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| 1 | Overview of macroautophagy regulation in mammalian cells显示文摘Macroautophagy 是 multistep, vacuolar,在 lysosomal 分隔空间终止的降级小径,和它具有在织物动态平衡的基本重要性。在这评论,我们在我们 autophagosomes 的形成的理解根据最近的进展考虑 macroautophagy,它是扣押的 double-membrane-bound 液泡细胞质的货物并且把他们送到 lysosomes。在大多数情况中,这最后的步被成熟步在哪个 autophagosomes 与 endocytic 小径交往期间先于。AuTophaGy 相关的基因的发现极大地关于为 autophagosome 形成负责的机制增加了我们的知识,并且也在 autophagosome 成熟的分子的方面的理解有进步。最后,因为 Atg 建筑群的活动被蛋白质 kinases 指向的发现, autophagy 的规定现在更好被理解,并且由于经由在调整 autophagy 基因的表示的抄写因素的原子规定的重要性。 | Maryam Mehrpour | 2010 | Cell Research2010，20，7： | 66 |
| 2 | 基于遥感和图论的绿地空间演变和连通性研究——以郑州为例显示文摘绿地空间是人类和自然生态环境的重要组成部分,其连通性是绿地有效发挥生态和社会服务功能的重点,对促进生物多样性保护、人类户外空间游憩和城乡空间的健康可持续发展具有重要意义。以郑州为例,基于图论的原理和算法,以4个时期30m分辨率的Landsat 5和Landsat 8影像为基本数据源,在Arc GIS 10.2、ENVI 5.0和Graphab 1.2.1软件中,提取郑州市域范围内的绿地空间信息,分析了绿地斑块规模、数量和空间分布特征的动态变化过程,揭示了绿地空间连通性动态变化的规律和原因,探讨了图论指数在诊断和优化绿地空间连通性上的应用。结果表明:2000年到2013年间,随郑州市域绿地空间总量和斑块规模的增加,绿地空间整体连通性指数增加了4.7倍,且在2009年到2013年间增加幅度最大;绿地斑块规模与绿地空间整体连通性指数、最大连通单元体规模和绿地斑块节点度指数呈显著正相关关系;绿地空间连通性的区域差异特征与绿地空间分布特征一致,均呈现西高东低的分布规律,且随时间变化呈现出由西向东扩展的趋势;图论指数可以用来反映各种尺度上绿地空间的连通性,其中绿地斑块的节点度指数和中间度核心性指数可以用来诊断和筛选对整体绿地空间连通性起关键性和脚踏石作用的绿地斑块,在今后城乡绿地系统规划和绿地生态网络优化上具有重要的应用前景。 | 穆博 李华威 Audrey L.Mayer 何瑞珍 田国行 | 2017 | 生态学报2017，37，14： | 26 |
| 3 | Perioperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer:MAGIC and beyond显示文摘Over the last 15 years, there have been major advances in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, in large part due to several phase Ⅲ studies showing the treatment benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvantchemotherapy and chemoradiation protocols. The objective of this editorial is to review the current highlevel evidence supporting the use of chemotherapy, chemoradiation and anti-HER2 agents in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, as well as to provide a clinical framework for use of this data based on our own institutional protocol for gastric cancer. Major studies reviewed include the SWOG/INT 0116, Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy(MAGIC), CLASSIC, ACTS-GC, Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Stomach Cancer(ARTIST) and Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trials. Although these studies have demonstrated that multiple approaches in terms of the timing and therapy for gastric cancer are effective, no standard of care is widely accepted and questions regarding the optimal timing of chemotherapy, the benefit of radiotherapy, the minimum required extent of lymphadenectomy and optimal chemotherapy regimen still exist. Protocols from the upcoming ARTIST Ⅱ, CRITICS, TOPGEAR, Neo-AEGIS and MAGIC-B studies are outlined, and results from these studies will provide critical information regarding optimal timing and treatment regimen. Additionally, the future directions of gastric cancer research predicated on molecular profiling and tailored therapies based on targetable genetic alterations in individual patient's tumors are addressed. | Audrey H Choi Joseph Kim Joseph Chao | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，24： | 21 |
| 4 | 美国人眼中21世纪的中国医学教育显示文摘 | Gerald S Lazarus Audrey F Jakubowski | 2001 | 中华医学杂志2001，81，15： | 16 |
| 5 | Protective links between vitamin D,inflammatory boweldisease and colon cancer显示文摘Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with a wide range of diseases and multiple forms of cancer including breast, colon, and prostate cancers. Relatively recent work has demonstrated vitamin D to be critical in immune function and therefore important in inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Because vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is increasingly prevalent around the world, with an estimated 30%-50% of children and adults at risk for vitamin D deficiency worldwide, it could have a significant impact on IBD. Epidemiologic studies suggest that low serum vitamin D levels are a risk factor for IBD and colon cancer, and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased colitis disease activity and/or alleviated symptoms. Patients diagnosed with IBD have a higher incidence of colorectal cancer than the general population, which supports the notion that inflammation plays a key role in cancer development and underscores the importance of understanding how vitamin D influences inflammation and its cancer-promoting effects. In addition to human epidemiological data, studies utilizing mouse models of colitis have shown that vitamin D is beneficial in preventing or ameliorating inflammation and clinical disease. The precise role of vitamin D on colitis is unknown; however, vitamin D regulates immune cell trafficking and differentiation, gut barrier function and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, all of which may be protective from IBD and colon cancer. Here we focus on effects of vitamin D on inflammation and inflammation-associated colon cancer and discuss the potential use of vitamin D for protection and treatment of IBD and colon cancer. | Stacey Meeker Audrey Seamons Lillian Maggio-Price Jisun Paik | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，3： | 15 |
| 6 | Bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene controls tooth root development in coordination with formation of the periodontium显示文摘Formation of the periodontium begins following onset of tooth-root formation in a coordinated manner after birth. Dental follicle progenitor cells are thought to form the cementum, alveolar bone and Sharpey's fibers of the periodontal ligament (PDL). However, little is known about the regulatory morphogens that control differentiation and function of these progenitor cells, as well as the progenitor cells involved in crown and root formation. We investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp2) in these processes by the conditional removal of the Bmp2 gene using the Sp7-Cre-EGFP mouse model. Sp7-Cre-EGFP first becomes active at E18 in the first molar, with robust Cre activity at postnatal day 0 (P0), followed by Cre activity in the second molar, which occurs after P0. There is robust Cre activity in the periodontium and third molars by 2 weeks of age. When the Bmp2 gene is removed from Sp7+ (Osterix+) cells, major defects are noted in root, cellular cementum and periodontium formation. First, there are major cell autonomous defects in root-odontoblast terminal differentiation. Second, there are major alterations in formation of the PDLs and cellular cementum, correlated with decreased nuclear factor IC (Nfic), periostin and α-SMA+ cells. Third, there is a failure to produce vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the periodontium and the pulp leading to decreased formation of the microvascular and associated candidate stem cells in the Bmp2-cKOSp7-Cre-EGFP . Fourth, ameloblast function and enamel formation are indirectly altered in the Bmp2-cKOSp7-Cre-EGFP . These data demonstrate that the Bmp2 gene has complex roles in postnatal tooth development and periodontium formation. | Audrey Rakian Wu-Chen Yang Jelica Gluhak-Heinrich Yong Cui Marie A Harris Demitri Villarreal Jerry Q Feng Mary MacDougall Stephen E Harris | 2013 | International Journal of Oral Science2013，5，2： | 14 |
| 7 | Effect of nutritional counselling on hepatic,muscle and adipose tissue fat content and distribution in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘AIM: To assess the effectiveness of the current UK clinical practice in reducing hepatic fat (IHCL). METHODS: Whole body MRI and 1H MRS were obtained, before and after 6 mo nutritional counselling, from liver, soleus and tibialis muscles in 10 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RESULTS: A 500 Kcal-restricted diet resulted in an average weight loss of 4% (-3.4 kg,) accompanied by significant reductions in most adipose tissue (AT) depots, including subcutaneous (-9.9%), abdominal subcutaneous (-10.2%) and intra-abdominal-AT (-11.4%). Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were significantly reduced in the tibialis muscle (-28.2%). Decreases in both IHCL (-39.9%) and soleus IMCL (-12.2%) content were also observed, although these were not significant. Several individuals showed dramatic decreases in IHCL, while others paradoxically showed increases in IHCL content. Changes in body composition were accompanied by improvements in certain liver function tests: serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Significant correlations were found between decreases in IHCL and reductions in both intra-abdominal and abdominal subcutaneous AT. Improvements in liver function tests were associated with reductions in intra-abdominal AT, but not with changes in IHCL. CONCLUSION: This study shows that even a very modest reduction in body weight achieved through lifestyle modification can result in changes in body fat depots and improvements in LFTs. | E Louise Thomas Audrey E Brynes Gavin Hamilton Nayna Patel Adam Spong Robert D Goldin Gary Frost Jimmy D Bell Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，36： | 13 |
| 8 | The Boston bowel preparation scale: a valid and reliable instrument for colonoscopy-oriented research显示文摘 | Edwin J. Lai Audrey H. Calderwood Gheorghe Doros Oren K. Fix Brian C. Jacobson | 2009 | Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2009，，3： | 10 |
| 9 | Use of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins for removal of lead,copper,zinc,and nickel from natural waters显示文摘This research investigated the removal capacity of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins(SMR) for removal of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel from natural waters in competition with natural organic matter(NOM). Polymeric SMR particles were created and tested to ensure that they were adequately dispersed in the solution. They removed little NOM(10%or less) from river water and wastewater, indicating that competition from NOM was not a major concern. SMR were able to remove 82% ± 0.2% of lead, 46% ± 0.6% of copper, 55% ±20% of zinc, and 17% ± 2% of nickel from river water spiked with 500 μg/L of each. Similarly,in wastewater, they were able to remove 86% ± 0.1% of lead, 38% ± 0.8% of copper, 28% ± 1%of zinc, and 11% ± 1% of nickel. | Audrey Murray Banu ?rmeci | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，1： | 9 |
| 10 | Clinical trial perspective for adult and juvenile Huntington's disease using genetically-engineered mesenchymal stem cells显示文摘Progress to date from our group and others indicate that using genetically-engineered mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) supports our plan to submit an Investigational New Drug application to the Food and Drug Administration for the future planned Phase 1 safety and tolerability trial of MSC/BDNF in patients with Huntington's disease(HD). There are also potential applications of this approach beyond HD. Our biological delivery system for BDNF sets the precedent for adult stem cell therapy in the brain and could potentially be modified for other neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), spinocerebellar ataxia(SCA), Alzheimer's disease, and some forms of Parkinson's disease. The MSC/BDNF product could also be considered for studies of regeneration in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. This work also provides a platform for our future gene editing studies, since we will again use MSCs to deliver the needed molecules into the central nervous system. | Peter Deng Audrey Torrest Kari Pollock Heather Dahlenburg Geralyn Annett Jan A.Nolta Kyle D.Fink | 2016 | Neural Regeneration Research2016，11，5： | 7 |
| 11 | Competitive effects of humic acid and wastewater on adsorption of Methylene Blue dye by activated carbon and non-imprinted polymers显示文摘Natural organic matter(NOM), present in natural waters and wastewater, decreases adsorption of micropollutants, increasing treatment costs. This research investigated mechanisms of competition for non-imprinted polymers(NIPs) and activated carbon with humic acid and wastewater. Three different types of activated carbons(Norit PAC 200,Darco KB-M, and Darco S-51) were used for comparison with the NIP. The lower surface area and micropore to mesopore ratio of the NIP led to decreased adsorption capacity in comparison to the activated carbons. In addition, experiments were conducted for single-solute adsorption of Methylene Blue(MB) dye, simultaneous adsorption with humic acid and wastewater, and pre-loading with humic acid and wastewater followed by adsorption of MB dye using NIP and Norit PAC 200. Both the NIP and PAC 200 showed significant decreases of 27% for NIP(p = 0.087) and 29% for PAC 200(p = 0.096) during simultaneous exposure to humic acid and MB dye. There was no corresponding decrease for NIP or PAC 200 pre-loaded with humic acid and then exposed to MB. In fact, for PAC 200, the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon increased when it was pre-loaded with humic acid by 39%(p = 0.0005). For wastewater, the NIP showed no significant increase or decrease in adsorption capacity during either simultaneous exposure or pre-loading. The adsorption capacity of PAC 200 increased by 40%(p = 0.001) for simultaneous exposure to wastewater and MB. Pre-loading with wastewater had no effect on MB adsorption by PAC 200. | Audrey Murray Banu Ormeci | 2018 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2018，30，4： | 6 |
| 12 | Liver insulin-like growth factor 2 methylation in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis and further occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘AIM: To assess the predictive value of the insulinlike growth factor 2 (Igf2) methylation profile for the occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis C (HCV) cirrhosis. METHODS: Patients with: (1) biopsy-proven compensated HCV cirrhosis; (2) available baseline frozen liver sample; (3) absence of detectable HCC; (4) regular screening for HCC; (5) informed consent for genetic analysis were studied. After DNA extraction from liver samples and bisulfite treatment, unbiased PCR and DHPLC analysis were performed for methylation analysis at the Igf2 locus. The predictive value of the Igf2 methylation profile for HCC wasassessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. RESULTS: Among 94 included patients, 20 developed an HCC during follow-up (6.9 ± 3.2 years). The methylation profile was hypomethylated, intermediate and hypermethylated in 13, 64 and 17 cases, respectively. In univariate analysis, two baseline parameters were associated with the occurrence of HCC: age (P = 0.01) and prothrombin (P = 0.04). The test of linear tendency between the three ordered levels of Igf2 methylation and probability of HCC occurrence was significant (Log Rank, P = 0.043; Breslow, P = 0.037; Tarone-Ware, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that hypomethylation at the Igf2 locus in the liver could be predictive for HCC occurrence in HCV cirrhosis. | Philippe Couvert Alain Carrié Jacques Pariès Jenny Vaysse Audrey Miroglio Antoine Kerjean Pierre Nahon Jamel Chelly Jean-Claude Trinchet Michel Beaugrand Nathalie Ganne-Carrié | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，35： | 6 |
| 13 | The association of layperson characteristics with the quality of simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance显示文摘BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association of layperson characteristics with cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) provision. Previous studies suggested provider characteristics, including age and gender, were associated with CPR quality, particularly chest compression(CC) depth. We sought to determine the association of subject characteristics, including age and gender with layperson CPR quality during an unannounced simulated CPR event. We hypothesized shallower CC depth in females, and older-aged subjects.METHODS: As part of a larger multicenter randomized controlled trial of CPR training for cardiac patients' caregivers, CPR skills were assessed 6 months after training. We analyzed associations between subject characteristics and CC rate, CC depth and no-? ow time. Each variable was analyzed independently; signi? cant predictors determined via univariate analysis were assessed in a multivariate regression model.RESULTS: A total of 521 laypersons completed a 6-month CPR skills assessment and were included in the analysis. Mean age was 51.8±13.7 years, 75% were female, 57% were Caucasian. Overall, mean CC rate was 88.5±25.0 per minute, CC depth was 50.9±2.0 mm, and mean no-flow time was 15.9±2.7 sec/min. CC depth decreased signi? cantly in subjects >62 years(P<0.001). Male subjects performed deeper CCs than female subjects(47.5±1.7 vs. 41.9±0.6, P<0.001).CONCLUSION: We found that layperson age >62 years and female gender are associated with shallower CC depth. | Marion Leary David G.BucMer Daniel J.Ikeda Daiane A.Saraiva Robert A.Berg Vinay M.Nadkarni Audrey L.Blewer Benjamin S.Abella | 2017 | World Journal of Emergency Medicine2017，8，1： | 5 |
| 14 | 美国人眼中21世纪中国城市医疗机构面临的挑战显示文摘本文两位作者原为美国旧金山大学医学院教授 ,曾长期从事医院管理工作。目前在北京协和医院任客座教授。通过对北京协和医院 6个多月的实际考察和工作 ,结合他们参与 90年代初期美国医疗卫生体制改革的经验体会 ,对当前我国城市医疗机构改革中面临的一些问题提出了他们的意见和建议。 | Gerald S Lazarus Audrey FJakubowski | 2000 | 中华医学杂志2000，80，7： | 5 |
| 15 | Colon adenoma features and their impact on risk of future advanced adenomas and colorectal cancer显示文摘AIM To review the evidence on the association between specific colon adenoma features and the risk of future colonic neoplasia [adenomas and colorectal cancer(CRC)]. METHODS We performed a literature search using the National Library of Medicine through Pub Med from 1/1/2003 to 5/30/2015. Specific Medical Subject Headings terms(colon, colon polyps, adenomatous polyps, epidemiology, natural history, growth, cancer screening, colonoscopy, CRC) were used in conjunction with subject headings/key words(surveillance, adenoma surveillance, polypectomy surveillance, and serrated adenoma). We defined nonadvanced adenomas as 1-2 adenomas each < 10 mm in size and advanced adenomas as any adenoma ≥ 10 mm size or with > 25% villous histology or high-grade dysplasia. A combined endpoint of advanced neoplasia included advanced adenomas and invasive CRC.RESULTS Our search strategy identified 592 candidate articlesof which 8 met inclusion criteria and were relevant for assessment of histology(low grade vs high grade dysplasia, villous features) and adenoma size. Six of these studies met the accepted quality indicator threshold for overall adenoma detection rate > 25% among study patients. We found 254 articles of which 7 met inclusion criteria for the evaluation of multiple adenomas. Lastly, our search revealed 222 candidate articles of which 6 met inclusion criteria for evaluation of serrated polyps. Our review found that villous features, high grade dysplasia, larger adenoma size, and having ≥ 3 adenomas at baseline are associated with an increased risk of future colonic neoplasia in some but not all studies. Serrated polyps in the proximal colon are associated with an increased risk of future colonic neoplasia, comparable to having a baseline advanced adenoma.CONCLUSION Data on adenoma features and risk of future adenomas and CRC are compelling yet modest in absolute effect size. Future research should refine this risk stratification. | Audrey H Calderwood Karen E Lasser Hemant K Roy | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2016，8，12： | 5 |
| 16 | Open land-use map:a regional land-use mapping strategy for incorporating OpenStreetMap with earth observations显示文摘A land-use map at the regional scale is a heavy computation task yet is critical to most landowners,researchers,and decision-makers,enabling them to make informed decisions for varying objectives.There are two major difficulties in generating land classification maps at the regional scale:the necessity of large data-sets of training points and the expensive computation cost in terms of both money and time.Volunteered Geographic Information opens a new era in mapping and visualizing the physical world by providing an open-access database valuable georeferenced information collected by volunteer citizens.As one of the most well-known VGI initiatives,OpenStreetMap(OSM),contributes not only to road network distribution information but also to the potential for using these data to justify and delineate land patterns.Whereas,most large-scale mapping approaches-including regional and national scales–confuse“land cover”and“land-use”,or build up the land-use database based on modeled land cover data-sets,in this study,we clearly distinguished and differentiated land-use from land cover.By focusing on our prime objective of mapping land-use and management practices,a robust regional land-use mapping approach was developed by integrating OSM data with the earth observation remote sensing imagery.Our novel approach incorporates a vital temporal component to large-scale land-use mapping while effectively eliminating the typically burdensome computation and time/money demands of such work.Furthermore,our novel approach in regional scale land-use mapping produced robust results in our study area:the overall internal accuracy of the classifier was 95.2%and the external accuracy of the classifier was measured at 74.8%. | Di Yang Chiung-Shiuan Fu Audrey C.Smith Qiang Yu | 2017 | Geo-Spatial Information Science2017，20，3： | 5 |
| 17 | αV integrin:A new gastrin target in human pancreatic cancer cells显示文摘AIM:To analyse αV integrin expression induced by gas-trin in pancreatic cancer models. METHODS:αV integrin mRNA expression in human pan-creatic cancer cells was analysed using a 'cancer genes' array and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western blotting and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry were used to examine protein levels in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic tissues, respectively. The role of αV integrin on gastrin-induced cell adhesion was examined using blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies. Adherent cells were quantified by staining with crystal violet.RESULTS: Using a 'cancer genes' array we identified αV integrin as a new gastrin target gene in human pancreatic cancer cells. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was used to confirm αV integrin gene expression. We also demonstrate that Src family kinases and the PI 3-kinase, two signalling pathways specifically activated by the CCK-2 receptor (CCK2R), are involved in gastrin-mediated αV integrin expression. In contrast, inhibition of the ERK pathway was without any effect on αV integrin expression induced by gastrin. Our results also show that gastrin modulates cell adhesion via α V integrins. Indeed, in vitro adhesion assays performed on fibronectin show that gastrin significantly increases adhesion of pancreatic cancer cells. The use of blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies completely reversed the increase in cell-substrate adhesion induced by gastrin. In addition, we showed in vivo that the targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice, leads to the overexpression of αV integrin. This process may contribute to pancreatic tumour development observed in these transgenic animals. CONCLUSION:αV integrin is a new gastrin target in pancreatic cancer models and contributes to gastrin effects on cell adhesion. | Celine Cayrol Claudine Bertrand Aline Kowalski-Chauvel Laurence Daulhac Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal Audrey Ferrand Catherine Seva | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，40： | 4 |
| 18 | Use of sub-micron sized resin particles for removal of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater显示文摘Endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and pharmaceuticals pose a challenge for water and wastewater treatment because they exist at very low concentrations in the presence of substances at much higher concentrations competing for adsorption sites.Sub-micron sized resin particles(approximately 300 nm in diameter)(SMR) were tested to evaluate their potential as a treatment for EDCs including:17-β estradiol(E2),17-α ethinylestradiol(EE2),estrone(E1),bisphenol A(BPA),and diethylstilbestrol(DES) as well as 12 pharmaceuticals.SMR were able to remove 98%of spiked E2,80%of EE2,87%of BPA,and up to 97%of DES from water.For a 0.5 ppm mixture of E2,EE2,E1,BPA and DES,the minimum removal was24%(E2) and the maximum was 49%(DES).They were also able to remove the pharmaceuticals from deionized water and wastewater.Overall,SMR are a promising advanced treatment for removal of both EDCs and pharmaceuticals. | Audrey Murray Banu rmeci Edward P.C.Lai | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，1： | 4 |
| 19 | Definition of colorectal anastomotic leakage: A consensus survey among Dutch and Chinese colorectal surgeons显示文摘AIM To determine the level of consensus on the definition of colorectal anastomotic leakage(CAL) among Dutch and Chinese colorectal surgeons.METHODS Dutch and Chinese colorectal surgeons were asked to partake in an online questionnaire. Consensus in the online questionnaire was defined as > 80% agreement between respondents on various statements regarding a general definition of CAL,and regarding clinical and radiological diagnosis of the complication.RESULTS Fifty-nine Dutch and 202 Chinese dedicated colorectal surgeons participated in the online survey. Consensus was found on only one of the proposed elements of a general definition of CAL in both countries: ‘extravasation of contrast medium after rectal enema on a CT scan'. Another two were found relevant according to Dutch surgeons: ‘necrosis of the anastomosis found during reoperation',and ‘a radiological collection treated with percutaneous drainage'. No consensus was found for all other proposed elements that may be included in a general definition.CONCLUSION There is no universally accepted definition of CAL in the Netherlands and China. Diagnosis of CAL based on clinical manifestations remains a point of discussion in both countries. Dutch surgeons are more likely to report ‘subclinical' leaks as CAL,which partly explains the higher reported Dutch CAL rates. | Stefanus J van Rooijen Audrey CHM Jongen Zhou-qiao Wu Jia-fu Ji Gerrit D Slooter Rudi MH Roumen Nicole D Bouvy | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，33： | 4 |
| 20 | Indefinite Wh in Mandarin Chinese显示文摘 | Yen-Hui Audrey Li | 1992 | Journal of East Asian Linguistics1992，，2： | 3 |
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