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| 1 | Comparative study of gas accumulations in the Permian Changxing reefs and Triassic Feixianguan oolitic reservoirs between Longgang and Luojiazhai-Puguang in the Sichuan Basin显示文摘Reef and oolitic gas reservoirs in the Permian Changxing and Triassic Feixianguan formations have been discovered in both the Luojiazhai-Puguang and Longgang areas of the Sichuan Basin, but the accumulation scale, abundance and distribution patterns differ greatly. In fact, the two areas have more differences than they have similarities. Similarities include: (1) the lithology, properties and types of porosity of the reef and oolitic reservoirs are primarily consistent in the two areas; (2) well-developed regional caprocks that seal the fluid system; and (3) accumulation process histories, with liquid hydrocarbon charging at an early stage, cracking into gas at a high to over-mature stage, adjustment of gas reservoirs at an uplifting stage, and final reservoir generation at a late stage. Differences include: (1) gas accumulations in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area that are dominated by oil-type cracked gas, with multiple and sufficient gas sources, contrasting with gas accumulations in the Longgang area that are dominated by coal-sourced gas with insufficient gas sources; (2) heterogeneity and horizontal diversity of reservoirs in the Longgang area that are stronger than in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area; and (3) the development of deep and large faults in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area that link source, reservoir and migration pathways, contrasting with poorly developed faults in Longgang area, where laterally variable fractures are the major migration pathway. Because of these differences, abundant large-scale structurally-controlled gas accumulations are developed in the Luojiazhai-Puguang area, whereas lithology plays a more important role in gas accumulation in the Longgang area where accumulations are smaller-scale and have lower gas-bearing abundance. We suggest that future exploration for reef and oolitic gas accumulations should be strengthened in NE Sichuan and NW Sichuan Jiulongshan. In particular, the transitional zone between Longgang and Kaijiang-Liangping Bay has the best potential for new discoveries. | ZHAO WenZhi XU ChunChun WANG TongShan WANG HongJun WANG ZeCheng BIAN CongSheng LI Xia | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，31： | 21 |
| 2 | Enrichment factors of movable hydrocarbons in lacustrine shale oil and exploration potential of shale oil in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China显示文摘The geological characteristics and production practices of the major middle-and high-maturity shale oil exploration areas in China are analyzed.Combined with laboratory results,it is clear that three essential conditions,i.e.economic initial production,commercial cumulative oil production of single well,and large-scale recoverable reserves confirmed by the testing production,determine whether the continental shale oil can be put into large-scale commercial development.The quantity and quality of movable hydrocarbons are confirmed to be crucial to economic development of shale oil,and focuses in evaluation of shale oil enrichment area/interval.The evaluation indexes of movable hydrocarbon enrichment include:(1)the material basis for forming retained hydrocarbon,including TOC>2%(preferentially 3%-4%),and typeⅠ-Ⅱkerogens;(2)the mobility of retained hydrocarbon,which is closely related to the hydrocarbon composition and flow behaviors of light/heavy components,and can be evaluated from the perspectives of thermal maturity(Ro),gas-oil ratio(GOR),crude oil density,quality of hydrocarbon components,preservation conditions;and(3)the reservoir characteristics associated with the engineering reconstruction,including the main pore throat distribution zone,reservoir physical properties(including fractures),lamellation feature and diagenetic stage,etc.Accordingly,13 evaluation indexes in three categories and their reference values are established.The evaluation indicates that the light shale oil zones in the Gulong Sag of Songliao Basin have the most favorable enrichment conditions of movable hydrocarbons,followed by light oil and black oil zones,containing 20.8×10^(8) t light oil resources in reservoirs with R_(0)>1.2%,pressure coefficient greater than 1.4,effective porosity greater than 6%,crude oil density less than 0.82 g/cm^(3),and GOR>100 m/m^(3).The shale oil in the Gulong Sag can be explored and developed separately by the categories(resource sweet spot,engineering sweet spot,and tight oil sweet spot)depending on shale oil flowability.The Gulong Sag is the most promising area to achieve large-scale breakthrough and production of continental shale oil in China. | ZHAO Wenzhi BIAN Congsheng LI Yongxin ZHANG Jinyou HE Kun LIU Wei ZHANG Bin LEI Zhengdong LIU Chang ZHANG Jingya GUAN Ming LIU Shijul | 2023 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2023，50，3： | 2 |
| 3 | Two highly efficient accumulation models of large gas fields in China显示文摘Based on reserve abundance, large gas fields in China can be divided into two types: type one of high abundance large gas fields, dominated by structural gas reservoirs; type two of low abundance large gas fields, dominated by stratigraphic and lithologic gas reservoirs. The formation of these two types of large gas fields is related to the highly efficient accumulation of natural gas. The accumulation of high abundance gas fields is dependent on the rapid maturation of the source kitchen and huge residual pressure difference between the gas source kitchen and reservoir, which is the strong driving force for natural gas migration to traps. Whereas the accumulation of low abundance gas fields is more complicated, involving both volume flow charge during the burial stage and diffusion flow charge during the uplift stage, which results in large area accumulation and preservation of natural gas in low porosity and low permeability reservoirs. This conclusion should assist gas exploration in different geological settings. | Wang Hongjun Bian Congsheng Liu Guangdi Sun Mingliang Li Yongxin | 2014 | Petroleum Science2014，11，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Bonding strength of graded anti-corrosive coatings of fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP)/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)显示文摘Fluororesin-based anti-corrosive coatings including graded FEP/PPS were prepared on carbon steel by melt powder coat- ing, the bonding strength of all coating systems was determined by the pull-off test. It is found that the poor adhesion of fluororesin coatings to metallic substrates is improved obviously by the graded coating structure of FEP/PPS, and the bonding strength reaches up to 11.8 MPa for the five-layer system. Examination by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) verifies that the distribution of main components is graded in the five-layer system, which is responsible for the enhancement of the interfacial bonding. | Jie Bian Weiqiang Wang Congsheng Guan Yonghui Zhao | 2005 | Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing2005，12，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Organic matter transformation ratio, hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and shale oil enrichment type in Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China显示文摘The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale,and evaluates the major enrichment type of shale oil in this interval.The average organic matter transformation ratio of the Chang 7_(3) shale is about 45%;in other words,more than 50%of the organic matters have not transformed to hydrocarbons,and the lower the maturity,the greater the proportion of untransformed organic matters.The cumulative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the transformed hydrocarbon is 27.5% on average,and the total proportion of untransformed organic matters plus retained hydrocarbons is greater than 70%.The relative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the Chang 7_(3) shale is 60%on average,that is,about 40% of hydrocarbons retain in the shale.The Chang 7_(3) shale corresponds to Chang 7_(1+2) and Chang 8 sandstones as the roof and floor,respectively,and is further overlaid by Chang 6 shale,where extensive low porosity and low permeability–tight oil reservoirs have formed in the parts with relatively good porosity and permeability.Moreover,the Chang 7_(3) shale is tested to be in a negative pressure system(the pressure coefficient of 0.80–0.85).Therefore,the roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale are poor.The retained hydrocarbons appear mostly in absorbed status,with low mobility.It is concluded that the medium–high mature shale oil is not the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale,but there may be enrichment opportunity for shale oil with good mobility in the areas where the sealing conditions are good without faults and fractures and oil reservoirs are formed off Chang 7_(1+2),Chang 6 and Chang 8.Furthermore,low–medium mature shale oil is believed to have great potential and is the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale.It is recommended to prepare relevant in-situ conversion technologies by pilot test and figure out the resource availability and distribution. | ZHAO Wenzhi BIAN Congsheng LI Yongxin LIU Wei DONG Jin WANG Kun ZENG Xu | 2023 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2023，50，1： | 0 |
| 6 | Heterogeneous geological conditions and differential enrichment of medium and high maturity continental shale oil in China显示文摘Based on the comparison of basic geological conditions and enrichment characteristics of shale oil plays, the heterogeneity of source and reservoir conditions and differential enrichment of medium-high maturity continental shale oil plays in China have been confirmed.(1) Compared with the homogeneous geological settings and wide distribution of marine shale oil strata in North America, the continental medium and high maturity shale oil plays in China are significantly different in geological conditions generally;continental multi-cyclic tectonic evolution forms multiple types of lake basins in multi-stages, providing sites for large-scale development of continental shale oil, and giving rise to large scale high-quality source rocks, multiple types of reservoirs, and diverse source-reservoir combinations with significant heterogeneity.(2) The differences in sedimentary water environments lead to the heterogeneity in lithology, lithofacies, and organic material types of source rocks;the differences in material source supply and sedimentary facies belt result in reservoirs of different lithologies, including argillaceous and transition rocks, and tight siltstone, and complex source-reservoir combination types.(3) The heterogeneity of the source rock controls the differentiation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, the diverse reservoir types make reservoir performance different and the source-reservoir configurations complex, and these two factors ultimately make the shale oil enrichment patterns different. Among them, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion capacity of high-quality source rocks affect the degree of shale oil enrichment. Freshwater hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC larger than 2.5% and saline hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC of 2% to 10% have a high content of retained hydrocarbons and are favorable.(4) High-abundance organic shale is the basis for the enrichment of shale oil inside the source. In addition to being retained in shale, liquid hydrocarbons migrate along laminae, diagenetic fractures, and thin sandy layers, and then accumulate in laminae of argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, and argillaceous dolomite, and dolomitic siltstone suites, etc. with low organic matter abundance in the shale strata, resulting in differences in enrichment pattern. | HU Suyun BAI Bin TAO Shizhen BIAN Congsheng ZHANG Tianshu CHEN Yanyan LIANG Xiaowei WANG Lan ZHU Rukai JIA Jinhua PAN Zhejun LI Siyang LIU Yuxi | 2022 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2022，49，2： | 0 |
| 7 | Enrichment conditions and distribution characteristics of lacustrine medium-to-high maturity shale oil in China显示文摘Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin. | ZHAO Wenzhi ZHU Rukai LIU Wei BIAN Congsheng WANG Kun | 2023 | 地学前缘2023，30，1： | 0 |
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