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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Advances in cirrhosis: Optimizing the management of hepatic encephalopathy显示文摘Hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis resulting in significant socioeconomic burden, morbidity, and mortality. HE can be further subdivided into covert HE(CHE) and overt HE(OHE). CHE is a subclinical, less severe manifestation of HE and requires psychometric testing for diagnosis. Due to the time consuming screening process and lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, CHE is frequently underdiagnosed despite its recognized role as a precursor to OHE. Screening for CHE with the availability of the Stroop test has provided a pragmatic method to promptly diagnose CHE. Management of acute OHE involves institution of lactulose, the preferred first-line therapy. In addition, prompt recognition and treatment of precipitating factors is critical as it may result in complete resolution of acute episodes of OHE. Treatment goals include improvement of daily functioning, evaluation for liver transplantation, and prevention of OHE recurrence. For secondary prophylaxis, intolerance to indefinite lactulose therapy may lead to non-adherence and has been identified as a precipitating factor for recurrent OHE. Rifaximin is an effective add-on therapy to lactulose for treatment and prevention of recurrent OHE. Recent studies have demonstrated comparable efficacy of probiotic therapy to lactulose use in both primary prophylaxis and secondary prophylaxis. | Andy Liu Ryan B Perumpail Radhika Kumari Zobair M Younossi Robert J Wong Aijaz Ahmed | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，29： | 3 |
| 3 | MicroRNA-214 protects the mouse heart from ischemic injury by controlling Ca^sup 2+^ overload and cell death显示文摘 | Aurora Arin B Mahmoud Ahmed I Luo Xiang Johnson Brett A van Rooij Eva Matsuzaki Satoshi Humphries Kenneth M Hill Joseph A Bassel-Duby Rhonda Sadek Hesham A Olson Eric N | 2012 | EN2012，，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Syntheses and anti-depressant activity of 5-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol imines and thiobenzyl derivatives 显示文摘 | Yusuf M Khan RA Ahmed B | 2008 | Bioorg Med Chem2008，16，17： | 1 |
| 5 | The Role of Ac- counting Conservatism in Mitigating Bondholder-Shareholder Con- flicts over Dividend Policy and Reducing Debt Costs显示文摘 | Ahmed A Billings B Morton R Stanford- Harris M | 2002 | The Account- ing Review2002，77，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Host plants and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) in China显示文摘 | LiS J Xue X Ahmed M Z Ren S X Du Y Z Wu J H Cuthbertson A G S and Qiu B L | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 7 | A stocking policy for spare part provisioning under age based preventive replacement 显示文摘 | KABIR A B M AHMED S A | 1996 | European Journal of Operational Research1996，90，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Bioactive Triterpene Derivatives from Latex of Two Euphorbia Species显示文摘 | NOUREDDINE M AHMED B MARIA B | 2008 | Phytochemistry2008，69，： | 1 |
| 9 | Syntheses and anti-depressant activity of 5-amino 1,3, 4 thia diazole-2-thiol irnines and thiobenzyl derivatives显示文摘 | YUSUF M KHAN R A AHMED B | 2008 | Bioorg Med Chem2008，16，17： | 1 |
| 10 | Income Inequality and Infoamality Economy in Transition Economies显示文摘 | ROSSER J B ROSSER M V and E AHMED | 2000 | J-ournal of Comparative Economics2000，28，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Landscape’s capacities to supply ecosystem services in Bangladesh:a mapping assessment for Lawachara National Park显示文摘 | SOHEL M S I AHMED MUKUL S BURKHARD B | 2015 | Ecosystem Services2015，12，： | 1 |
| 12 | A preliminary study on the genetic profile of cag pathogenicity-island and other virulent gene loci of Helicobacter pylori strains from Turkey 显示文摘 | Salih B A Abasiyanik M F Ahmed N | 2007 | Infect Genet Evol2007，7，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Multiple Unofficial Economy Equilibria and Income Distribution Dynamics inSystemic Transition显示文摘 | ROSSER J B ROSSER M V and E AHMED | 2003 | Journal of Post Keynesian Economics2003，25，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Charge transfer molecular complexes of some azines with iodine显示文摘 | Ahmed B A Roudi O M | 1996 | Canadian Journal of Applied Spectroscopy1996，41，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Comparative study be-tween magnesium sulphate and dexmedetomidine for deliberate hy-potension during middle ear surgery显示文摘 | Ossama H Aboushana B Ahmed M | 2011 | Egyptian Journal of Anaes-thesia2011，27，4： | 1 |
| 16 | A comparative study of neural and mesenchymal stem cell-based carriers for oncolytic adenovirus in a model of malignant glioma 显示文摘 | Ahmed A U Tyler M A Thaci B | 2011 | Mol Pharm2011，8，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Regeneration of axons in the visual system显示文摘 | Berry M Ahmed Z Lorber B | 2008 | Restor Neurol Neuros2008，26，： | 1 |
| 18 | Growth and development of maxipak wheat as affected by soil sa linity and moisture levels 显示文摘 | Abdul- Halim B K Salih H M Ahmed A A | 1988 | Plant and Soil1988，112，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Cyclic crack growth rates of X-60 pipeline steel in a neutral dilute solution显示文摘 | Lambert S B Sutherby R | 1997 | Corrosion1997，53，7： | 1 |
| 20 | Analysis of the friction welding process in relation to the welding of copper and steel bars 显示文摘 | SAHIN A Z YILBAS B S AHMED M | 1998 | J Mater Process Technol1998，82，： | 1 |
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