyst for removal of VOCs and summarizes a variety of strategies to improve the VOCs oxidation performances of WO_(3),such as controlling the morphology structure,engendering chemical defects,coupling heterojunction,doping suitable dopants and loading a co-catalyst.In addition,the practical application of tungsten-based photocatalyst is discussed.Qiang Cheng Gao‑Ke Zhang 2020Tungsten2020,2,3:4
8Z-scheme systems of ASi_(2)N_4(A=Mo or W)for photocatalytic water splitting and nanogenerators显示文摘Z-scheme heterojunction catalysts have received great attention due to their efficient ability to separate electrons and holes.Here,using the first-principles calculations,we designed a series of promising two-dimensional(2D)/2D Z-scheme systems with interlayer inequivalent,including MoSi_(2)N_(4)/MoSi_(2)N_(4),WSi_(2)N_(4)/WSi_(2)N_(4) and MoSi_(2)N_(4)/WSi_(2)N_(4).Molecular dynamics simulation and phonon dispersion show that they have sufficient environmental stability.The inequivalent structure between the layers caused the directional formation of built-in potentials,driving the transfer of net charge between layers,which greatly enhanced their catalytic activity.The smaller band gap and enhanced light absorption performance further revealed their perfect catalytic performance.Moreover,all they met the redox potential requirements of water splitting in a range of pH 0-7,demonstrate they are very remarkable photocatalysts for H_(2)evolution.More interestingly,they also have good sliding ferroelectricity,and the opposite built-in potential can be obtained by sliding between layers,which is very promising for future nanogenerators.Our works may provide new insights into energy conversion devices.Jian Zeng Liang Xu Xin Luo Tong Chen Shuai-Hao Tang Xin Huang Ling-Ling Wang 2022Tungsten2022,4,1:4
9The thermal stability of dispersion-strengthened tungsten as plasma-facing materials:a short review显示文摘One key challenge for the development of fusion energy is plasma-facing materials.Tungsten-based materials are promising candidates for plasma-facing components(PFCs)in the magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactors because of their high melt temperature,high-thermal conductivity,high-thermal load resistance,low tritium retention,and low sputtering yield.In fusion reactors,PFCs are exposed to high-thermal flux,because there are some transient events such as plasma disruptions,edge-localized modes,and vertical displacement events(VDEs).Especially,in VDEs,a heat flux of 10-100 MW m−2 with duration of milliseconds-to-several seconds can induce recrystallization and then change the microstructure of tungsten-based plasma-facing materials,leading to instability of microstructures.Then,a significant degradation of material properties is caused such as a reduction of mechanical strength and fracture toughness,a rise in the ductile-to-brittle-transition tempera-ture well,and decrease of irradiation/high-thermal load resistance.Therefore,many efforts were devoted to improve the thermal stability of tungsten-based materials as high as possible,such as oxide dispersion strengthening,carbide dispersion strengthening,and K bubbles dispersion strengthening.Here,the thermal stabilities of various dispersion-strengthened tungsten materials are reviewed by evaluating their recrystallization temperature and the corresponding hardness evolutions.In addition,the possible development trends are proposed.Tao Zhang Zhuoming Xie Junfeng Yang Ting Hao Changsong Liu 2019Tungsten2019,1,3:4
10Development of manufacturing technology on WC-Co hardmetals显示文摘Hardmetals are tungsten carbide(WC)-based composites,which are made of WC as a hard phase and transition metals such as Co,Fe,or/and Ni as ductile binder matrices.Their properties can be mainly tailored through the grain sizes of the sintered carbides and the amount of metallic binder.As successful tool materials,hardmetals are widely applied in metal cutting,wear applications,chipless forming,stoneworking,wood,and plastic working.In 2017,about two-thirds of tungsten consumption(including recycled materials)were produced for hardmetals in the world.This paper briefly introduces the development of manufacturing technology on WC-Co hardmetals from three aspects:powder preparation,bulk densifica-tion,and performance characterization.Two special WC-Co hardmetals are also described:cobalt-enrichment zone(CEZ)hardmetals,and binderless hardmetals.Furthermore,the development prospects for manufacturing techniques of hardmetals are also presented in the end.Hongbo Nie Taiquan Zhang 2019Tungsten2019,1,3:4
11Evaluation of tungsten interatomic potentials for radiation damage simulations显示文摘The structure and properties of materials under neutron irradiation are an important basis in future fusion reactors.In the absence of fusion neutron sources for irradiation experiments,it is increasingly important and urgent to carry out neutron irradiation simulations on fusion reactor materials and then establish complete databases of defect properties and collisional cascades,where the first and foremost step is to select suitable interatomic potentials for atomistic-level simulations.In this work,six typic interatomic potentials for tungsten(W)are evaluated and reviewed systematically for radiation damage simulations.The relative lattice stability and elastic constants of bulk W are considered first with those potentials;then,the properties of point defects and defect clusters at interstitial sites and vacancies are obtained by molecular statics/dynam-ics simulations.The formation energies of interstitial/vacancy clusters,1/2<111>and<100>dislocation loops in W and the threshold displacement energies along different directions are also determined.In addition,the extended defects are further investigated,such as free surfaces and the energy profiles of 1/2<111>{110}and 1/2<111>{112}stacking faults.The current results provide a reference for selecting W potentials to simulate the radiation damage.Li‑Xia Liu Xiao‑Chun Li Yang‑Chun Chen Wang‑Yu Hu Guang‑Nan Luo Fei Gao Hui‑Qiu Deng 2020Tungsten2020,2,1:4
12Recent advances in single metal atom-doped MoS_(2) as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction显示文摘The development of low-cost and highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is critical to the wide-spread applications of water splitting technology.In recent years,many efforts are devoted to exploring HER catalysts with high activity and stability based on non-precious metals.Benefited from the advantages of two-dimensional(2D)materials with unique physicochemical properties along with the single-atom catalysts with high activity,excellent stability and maximized atom utility efficiency,a new category of catalysts with 2D materials confining single atoms have shown great promises as high-performance HER catalysts.In this review,MoS_(2),as one of the typical 2D materials,doped with various single metal atoms as HER catalysts are fully discussed,including different synthetic strategies,catalytic performances and mechanisms toward HER as well as the major challenges ahead.Rui Liu Hui‑Long Fei Gong‑Lan Ye 2020Tungsten2020,2,2:4
13Manufacturing of tungsten and tungsten composites for fusion application via different routes显示文摘Tungsten is a refractory metal with the highest melting point of all metals,which is considered as a promising candidate material for plasma-facing materials in the future fusion reactor.However,tungsten faces several challenges from intrinsic embrittlement,irradiation embrittlement and recrystallization embrittlement during the operation of the fusion reactor.To satisfy the fusion engineering application,an advanced tungsten material with the fine grain and dense microstructure is required and developed.This paper briefly introduces the application background of the tungsten materials and mainly illus-trates a series of common techniques for manufacturing advance tungsten materials,such as powder preparation technologies,bulk densification techniques,continuous processing technologies and the coating and additive manufacturing technologies.Furthermore,the development prospects for manufacturing techniques of tungsten materials are also presented in the end.Considering the tungsten materials employed in the fusion engineering application,combining these scalable techniques of the wet-chemical method,pressureless sintering and continuous deformation processing techniques would be the possible research and development routes to realize the manufacture of the advanced tungsten materials.Yucheng Wu 2019Tungsten2019,1,1:3
14Ultra-fine W-Y_(2)O_(3)composite powders prepared by an improved chemical co-precipitation method and its interface structure after spark plasma sintering显示文摘Y_(2)O_(3)-doped tungsten(W-Y_(2)O_(3))composite powders prepared by a traditional chemical co-precipitation method possess obvious bimodal distribution in size,which would deteriorate their sintering properties.The bimodal distribution can be effectively eliminated by an improved chemical co-precipitation method,in which the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide(CTAB)was innovatively employed.The reduced powders with excellent uniformity have an average grain size of only~31.5 nm.It is noteworthy that Y_(2)O_(3)particles would fuse and grow with the growth of W grains during subsequent spark plasma sintering(SPS)process,which was rarely reported in relevant literature before.On top of that,phase interfaces of sintered W-Y_(2)O_(3)alloys were systematically analyzed.Compared to the intracrystalline oxygen content,the oxygen content at W/Y_(2)O_(3)phase boundaries is relatively higher.It can be found that the(110)crystal planes of W form coherent,semi-coherent,and non-coherent interfaces with different crystal planes of Y_(2)O_(3).The weak interfacial bonding strength between W and Y_(2)O_(3)phases results from relatively more oxygen impurities as well as more semi-coherent/non-coherent interfaces at phase boundaries compared with the inner W grains.Weiqiang Hu Qingshuang Ma Zongqing Ma Yuan Huang Zumin Wang Yongchang Liu 2019Tungsten2019,1,3:3
15Recent studies of tungsten-based plasma-facing materials in the linear plasma device STEP显示文摘This contribution summarized the recent studies of tungsten-based plasma-facing materials in the linear plasma device like the simulator for tokamak edge plasma(STEP),focusing on the examination of newly developed tungsten(W)-based materi-als and plasma-induced defects in pure W.Pure W,W-V,W-Y_(2)O_(3)and W-ZrC samples were exposed to a high-flux plasma of~1021-1022 m^(−2)s^(−1) with a fluence up to 1026 m^(−2) at a surface temperature below 500 K.The investigation of fundamental evolution of plasma-induced defects in pure W indicated a critical role of hydrogen-dislocation interactions.Suppressed surface blistering was observed in all W-based materials,but deuterium desorption behavior and retention were distinct with respect to different materials.The studies showed that the linear plasma device like the STEP was indispensable in the understanding of plasma-material interactions and the qualification of new materials for future fusion reactors.Hao Yin Jun Wang Wangguo Guo Long Cheng Yue Yuan Guanghong Lu 2019Tungsten2019,1,2:3
16Active La-Nb-O compounds for fast lithium-ion energy storage显示文摘Searching for novel complex materials with enhanced lithium-ion battery performances is one of the most challenging efforts.Many kinds of transition metal oxides and polyanionic frameworks were developed with various structures,which can improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries.In this work,we explored 4d and 4f transition metal La-Nb-O compounds as cathode materials for lithium-ion energy storage.Orthorhombic pyrochlore LaNb_(5)O_(14),orthorhombic perovskite LaNb_(3)O_(9),and monoclinic LaNbO_(4) compounds with different metal cation coordination polyhedra were synthesized using solid-state reaction.The orthorhombic pyrochlore LaNb_(5)O_(14) compound showed the highest capacity among these La-Nb-O compounds owing to its quasi‐2D network for Li‐ion incorporation.According to the electronegativity theory and ionic size,La^(3+)cations can form LaO12 polyhedra and hexahedral LaO_(8) units in different La-Nb-O compounds,which can stabilize octahedral NbO_(6) and/or pentahedral NbO_(7) and their assembled structures,resulting in easy lithium-ion diffusion.This work may provide some structure clues for the design of electrode materials for fast lithium storage.Kunfeng Chen Shu Yin Dongfeng Xue 2019Tungsten2019,1,4:3
17Tungsten-potassium:a promising plasma-facing material显示文摘Tungsten-potassium(potassium-doped tungsten or WK),initially known from the electric filament industry,is a promising plasma-facing material(PFM)in future fusion facilities like International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER).However,the brittle nature of W and irradiation-induced defects of WK materials may result in a risk of deuterium-tritium reaction failure in fusion reactors.Previous studies revealed that advanced W with ultrafine grains and nanostructures might be able to address these problems.However,K-doped W,a rapidly developed material for PFMs,lacks a systematical sum-mary.In this review,we firstly describe the powder metallurgy and plastic deformation for the preparation of WK.Then,the mechanical properties of WK and thermal shock resistance results are reviewed.Important issues such as irradiation damages from neutron,heavy ion,and plasma(H isotope or He)irradiation are also discussed.Hitherto,WK under irradia-tions shows comparable or even better performances compared with other counterparts such as ITER grade pure tungsten.This review could be benefitial to the future efforts of improving the ductility and irradiation tolerance of WK materials.Xiaoliang Yang Wenbin Qiu Longqing Chen Jun Tang 2019Tungsten2019,1,2:3
18Recent progress of tungsten-and molybdenum-based semiconductor materials for solar-hydrogen production显示文摘Semiconductor-based solar water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising technologies for clean hydrogen produc-tion.The rational design of semiconductor materials is critically important to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)con-version efficiencies towards practical applications.A rich family of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials have been developed as both photocatalysts and cocatalysts for solar-hydrogen production in the past years,providing more opportunities to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen(STH)efficiencies.In this review article,we comprehensively review the recent progress of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials for solar-hydrogen production.In particular,the strengths and drawbacks of each material system are critically discussed,followed by an overview of the emerging strategies to improve their performances.Finally,the key challenges and possible research directions of tungsten-and molybdenum-based materials are presented,which would provide useful information for the design of efficient semiconductor materials for solar-hydrogen production.Songcan Wang Lianzhou Wang 2019Tungsten2019,1,1:3
19Self-assembly of Au/MoS_(2) quantum dots core-satellite hybrid as efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production显示文摘Ultra-small MoS_(2) quantum dots(QDs)with an average size of 2.48 nm coated on Au nanoparticles with a core-satellite structure(Au/MoS_(2) QDs)are successfully prepared by a self-assembly strategy through the strong bonding between Au and S.Benefited from the unique structure,the Au/MoS_(2) QDs hybrid exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The Au/MoS_(2) QDs hybrid needs overpotentials of 112,146,and 206 mV to approach current densities of 10,20,and 50 mA·cm^(−2) in 0.5 mol·L^(−1) H_(2)SO_(4)(pH=0.3),respectively.And a low Tafel slope(83 mV·dec^(−1))is obtained.The catalyst also displays satisfactory stability and durability,indicating a negligible current density loss after 20 h of electrolysis.The high hydrogen generation activities and stability are attributed to the great number of active sites,high conductivity and synergistic effects between gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)and MoS_(2) QDs.Last but not least,this strategy opens up a favorable way to combine MoS_(2) QDs with other metals.Xue‑Ping Yu Chan Yang Pin Song Juan Peng 2020Tungsten2020,2,2:3
20Heteropolyacids supported on hierarchically macro/mesoporous TiO_(2):efficient catalyst for deep oxidative desulfurization of fuel显示文摘The fabrication of polyoxometalates(POMs)-modified TiO_(2)catalysts with connected pore structure has attracted great interests due to its prominent effect on mass transfer and catalytic oxidation activity.Here,we report a series of hierarchically macro/mesoporous(M/m)phosphotungstic acid(HPW)/TiO_(2)composites,which are fabricated by colloidal crystal template method and applied as deep desulfurization catalyst in fuel oil.As-synthesized hierarchical HPW/TiO_(2)composite is interconnected by ordered macroporous channel with disordered mesoporous embedded on pore walls.Moreover,Keggintype HPW is homogeneously dispersed on the TiO_(2)matrix.Hierarchical macro/mesoporous HPW/TiO_(2)shows an excellent catalytic performance,the removal rate for dibenzothiophene in model fuel reaches 99%under the optimum conditions.This high performance of the three-dimensional ordered macropores(3DOM)HPW/TiO_(2)can be attributed to its hierarchically porous which is highly beneficial for the mass transfer during the catalytic process.Moreover,the used catalyst could be regenerated by centrifugation and only slight decreasing of the catalytic activity after five cycles.Gao-Chen Yang Qi-Yun Pan Peng Yang Yi-Si Liu Yue Du Kai Wang 2022Tungsten2022,4,1:2
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