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| 1 | Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis显示文摘AIM:To study the angle between the circular smooth muscle(CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle(LSM) fibers in the distal esophagus.METHODS:In order to identify possible mechanisms for greater shortening in the distal compared to proximal esophagus during peristalsis,the angles between the LSM and CSM layers were measured in 9 cadavers.The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria was exposed after stripping the outer serosa.The inner circular layer of the muscularis propria was then revealed after dissection of the esophageal mucosa and the underlying muscularis mucosa.Photographs of each specimen were taken with half of the open esophagus folded back showing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers.Angles were measured every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the squamocolumnar junction(SCJ) by two independent investigators.Two human esophagi were obtained from organ transplant donors and the angles between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were measured using micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image J software.RESULTS:All data are presented as mean ± SE.The CSM to LSM angle at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to SCJ on the autopsy specimens was 69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 74.9 ± 3.09 degrees,P = 0.32.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ were statistically significantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 82.58 ± 1.34 degrees,84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ was also statistically significantly lower than the angles at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 80.18 ± 2.09 degrees,81.81 ± 1.75 degrees and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees,P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at 1 cm proximal to SCJ was statistically significantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,74.94 ± 3.09 degrees vs 84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.019,P = 0.008,P = 0.02 respectively.At 10 cm above SCJ the angle was 80.06 ± 2.13 degrees which is close to being perpendicular but less than 90 degrees.The CSM to LSM angles measured on virtual dissection of the esophagus and the stomach on micro CT at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to the SCJ were 48.39 ± 0.72 degrees and 50.81 ± 1.59 degrees.Rather than the angle of the CSM and LSM being perpendicular in the esophagus we found an acute angulation between these two muscle groups throughout the lower 10 cm of the esophagus.CONCLUSION:The oblique angulation of the CSM may contribute to the significantly greater shortening of distal esophagus when compared to the mid and proximal esophagus during peristalsis. | Anil K Vegesna Keng-Yu Chuang Ramashesai Besetty Steven J Phillips Alan S Braverman Mary F Barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry S Miller | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 7 |
| 2 | Increased catabolism and decreased unsaturation of ganglioside in patients with inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘AIM: To investigate whether accelerated catabolism of ganglioside and decreased ganglioside content contribute to the etiology of pro-inflammatory intestinal disease. METHODS: Intestinal mucosa from terminal ileum or colon was obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis or inflammatory Crohn's disease(n = 11) undergoing bowel resection and compared to control samples of normal intestine from patients with benign colon polyps(n = 6) and colorectal cancer(n = 12) in this observational case-control study. Gangliosides and phospholipids of intestinal mucosa were characterized by class and ceramide or fatty acid composition using liquid chromatography triple-quad mass spectrometry. Content and composition of ganglioside classes GM1, GM3, GD3, GD1 a, GT1 and GT3 were compared among subject groups. Content and composition of phospholipid classes phosphatidylcholine(PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine were compared among subject groups. Unsaturation index of individual ganglioside and phospholipid classes was computed and compared among subject groups. Ganglioside catabolism enzymes beta-hexosaminidase A(HEXA) and sialidase-3(NEU3) were measured in intestinal mucosa using western blot and compared among subject groups. RESULTS: Relative GM3 ganglioside content was 2-fold higher(P < 0.05) in intestine from patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) compared to control intestine. The quantity of GM3 and ratio of GM3/GD3 was also higher in IBD intestine than control tissue(P < 0.05). Control intestine exhibited 3-fold higher(P < 0.01) relative GD1 a ganglioside content than IBD intestine. GD3 and GD1 a species of ganglioside containing three unsaturated bonds were present in control intestine, but were not detected in IBD intestine. The relative content of PC containing more than two unsaturated bonds was 30% lower in IBD intestine than control intestine(P < 0.05). The relative content of HEXA in IBD intestine was increased 1.7-fold(P < 0.05) and NEU3 was increased 8.3-fold(P < 0.01) compared to normal intestine. Intestinal mucosa in IBD is characterized by increased GM3 content, decreased GD1 a, and a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acid constituents in GD3, GD1 a and PC.CONCLUSION: This study suggests a new paradigm by proposing that IBD occurs as a consequence of increased metabolism of specific gangliosides. | John J Miklavcic Glen K Shoemaker Vera C Mazurak M Tom Clandinin Tasha DL Hart Kareena L Schnabl Gordon M Lees Bodil MK Larsen Oliver F Bathe Alan BR Thomson M Tom Clandinin | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，35： | 3 |
| 3 | Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study显示文摘 | Pierre Fenaux Ghulam J Mufti Eva Hellstrom-Lindberg Valeria Santini Carlo Finelli Aristoteles Giagounidis Robert Schoch Norbert Gattermann Guillermo Sanz Alan List Steven D Gore John F Seymour John M Bennett John Byrd Jay Backstrom Linda Zimmerman David M | 2009 | Lancet Oncology2009，，： | 2 |
| 4 | No Significant Association of 14 Candidate Genes With Schizophrenia in a Large European Ancestry Sample: Implications for Psychiatric Genetics显示文摘 | Sanders Alan R Duan Jubao Levinson Douglas F Shi Jianxin He Deli Hou Cuiping Burrell Gregory J Rice John P Nertney Deborah A Olincy Ann Rozic Pablo Vinogradov Sophia Buccola Nancy G Mowry Bryan J Freedman Robert Amin Farooq Black Donald W | 2008 | The American Journal of Psychiatry2008，，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions显示文摘 | Krueger J R Norris F Reilly Michael D and Carsrud Alan L | 2000 | Journal of Business Venturing2000，15，56： | 1 |
| 6 | Longevity of optically activated,high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches显示文摘 | Loubriel G M Zutavern F J Alan M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 7 | Emergence in China of human disease due to avian influenza A(H10N8)-cause for concern显示文摘 | To K K Tsang A K Chan J F Kelvin K W Alan K L | 2014 | J Infect2014，68，： | 1 |
| 8 | Very high strains recorded in mylonites along the alpine fault, New Zealand: implications for the deep structure of plate boundary faults 显示文摘 | Richard J N Alan F C | 2003 | Journal of Structural Geology2003，25，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Longevity of optically activated, high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches显示文摘 | Loubriel G M Zutavern F J Alan M | 1998 | IEEE Trans on Plasma Science1998，26，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Crystal structures of dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridyl complexes: the role of hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions显示文摘 | Craig J Matthews Mark R J Elsegood Alan F Williams | 2004 | Dalton Trans2004，，： | 1 |
| 11 | Hydrological processes and chemical characteristics of low--alpine patterned wetlands, south--central New Zealand显示文摘 | Catherne C G Alan F M Katharine J M | 2010 | Journal of Hydrology2010，385，14： | 1 |
| 12 | Safety and cost-effectiveness of MIDCABG in high-risk CABG patients显示文摘 | Dario F Del Rizzo W.Douglas Boyd Richard J Novick F.Neil McKenzie Nemish D Desai Alan H Menkis | 1998 | The Annals of Thoracic Surgery1998，，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Phylogeny, mor- phology and pathogenicity of diaporthe and phomopsis spe- cies on almond in Portugal 显示文摘 | Eugenio L F D Jorge M S Alan J L P | 2010 | Fungal Diversity2010，44，： | 1 |
| 14 | Enzyme-containing mi- chael -- Adduet-based coatings 显示文摘 | G6raldine F D Claus U Alan J R | 2003 | Biomacromolecules2003，4，： | 1 |
| 15 | Role of transition- metal catalysis in the generation of natural gas显示文摘 | Mango F D Hightower J W Alan T James | 1994 | Nature1994，368，7： | 1 |
| 16 | An experimental adaptive nulling receiver utilizing the sample matrix inversion algorithm with channel equalization 显示文摘 | Johnson J R Alan J F Aumann H M | 1991 | IEEE Transaction on Microwave theory and techniques1991，39，5： | 1 |
| 17 | IL10 Polymorphisms Are Associated with Airflow Obstruction in Severe ?^sub 1^-Antitrypsin Deficiency显示文摘 | DeMeo Dawn L Campbell Edward J Barker Alan F Brantly Mark L Eden Edward McElvaney N Gerard Rennard Stephen I Sandhaus Robert A Stocks James M Stoller James K Strange Charlie Turino Gerard Silverman Edwin K | 2008 | American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology2008，，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Antarctic glacial history from numerical models and continental margin sediments显示文摘 | Peter F Barker Peter J Barrett Alan K Cooper Philippe Huybrechts | 1999 | Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology1999，，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Longevity of optically activated, high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches 显示文摘 | Loubriel G M Zutavern F J Alan Mar et al | 1998 | IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science1998，26，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Role of transition-metal catalysis in the generation of natural gas显示文摘 | MANGO F D HIGHTOWER J W ALAN T J | 1994 | Nature1994，，7： | 1 |
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