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| 1 | Socket discomfort in anophthalmic patients-reasons and therapy options显示文摘A smooth and timely fitting of a visually appealing,custom-made eye prosthesis after the loss of an eye is not only essential from a cosmetic point of view but above all facilitates good social and psychological rehabilitation.Cryolite glass prostheses must be replaced at least once a year,PMMA prostheses polished once a year and renewed every five years.In children,especially in growth phases,the fit of the prosthesis should be checked at least every six months and adjusted,if necessary.Ocularists and ophthalmologists should determine an individual cleaning procedure together with the patient,which depends on both the prosthesis material and external factors.Complications such as allergic,giant papillary,viral,and bacterial conjunctivitis or even blepharoconjunctivitis sicca must be detected and treated at an early stage to avoid discomfort and to maintain the ability of prosthesis wear.In the case of inflammation-induced shrinkage of the conjunctival fornices or post-enucleation socket syndrome,surgical interventions are necessary.In summary,an early supply with an eye prosthesis,adequate treatment of complications,and attention to psychological aspects,form the basis for a successful long-term rehabilitation of anophthalmic patients. | Alexander C.Rokohl Marc Trester Yongwei Guo Adam Kopecky Ming Lin Vladimir Kratky Ludwig M.Heindl | 2020 | Annals of Eye Science2020，，4： | 0 |
| 2 | Preclinical models in ophthalmic oncology-a narrative review显示文摘Objective:This review serves as a comprehensive description and summary of currently available preclinical models of three tumors in ophthalmic oncology:conjunctival melanoma(CM),uveal melanoma(UM),and retinoblastoma.Background:Malignant melanomas are the most common tumors of the eye in adults,most often localized in the uvea and conjunctiva.Although the primary tumor can be successfully eliminated in many cases,nearly one in two UMs-and one in three CMs-are fatal to the patient due to metastasis.Effective therapies for metastatic uveal and CMs are unfortunately still not available,so there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis quoad vitam and prolong the survival of melanoma patients.Another widely known tumor of the eye is retinoblastoma,which is the most common pediatric ocular malignancy,occurring in approximately 1 in 15,000-18,000 live births.Overall,it is considered well treatable,with a survival rate of approximately 90%at 3 years,although fatal if untreated.For a long time,enucleation was also considered the treatment of choice,with bilateral cases having one eye irradiated and the eye with the more advanced tumor removed.Since the 1990s,however,systemic chemotherapy has been predominantly used to preserve the quality of life and vision of young patients,although the cellular activity of the retinoblastoma often remains after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.Prognosis of the disease is immensely depending on the stage and time of diagnosis and is varying between countries due to different developmental status of health care systems.Methods:We review recent advances in the available literature on established preclinical models in CM,UM,and retinoblastoma.In addition,we discuss the advantages and limitations of these models and provide an overview of current alternatives to animal testing in preclinical studies.Conclusions:In the case of all three diseases,further research is needed for improved therapeutic options.Animal models in particular are indispensable for cancer research in order to mimic the extremely complex processes of human carcinogenesis,physiology and progression.Certainly,animal studies do not easily translate to human diseases due to biological differences and limitations.However,they continue to serve as the primary source and link between in vitro testing and clinical studies in patients.In order to minimize animal experiments and possibly even replace them in the future,alternatives such as 3D cell cultures and in silico predictions are useful and insightful additions and require further development.Still,no currently available preclinical model can be fully translated to some of here described diseases.Nevertheless,they all provide essential insights and knowledge that should be of use in the future for better understanding and pursuit of new therapeutic strategies. | Daria Lehrmann Nasrin Refaian Michael Simon Alexander C.Rokohl Ludwig M.Heindl | 2022 | Annals of Eye Science2022，，2： | 0 |
| 3 | Pterygium:new insights into risk factors?显示文摘Introduction The word pterygium comes from two Greek words:(pteryx)meaning wing and(pterygion)fin(1-3).Pterygium,one of the most common benign tumors of the ocular surface,is a focal fibrovascular proliferation of conjunctival tissue onto the cornea(1-6).The pterygium is usually triangular in shape and localized in the nasal palpebral fissure(1-6).Histopathologically,there is usually a nonkeratinizing epithelium and loss of goblet cells(4).Some cases show also the development of a multilayered keratinizing squamous epithelium.Subepithelial features include thickened collagen fibers,numerous vascular incisions,and pathognomonic elastoid degeneration.Sometimes,chronic inflammation,such as lymphocytic infiltration,can also be seen(2-6).Furthermore,the head of the pterygium,which is firmly fused to the cornea,can also grow into the upper corneal layers and fragment Bowman’s lamella(1-4). | Alexander C.Rokohl Ludwig M.Heindl | 2022 | Annals of Eye Science2022，，4： | 0 |
| 4 | Bioengineered dermal substitutes for periocular defects显示文摘Bioengineered materials are used as a substitute in many fields of medicine,especially in plastic surgery and in burns.In ophthalmic plastic surgery they can be used for covering large tissue defects or as a tarsal plate substitute,in cases when it is not possible to use conventional surgical techniques.We have searched PubMed and Web of Science scientific databases.We can generally categorize skin substitutes by the type of tissue used-we distinguish autografts,allografts,and xenografts.There are also completely synthetic substitutes.The aim of our article was to summarize the current state of knowledge and to sum up all the clinical applications of bioengineered materials in the periocular region.There are only a few scientific articles about this topic and lack of prospective randomized studies aimed on use of bioengineered materials in periocular region.Nevertheless,there are many articles describing successful case reports or case reports series.According to literature,bioengineered materials are the most commonly used in big traumas or large surgical defects,especially in oculoplastic tumour surgery.Bioengineered dermal substitutes are not frequently used in the periocular region.Dermal substitutes are useful,when it is not possible to close the defect with any other conventional surgical technique. | Adam Kopecký Jan Němčanský Vladimir Kratky Alexander C.Rokohl Ludwig M.Heindl | 2021 | Annals of Eye Science2021，，2： | 0 |
| 5 | Periocular basal cell carcinoma-current treatment concepts显示文摘Basal cell carcinoma(BCC)is by far the most common human skin cancer.In Caucasians,BCCs account for around 90%of periocular malignancies.However,periocular BCCs are usually neglected due to their slow and painless growth,unless presenting complaints,e.g.,large size,bleeding,recurrent infections of the tumor,or secondary symptoms resulting from adjacent structures involvement as epiphora,limited eye globe motility as well as globe displacement.Moreover,although the tumor can usually be cured with local excision,local recurrence can occur in up to 20%of eyelid BCC cases.Recurrent BCCs of the eyelid show a poorer overall prognosis than the primary ones.In addition,the management of advanced diseases,such as orbital or intracranial invasion as well as metastatic lesions,is challenging and often involves a multidisciplinary approach.In this paper,we reviewed the recent research progress of pathogenesis,clinical presentation,and therapeutics of periocular BCCs.We introduced the molecular pathogenesis of BCCs[multi-step ultraviolet(UV)-induced carcinogenesis model,genetic predisposition,and epigenetic changes],clinical classification,and tumor-node-metastasis(TNM)clinically stage of eyelid skin BCCs.We also emphasized the treatment of BCCs,i.e.,surgical resection,oculoplastic reconstruction,and alternative therapies(radiation therapy,systemic therapy,topical therapy,and prophylactic therapy).In the end,we proposed that considering the possible iatrogenic damage to the surface of the eye by surgical excision,the treatment of periocular BCCs is recommended to be performed by or in the presence of an oculoplastic surgeon. | Yongwei Guo Alexander C.Rokohl Adam Kopecky Ludwig M.Heindl | 2021 | Annals of Eye Science2021，，2： | 0 |
| 6 | Targeted therapy for malignant ocular melanomas显示文摘In a comprehensive literature review,PubMed,Embasem and Web of Science were searched for studies examining targeted therapy of ocular malignant melanomas to present and discuss targeted therapy treatment options of ocular tumors,mainly conjunctival and uveal melanoma(UM).Conjunctival malignant melanomas showed similarities in clinical and genetic aspects with cutaneous melanomas.Many therapies with checkpoint inhibitors already established for cutaneous melanomas may be a treatment option for conjunctival malignant melanomas with shared traits.Existing targeted therapies are for example checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab or nivolumab.As a corollary,due to marked differences in clinics and genetics between UMs and conjunctival melanomas(CMs)or cutaneous melanomas,it has remained elusive whether the available possibilities of molecular targeted therapy will be an option for the therapy of metastasizing UMs.Possible novel ways of treating UM are being explored.Fotemustine or the inoculation of dendritic cells with tumorous RNA or sunitinib in combination with cisplatin and or tamoxifen may be used in future to treat UM.While CM are treatable using targeted therapies,UM have not been researched enough to find working targeted therapy options.Further research has to be done in order to find acceptable treatment options. | Rahul Arvo Jonas Alexander C.Rokohl Ludwig M.Heindl | 2021 | Annals of Eye Science2021，，1： | 0 |
| 7 | Three-dimensional anthropometry in periorbital region显示文摘Anthropometry can analyze the size,weight,and proportion of the human body objectively and quantitatively to supplement the visual assessment.Various non-invasive three-dimensional(3D)anthropometric techniques have been applied to assess soft tissues’3D morphology in the clinical practice.Among them,non-invasive stereophotogrammetry and laser scanning techniques are becoming increasingly popular in craniofacial surgery and plastic surgery.They have been applied for craniofacial growth estimation and morphometric investigation,genetic and acquired malformation diagnosis,as well as orthodontic or surgical treatment arrangement and outcome evaluation.However,few studies have been published for assessing the 3D morphology of soft tissues in the periorbital region.This paper reviews the studies involving the application and evaluation of the increasingly popular 3D photogrammetry in the periorbital region.These studies proposed detailed and standardized protocols for three-dimensionally assessing linear,curvilinear,angular,as well as volumetric measurements,and verified its high reliability in the periorbital region(even higher than caliper-derived direct measurements).In the future,reliable and accurate 3D imaging techniques,as well as standardized analyzing protocols,may find applications in following up morphological growth,preoperatively diagnosing and assessing patient periorbital conditions,planning surgical procedures,postoperatively evaluating treatment outcomes of a specific procedure,and comparing the differences in surgical results between various procedures,studies,as well as populations. | Yongwei Guo Alexander C.Rokohl Ming Lin Ludwig M.Heindl | 2021 | Annals of Eye Science2021，，1： | 0 |
| 8 | Ocular surface and tear film changes after eyelid surgery显示文摘Eyelid surgery is widely and extensively used in facial plastic and reconstructive surgeries.There are many categories of eyelid surgeries,the most common of which include blepharoplasty,ptosis surgery,and eyelid reconstruction.In many cases,these procedures are combined,and there are many different techniques for each type of operation.Upper eyelid blepharoplasty usually includes the excision of skin,preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle,and orbital fat.Common methods of lower eyelid blepharoplasty are the skin-muscle flap,the skin flap,and the transconjunctival.Ptosis surgery is mainly divided into three types:transcutaneous,transconjunctival,and sling surgery.Surgeons often used the Hughes or Cutler-Beard Bridge Flaps in eyelid reconstruction.Different types and methods of surgery have their own advantages and disadvantages,and postoperative complications may occur.Therefore,postoperative complications of eyelid surgeries,such as dry eye symptoms,should be taken into serious consideration.Relevant literature involving these complaints can be found in PubMed by searching the terms“dry eye”,“eyelid”,“surgery”,and other related keywords.Moreover,various ocular surface and tear film alterations may be detected using the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI),tear film breakup time,Schirmer test,fluorescein staining,and lissamine green staining after various eyelid surgeries.As dry eye disease is prevalent in the general population,it is more urgent to figure out what we can learn from these complaints.Further exploration in this field may help surgeons to choose a better surgical method and give an accurate evaluation of the postoperative effect. | Wanlin Fan Alexander C.Rokohl Yongwei Guo Ludwig M.Heindl | 2021 | Annals of Eye Science2021，，1： | 0 |
| 9 | A modified 3D stereophotogrammetry-based distraction test for assessing lower eyelid tension显示文摘AIM: To investigate the reliability of a modified threedimensional distraction test(3D-DT) and three-dimensional pinch test(3D-PT) for assessing lower eyelid tension(LET).METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 97 volunteer s including 97 eyelids with no history of trauma, tumor, or reconstructive surgeries. Six three-dimensional photographs were acquired for each par ticipant, including two photographs obtained in a neutral position(NP), two using a modified 3D-DT with a 15.9-grammes stainless steel eyelid hook performed, and two using 3D-PT.RESULTS: The mean absolute differences between NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT measurements varied between 0.07 and 7.42, 0.10 and 13.10, and 0.07 and 15.97, respectively;technical error of measurement varied between 0.05 and 7.81, 0.09 and 10.19, and 0.07 and 12.47, respectively;and relative error measurements varied between 0.10% and 11.50%, 0.16% and 30.51%, and 0.11% and 38.75%, respectively. For intra-rater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) were more than 0.80 in seven out of eight measurements obtained in the NP and 3D-DT, whereas those obtained in the 3D-PT were as low as less than 0.30 by rater 1;the ICCs of all the measurements obtained in all the positions(NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT) were more than 0.80 by rater 2. For inter-rater reliability six out of eight NP and 3D-DT measurements had an ICC greater than 0.80, whereas those of 3D-PT measurements were less than 0.30. For intra-method reliability, the ICCs of all the NP measurements were more than 0.87, whereas those of the six 3D-DT measurements and four 3D-PT measurements were more than 0.80.CONCLUSION: Our study results prove that the modified 3D-DT, which involves the use of an eyelid hook, can be a highly reliable method for evaluating LET. Furthermore, this novel and simple method may be utilized as the basis for further investigation and routine pre-and postoperative clinical evaluation. | Xiao-Yi Hou Alexander C.Rokohl Marius M.Meinke Sen-Mao Li Ming Lin Ren-Bing Jia Yong-Wei Guo Ludwig M.Heindl | 2022 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2022，15，11： | 0 |
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