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| 1 | 脊髓损伤神经学分类国际标准(2011年修订)显示文摘本手册内容为脊髓损伤神经学分类国际标准(ISNCSCI)第7版,该标准描述了脊髓损伤的查体方法(即国际标准查体方法)及美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)残损分级。基于世界各国脊髓损伤治疗和研究领域的临床医师和研究人员的意见、问题和建议,本标准对一些概念和表达进行了澄清和修订。关于ISNCSCI某些问题的澄清已经在最近发表的一些论文中进行详细阐述。另外,所做出的修订也尽可能与InSTeP培训项目保持一致。委员会对修订采取了审慎的态度,主要是考虑到重大修订应有循证学基础。 | American Spinal Injury Association International Spinal Cord Society 李建军 王方永(译) | 2011 | 中国康复理论与实践2011，17，10： | 401 |
| 2 | Regulation of the G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle显示文摘In any multi-cellular organism, the balance between cell division and cell death maintains a constant cell number. Both cell division cycle and cell death are highly regulated events. Whether the cell will proceed through the cycle or not, depends upon whether the conditions required at the checkpoints during the cycle are fulfilled. In higher eucaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells, signals that arrest the cycle usually act at a G1 checkpoint. Cells that pass this restriction point are committed to complete the cycle. Regulation of the GI phase of the cell cycle is extremely complex and involves many different families of proteins such as retinoblastoma family cyclin dependent kinases, cyclins, and cyclic kinase inhibitors. | DONJERKOVIC DUBRRAVKA DAVID W SCOTT (Department of Immunology, Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD) | 2000 | Cell Research2000，10，1： | 18 |
| 3 | Sinobaatar gen. nov.: First multituberculate from the Jehol Biota of Liaoning,Northeast China显示文摘A multituberculate skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Dawangzhangzi, Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province, Northeast China, provides new morphological information for early multituberculates. The specimen is the holotype of Sinobaatar lingyuanensis gen. et sp. nov. It has a narrow skull that lacks the superorbital crest or postorbital process. The dental formula is 3·?·5·2/1·0·3·2. The dental morphology, especially that of cheek teeth, of S. lingyuanensis is similar to that of Eobaatar, which places it in the family Eobaataridae. The postcranial skeleton of Sinobaatar is similar to that of other multituberculates. As in Holotheria, Metatarsal V of Sinobaatar articulates only with the cuboid and has no contact with the calcaneus, which probably represents the primitive condition of multituberculates. Nine carpals of Sinobaatar resemble those of Zhang-heotherium, except the centrale being larger than the trape-zoid. The dental features of Sinobaatar show again that eo-baatarids are | HU Yaoming & WANG YuanqingInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10044, China American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA Biology Program (Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavio | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，11： | 17 |
| 4 | 2014年美国《甲状腺功能减退症治疗指南》节选显示文摘1 LT1单药治疗是否可以作为甲状腺功能减退症的标准治疗?
1.1 推荐左旋甲状腺素(LT4)是治疗甲状腺功能减退症(简称甲减)的首选药物,因其能有效地减轻甲状腺功能减退症的各种症状,长期应用经验证明LT4具有副反应小、依从性好、肠道吸收好、血清半衰期长、治疗成本低等优点(推荐强度:强,证据质量:高)。 | American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. USA | 2015 | 中国实用内科杂志2015，35，7： | 9 |
| 5 | Earliest Asian discoglossid frog from western Liaoning显示文摘Based on a superbly preserved skeleton, a new anuran taxon has been named and described from the Yixian Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous), Liaoning Province,northeastern China. This discovery documents the first discoglossid fossil from China, the earliest record of the group in Asia, and the only second Mesozoic discoglossid known from fully articulated material in the world. The family Discoglossidae is widely perceived as a primitive anuran group, but has no definite fossils found in collaboration with their recent distribution in Asia.The new discovery from Liaoning extends the temporal range of the group in Asia back at least 120 million years, and provides valuable fossil material for study of anatomical details of early discoglossids, as well as of historical distribution of this primitive anuran group. | WANG Yuan and GAO Keqin Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100044, China Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA | 1999 | Chinese Science Bulletin1999，44，7： | 7 |
| 6 | Activation-induced cell death in B lymphocytes显示文摘Upon encountering the antigen (Ag), the immune system can either develop a specific immune response or enter a specific state of unresponsiveness, tolerance. The response of B cells to their specific Ag can be activation and proliferation, leading to the immune response, or anergy and activation-induced cell death (AICD), leading to tolerance. AICD in B lymphocytes is a highly regulated event initiated by crosslinking of the B cell receptor (BCR). BCR engagement initiates several signaling events such as activation of PLCr, Ras, and PI3K, which generally speaking, lead to survival. However, in the absence of survival signals (CD40 or IL-4R engagement), BCR crosslinking can also promote apoptotic signal transduction pathways such as activation of effector caspases, expression of pro-apoptotic genes, and inhibition of pro-survival genes. The complex interplay between survival and death signals determines the B cell fate and, consequently, the immune response. | DONJERKOVIC DUBRAVKA, DAVID W SCOTT (Department of Immunology, Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD, 20855. USA) | 2000 | Cell Research2000，10，3： | 6 |
| 7 | 美国临床脑电图学指南(5)标准电极位置命名指南显示文摘本指南建议对国际10-20系统略加修改并采用更严格的数字组合规则对其作进一步的扩展,命名为10—10系统,其电极的位置按109/5的比例放置,尽管目前对这些电极的名称还未取得一致意见。 | American Clinical Neurophysiology Societ~ 秦兵(译) | 2011 | 癫痫与神经电生理学杂志2011，20，6： | 6 |
| 8 | Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010显示文摘 | American Diabetes Association | | Diabetes Care0，，： | 5 |
| 9 | 美国对外战略的调整及对我国的影响显示文摘奥巴马入主白宫后对美国的对外战略进行了明显的调整。一是外交政策调整,改变布什时期单边主义政策,采取“硬实力”和“软实力”相结合的“巧实力”外交手段:二是军控政策调整,调整核裁军、军控与防扩散政策,宣示“无核世界”主张。抢占道德制高点:三是调整中东战略与反恐重心东移,以期集中力量解决阿富汗、巴基斯坦恐怖主义问题和改善美国同穆斯林的关系;四是“重返亚洲”,巩固美日、美韩同盟,积极介入东亚一体化进程,循着“巧实力”思路影响亚洲的“问题国家”:五是对俄政策调整,从国家层面到东欧防御计划、防扩散等各方面着手回暖美俄关系。奥巴马政府对外战略调整,并未改变美国的对外政策实质,对中国的影响是利弊并存。 | Department of American Diplomacy of the Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | 2010 | 和平与发展2010，，5： | 4 |
| 10 | Costimulation of resting B lymphocytes alters the IL-4-activated IRS2 signaling pathway in a STAT6 independent manner: implications for cell survival and proliferation显示文摘IL-4 is an important B cell survival and growth factor. IL-4 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS2 in resting B lymphocytes and in LPS- or CD40L-activated blasts. Phosphorylated IRS2 coprecipitated with the p85 subunit of PI 3’ kinase in both resting and activated cells. By contrast, association of phosphorylated IRS2 with GRB2 was not detected in resting B cells after IL-4 treatment although both proteins were expressed. However, IL-4 induced association of IRS2 with GRB2 in B cell blasts. The pattern of IL-4- induced recruitment of p85 and GRB2 to IRS2 observed in B cells derived from STAT6 null mice was identical to that observed for normal mice. While IL-4 alone does not induce activation of MEK, a MEKI inhibitor suppressed the IL-4-induced proliferative response of LPS-activated B cell blasts. These results demonstrate that costimulation of splenic B cells alters IL-4-induced signal transduction independent of STAT6 leading to proliferation. Furthermore, proliferation induced by IL-4 in LPS-activated blasts is dependent upon the MAP kinase pathway. | ZAMORANO JOSE,Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Avda Millan Astray, 10003 Caceres ANN E KELLY, JONATHAN AUSTRIAN, HELEN Y WANG, ACHSAH D KEEGAN (Department of Immunology, Jerome Holland Labs, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD, USA | 2001 | Cell Research2001，11，1： | 4 |
| 11 | “Color Revolutions” and Beyond显示文摘“Color revolutions” (or “orange revolutions”) broke out in some of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the past couple of years, reminiscent of the drama of disintegration of the former Soviet bloc at the turn of the 1990s. Why those upheavals came hot on the heels of the Soviet collapses merely a dozen or so years ago? Are we expecting more domino effects down the road? What geographical repercussions will they spark? A panel discussion was held on the topic and their views published in the journal. | Dr. Ji Zhiye is Research Professor and Assistant President of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR), and Director of the Institute of Russian Studies concurrently. He is editor and coauthor of many books including Russian Think-Tanks on Foreign Affairs and The Shanghai Cooperation Organization——New Security and New Mechanism. Dr. Xu Tao is Research Professor and Deputy Director of the Institute of Russan Studies, CICIR. Jiang Li is Associate Research Professor of the Institute of Russian Studies, CICIR. Da Wei is Assistant Director of the Institute of American Studies, CICIR. Dr. Chen Xiangyang is Deputy Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, CICIR. Ding Xiaoxing is Assistant Research Professor of the Institute of Russian Studies, CICIR. | 2005 | Contemporary International Relations2005，15，6： | 3 |
| 12 | Standards of medical care in diabetes 显示文摘 | American Diabetes Association | 2004 | Diabetes Care2004，，： | 3 |
| 13 | Successful International Symposiumon Oil & Gas Exploration in Lacustrine Basin显示文摘SuccessfulInternationalSymposiumonOil&GasExplorationinLacustrineBasinBarryKatz,ChairmanofAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeolog... | Barry Katz(Chairman of American Association of Petroleum Geologists) | 1996 | China Oil & Gas1996，3，1： | 3 |
| 14 | The α_Mβ_2 integrin and its role in neutrophil function显示文摘Neutrophils are the first cell type to arrive at the in-jury sites and play a critical role in host defense, by virtueof its ability to adhere and transmigrate through endothe-lium, to phagocytose foreign pathogens, and to producefree oxygen radicals and proteolytic enzymes. Yet, inap-propriate neutrophil activation causes tissue damage andvarious inflammatory diseases. These physiological andpathological functions of neutrophils depend on the en-gagement of certain surface receptors, especially αMβ2,the ma jor β2 integrin receptor present on neutrophil sur-face. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms under-lying ligand binding by αMβ2, as well as the roles of αMβ2-ligand interactions in neutrophil functions will enable usto regulate more precisely neutrophil activities: that is,to promote their host defense functions, and at the sametime to minimize their deleterious effects on normal cells. | ZHANG LI (Department of Vascular Biology, American Red Cross,Holland La6oratory, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville,MD 20855 USA)Tel: 301-738-0657 Fax: 301-738-0465e-mail: zhangl@u8a.redcross. org | 1999 | Cell Research1999，9，3： | 2 |
| 15 | Standards of medicalcare in diabetes-2009显示文摘 | American Diabetes Association | | Diabetes Care0，，： | 2 |
| 16 | The diagnostic approach to acute venous thromboembolism显示文摘 | American Thoracic Society | 1999 | Am J Respir Crit Care Med1999，160，： | 2 |
| 17 | The repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment显示文摘 | American Academy of Ophthalmology | 1996 | Ophthalmology1996，103，： | 2 |
| 18 | Definition for sepsis and organ failure and guideline for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis显示文摘 | Menbers of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference | 1992 | Crit Care Med1992，20，： | 2 |
| 19 | Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996显示文摘 | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | 1997 | Fertility and Sterility1997，，5： | 2 |
| 20 | Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009显示文摘 | American Diabetes Assoeiation | | 0，，1： | 2 |
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