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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | 直接评估吗啡刺激糖尿病人隐静脉内皮一氧化氮释放减少显示文摘to directly measure in real time basal and stimulated levels of NO released from human saphenous vein endothelium and to quantify the expression of the μopiate receptor, which has been linked with NO release. METHODS: Saphenous vein segments from patients with type 2 diabetes ( n = 12) and patients without diabetes (n =8) were obtained. The release of NO was measured directly from the endothelium using a NO-specific amperometric probe. NΩ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.1 mmol/L), a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, or morphine (1 μmol/L), a stimulant, was administered and the measurements were repeated. Values were reported relative to the mean initial measurement of NO release from diabetic endothelium, which was defined as the relative zero level of NO release. A RT-PCR was then performed on the endothelium to measureμ opiate receptor expression. RESULTS: Diabetic patients (n = 12) showed a relative and significantly diminished basal level of released NO, (0.049± 0.012) nmol/L, compared | Thomas V BILHNGER, James A VOSSWINKEL, Patrick CADET, Christos M RIALAS, Harold I MAGAZINE, George B STEFANO(Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Center, HSC, T19-080, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8191 Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York , USA) | 2002 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2002，23，2： | 3 |
| 3 | Light hydrocarbons in recent Texas continental shelf and slope sediments显示文摘 | Bernard B B Brook J M Sackett W M | 1978 | Journal of Geophysical Research1978，83，8： | 1 |
| 4 | Clindamycin in dentistry:More than just effective prophylaxis for endocarditis显示文摘 | Brook I Lewis M A O Sandor G K B | 2005 | Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2005，100，： | 1 |
| 5 | Near-surface measure- ments of sea spray aerosol production over whitecaps in the open ocean显示文摘 | Norris S J Brooks I M Moat B I | 2013 | Ocean Science2013，9，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients:effect of continuouspositive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness 显示文摘 | Brooks B Cistulli P A Borkman M | 1994 | Clin Endocrinal Metab1994，79，： | 1 |
| 7 | Dilffusion Method to PrePare Soil Extracts for Automated Nitrogen - 15 Analysis 显示文摘 | Brooks P D Stark J M McInteer B B | 1989 | Soil Science Society of America Journal1989，，53： | 1 |
| 8 | Microbial and antibiotic resistant constituents associated with biological aerosols and poultry litter within a commercial poultry house显示文摘 | Brooks J P McLaughlin M R Scheffler B | 2010 | Science of the Total Environment2010，408，20： | 1 |
| 9 | A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar显示文摘 | Brook G A Rafter M A Railsback L B | 1999 | The Holocene1999，9，： | 1 |
| 10 | Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin - dependent diabetic patients : effect of continuous pos- itive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness显示文摘 | Brooks B Cistulli PA Borkman M | 1994 | J Clin Endocfinol Metab1994，79，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Food prices and market inte- gration in Russia: 1992--93 显示文摘 | GARDNER B L BROOKS K M | 1994 | American Journal of Agricul- tural Economies1994，，8： | 1 |
| 12 | An evaluation of SDS-polyacryl- amide gel electrophoretic analysis for the determination of intrageneric relationships of vairimorpha isolates显示文摘 | Moore C B Brooks W M | 1993 | Journal of Invertebrate Pathology1993，62，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Multi-Model Climate Projections for Biodiversity Risk Assessments显示文摘 | FORDHAM D A WIGLEY T M L BROOK B W | 2011 | Ecological Applications2011，21，8： | 1 |
| 14 | Association of gas hydrates and oil seepage in the Gulf of Mexico 显示文摘 | Brooks J M Cox B H Bryant W R | 1986 | Organic Geochemistry1986，10，13： | 1 |
| 15 | Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness 显示文摘 | Brooks B Cistulli PA Borkman M | 1994 | J Clin Endocrinol Metab1994，79，6： | 1 |
| 16 | The variation approach to shape from shading显示文摘 | HORN B K P BROOKS M J | 1986 | Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing1986，33，： | 1 |
| 17 | A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave,Madagascar显示文摘 | Rafter M A Railsback B | 1999 | The Holocene1999，9，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Diffusion method to prepare soil extracts for automatednitrogen-15 analysis 显示文摘 | Brooks P D Stark J M Mclnteer B B Preston T | 1989 | Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal1989，53，： | 1 |
| 19 | Corn as a production system for human and animal vaccines显示文摘 | Streatfield S J Lane J R Brooks C A Barker D K Poage M L Mayor J M Lamphear B J Drees C F Jilka J M Hood E E and Howard J A | 2003 | Vaccine2003，21，： | 1 |
| 20 | Obstructive sleep apnea in obese noninsulin independent diabetic patients:effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on insulin responsiveness显示文摘 | Brooks B CistulliP A Borkman M | 1994 | J Clin Endocrinol Metab1994，79，6： | 1 |
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