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| 1 | Utilizing zebrafish and okadaic acid to study Alzheimer's disease显示文摘Despite the many years of extensive research using rodent models to study Alzheimer's disease(AD),no cure or disease halting drug exists.An increasing number of people are suffering from the disease and a therapeutic intervention is needed.Therefore,it is necessary to have complementary models to aid in the drug discovery.The zebrafish animal model is emerging as a valuable model for the investigation of AD and neurodegenerative drug discovery.The main genes involved in human AD have homologous counterparts in zebrafish and have conserved function.The basic brain structure of the zebrafish is also conserved when compared to the mammalian brain.Recently an AD model was established by administering okadaic acid to zebrafish.It was used to test the efficacy of a novel drug,lanthionine ketimine-5-ethyl ester,and to elucidate its mechanism of action.This demonstrated the ability of the okadaic acid-induced AD zebrafish model to be implemented in the drug discovery process for therapeutics against AD. | Daniel Koehler Frederick E.Williams | 2018 | Neural Regeneration Research2018，13，9： | 5 |
| 2 | Strongly seasonal Proterozoic glacial climate in low palaeolatitudes:Radically different climate system on the pre-Ediacaran Earth显示文摘Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at <10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at <20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at <15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only <10 ℃ for <10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(>54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified. | George E.Williams Phillip W.Schmidt Grant M.Young | 2016 | Geoscience Frontiers2016，7，4： | 3 |
| 3 | Shuram-Wonoka carbon isotope excursion:Ediacaran revolution in the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation显示文摘The late Ediacaran Shuram-Wonoka excursion, with δ^(13)C_(carb) values as low as-12‰(PDB) in marineshelf deposits and spanning up to 10 Myr, is the deepest and most protracted δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomaly recognised in Earth history. The excursion formed on at least four continents in low(≤32°) palaeolatitudes, and in China is associated with a major phosphogenic event. Global and intrabasinal correlation, magnetostratigraphy, isotope conglomerate tests and further geochemical data are consistent with a primary or syn-depositional origin for the excursion. Continental-margin phosphorites are generated by oceanic upwelling driven by surface winds, and δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomalies are explicable by oceanic upwelling of 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters, arguing that a feature common to these exceptional Ediacaran events was unprecedented perturbation of the world ocean. These events occurred during the transition from an alien Proterozoic world marked by low-palaeolatitude glaciation near sea level and strong seasonality to the familiar Phanerozoic Earth with circum-polar glaciation and temperate climate, suggesting that the Shuram-Wonoka excursion is related to this profound change in Earth's climate system. Of various hypotheses for Proterozoic low-palaeolatitude glaciation, only the high obliquity(>54°) hypothesis, which posits secular decrease in obliquity to near the present-day value(23.5°) during the Ediacaran, predicts an unparalleled revolution in the Ediacaran world ocean. The obliquity controls the sense of the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation, which today is driven by the sinking of cold, dense water at the poles and upwelling driven by zonal surface winds.When the decreasing obliquity passed the critical value of 54° during the Ediacaran the meridional temperature gradient reversed, with the equator becoming warmer than the poles and Hadley lowlatitude(<30°-35°) atmospheric zonal circulation reversing. This reversal of the temperature gradient is unique to the Ediacaran Period and caused reversal of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation,with upwelling of anoxic, 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters producing a deeply negative and protractedδ^(13)C_(carb) signature on late Ediacaran marine-shelf deposits. | George E.Williams Phillip W.Schmidt | 2018 | Geoscience Frontiers2018，9，2： | 3 |
| 4 | Decoding earth’s plate tectonic history using sparse geochemical data显示文摘Accurately mapping plate boundary types and locations through time is essential for understanding the evolution of the plate-mantle system and the exchange of material between the solid Earth and surface environments.However,the complexity of the Earth system and the cryptic nature of the geological record make it difficult to discriminate tectonic environments through deep time.Here we present a new method for identifying tectonic paleo-environments on Earth through a data mining approach using global geochemical data.We first fingerprint a variety of present-day tectonic environments utilising up to 136 geochemical data attributes in any available combination.A total of 38301 geochemical analyses from basalts aged from 5-0 Ma together with a well-established plate reconstruction model are used to construct a suite of discriminatory models for the first order tectonic environments of subduction and mid-ocean ridge as distinct from intraplate hotspot oceanic environments,identifying 41,35,and 39 key discriminatory geochemical attributes,respectively.After training and validation,our model is applied to a global geochemical database of 1547 basalt samples of unknown tectonic origin aged between 1000-410 Ma,a relatively ill-constrained period of Earth’s evolution following the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent,producing 56 unique global tectonic environment predictions throughout the Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic.Predictions are used to discriminate between three alternative published Rodinia configuration models,identifying the model demonstrating the closest spatio-temporal consistency with the basalt record,and emphasizing the importance of integrating geochemical data into plate reconstructions.Our approach offers an extensible framework for constructing full-plate,deeptime reconstructions capable of assimilating a broad range of geochemical and geological observations,enabling next generation Earth system models. | Michael G.Tetley Zheng-Xiang Li Kara J.Matthews Simon E.Williams R.Dietmar Müller | 2020 | Geoscience Frontiers2020，11，1： | 2 |
| 5 | 高分辨率能谱测井——识别复杂矿物(二)显示文摘中子诱发俘获能谱测井仪能够测量井下岩石中特定元素的含量。岩石物理师可根据这些测量数据得出矿物、岩性和地层骨架等性质。早期能谱测井仪的能谱灵敏度不足以获取总有机碳数据,而总有机碳是认识非常规资源远景区的重要测量数据。一种新的测井仪器可提供总碳测量,据此可确定有机碳含量。该仪器在识别复杂岩性方面有着前所未有的精度。 | Manuel Aboud Rob Badry Jim Grau Susan Herron FaridHamichi Jack Horkowitz James Hemingway Robin MacDonald Pablo Saldungaray Don Stachiw Northern Cross Christian Stoller Princeston Junction Richard E.Williams | 2015 | 国外测井技术2015，0，1： | 2 |
| 6 | A quantitative analysis of perineurial cell basement membrane collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin in diabetic and non‐diabetic human sural nerve显示文摘 | R. E.Hill P. E.Williams | 2002 | Journal of Anatomy2002，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Stroke Symptom Attribution and Time to Emergency Department Arrival: The Delay in Accessing Stroke Healthcare Study显示文摘 | Janice E.Williams Wayne D.Rosamond Dexter L.Morris | 2008 | Academic Emergency Medicine2008，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Interaction of rootstock and applied water amounts at various fractions of estimated evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>) on productivity of Cabernet Sauvignon显示文摘 | L. E.WILLIAMS | 2010 | Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research2010，，3： | 1 |
| 9 | In the presence of danger: the extracellular matrix defensive response to central nervous system injury显示文摘Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) contribute to formation of the extracellular matrix,which provides adhesive sites,signaling molecules,and a diffusion barrier to enhance efficient neurotransmission and axon potential propagation.In the normal adult CNS,the extracellular matrix(ECM) is relatively stable except in selected regions characterized by dynamic remodeling.However,after trauma such as a spinal cord injury or cortical contusion,the lesion epicenter becomes a focus of acute neuroinflammation.The activation of the surrounding glial cells leads to a dramatic change in the composition of the ECM at the edges of the lesion,creating a perilesion environment dominated by growth inhibitory molecules and restoration of the peripheral/central nervous system border.An advantage of this response is to limit the invasion of damaging cells and diffusion of toxic molecules into the spared tissue regions,but this occurs at the cost of inhibiting migration of endogenous repair cells and preventing axonal regrowth.The following review was prepared by reading and discussing over 200 research articles in the field published in PubMed and selecting those with significant impact and/or controversial points.This article highlights structural and functional features of the normal adult CNS ECM and then focuses on the reactions of glial cells and changes in the perilesion border that occur following spinal cord or contusive brain injury.Current research strategies directed at modifying the inhibitory perilesion microenvironment without eliminating the protective functions of glial cell activation are discussed. | Lyn B.Jakeman Kent E.Williams Bryan Brautigam | 2014 | Neural Regeneration Research2014，9，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Data Storage and Extraction in Engineering Software using XML显示文摘 | Mark E.Williams Gary R.Consolazio Marc I.Hoit | | 0，，11： | 1 |
| 11 | Sitagliptin: review of preclinical and clinical data regarding incidence of pancreatitis显示文摘 | S. S.Engel D. E.Williams‐Herman G. T.Golm R. J.Clay S. V.Machotka K. D.Kaufman B. J.Goldstein | 2010 | International Journal of Clinical Practice2010，，7： | 1 |
| 12 | East African topography and volcanism explained by a single,migrating plume显示文摘Anomalous topographic swells and Cenozoic volcanism in east Africa have been associated with mantle plumes.Several models involving one or more fixed plumes beneath the northeastward migrating African plate have been suggested to explain the space-time distribution of magmatism in east Africa.We devise paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection and,based on the evolution of flow in the deepest lower mantle,show that the Afar plume migrated southward throughout its lifetime.The models suggest that the mobile Afar plume provides a dynamically consistent explanation for the spatial extent of the southward propagation of the east African rift system(EARS),which is difficult to explain by the northeastward migration of Africa over one or more fixed plumes alone,over the last≈45 Myr.We further show that the age-progression of volcanism associated with the southward propagation of EARS is consistent with the apparent surface hotspot motion that results from southward motion of the modelled Afar plume beneath the northeastward migrating African plate.The models suggest that the Afar plume became weaker as it migrated southwards,consistent with trends observed in the geochemical record. | Rakib Hassan Simon E.Williams Michael Gurnis Dietmar Muller | 2020 | Geoscience Frontiers2020，11，5： | 0 |
| 13 | 混交林内CO_2浓度对更新苗木生长的影响显示文摘人为地改变地球大气含量及其改变后对生物圈的影响是科学家们的普遍感兴趣的课题。我们研究了不同高度的 CO_2 | F.A.Bazzaz William E.Williams 邓新华 | 1991 | 湖南林业科技1991，18，3： | 0 |
| 14 | Estimate of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of nursery pigs显示文摘Background:Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing amounts of soybean meal(SBM)in swine diets and estimate the energy value of SBM.Methods:A total of 2233 pigs(PIC 337×1050,Hendersonville,TN)and 3796 pigs(PIC 359×C40),initially 11.0 kg and 17.6 kg body weight(BW),were used in Exp.1 and 2,respectively.In Exp.1,pigs were placed in 92 pens each containing 20 to 27 pigs.In Exp.2,pigs were placed in 84 pens each containing 37 to 43 pigs.Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor.Dietary treatments consisted of 21%,27%,33%,or 39%SBM in Exp.1 and 17.5%,22%,26.5%,31%,35.5%,or 40%SBM in Exp.2,obtained by changing the inclusion rate of feed-grade amino acids and corn grain.For Exp.1,representative samples of corn grain,SBM,and distillers dried grains with solubles were analyzed for total AA content prior to diet formulation.For Exp.2,diets were formulated using NRC(2012)nutrient loadings.Treatment diets were fed for 21 and 22 d(Exp.1 and 2)and there were 23 replicates in Exp.1 and 14 replicates in Exp.2.Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured weekly to calculate average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake(ADFI),gain-to-feed ratio(G:F),and caloric efficiency(CE).Data were analyzed with block as a random effect and treatment as a fixed effect,and contrasts were constructed to test the linear and quadratic effects of increasing SBM.Results:In Exp.1,there was a tendency(linear,P=0.092)for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased.There was a tendency(P=0.090)for a quadratic response for ADG,with a decrease in ADG observed with 39%SBM inclusion.Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency(quadratic,P=0.069)for an increase in G:F up to 33%SBM and an improvement(linear,P=0.001;quadratic,P=0.063)in CE with increasing SBM.Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn,a value of 105.4%of corn energy or 2816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points.When removing the CE value of the 39%SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency,SBM was estimated to have 121.1%of corn energy or 3236 kcal/kg NE.In Exp.2,there was a decrease(linear,P=0.001)in ADFI.Pigs fed increasing SBM had a tendency(linear,P=0.065)for reduced ADG but an improvement(linear,P=0.001)in G:F and CE as SBM increased.The energy value of SBM was estimated as 124.7%of corn energy or 3332 kcal/kg NE.Conclusions:The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE.The energy value of SBM was estimated to be between 105%and 125%of corn,which is much greater than the NRC(2012)would indicate. | Henrique S.Cemin Hayden E.Williams Mike D.Tokach Steve S.Dritz Jason C.Woodworth Joel M.DeRouchey Robert D.Goodband Kyle F.Coble Brittany A.Carrender Mandy J.Gerhart | 2020 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2020，11，3： | 0 |
| 15 | 自毁的自由显示文摘 | Walter E.Williams 曹顺发 | 2007 | 科技英语学习2007，，10： | 0 |
| 16 | Late Cryogenian glaciation in South Australia:Fluctuating ice margin and no extreme or rapid post-glacial sea-level rise显示文摘Postulated extreme sea-level rise of up to 1-1.5 km with the late Cryogenian Ghaub deglaciation in Namibia is contentious,as is the great rapidity(<104 yr)of the sea-level rise.Such extreme glacioeustatic events,if real,would have been global and affected all continents.In South Australia,up to six glacial advances and retreats during the late Cryogenian Elatina glaciation indicate a fluctuating ice margin.The latter stage of the Elatina glaciation and the immediate post-glacial environment are examined here for evidence of extreme and rapid sea-level rise.In the central Adelaide Rift Complex,diamictite with faceted and striated clasts occurs at the top of the Elatina Formation<1-2 m beneath the early Ediacaran Nuccaleena Formation’cap carbonate’.One hundred kilometres to the south,~30 m of siltstone and sandstone followed by^6 m of clast-poor diamictite with clasts 10+cm long occur between tidal rhythmites and the cap carbonate.Three hundred kilo metres further south,~70 m of siltsto ne,dolo mitic siltstone and minor dolomite separate tidal rhythmites and early Ediacaran strata.Hence the rhythmites were deposited during a high stand(interstadial or interglacial),not during post-glacial sea-level rise.Storm-generated erosional surfaces within tidal rhythmites at Warren Gorge indicate intermittent rhythmite deposition,and water depth and other palaeoenvironmental factors are uncertain,casting doubt on a published estimate of rapid sea-level rise during rhythmite deposition.The lack of late Cryogenian deeply incised valleys and thick valley-fill deposits in South Australia and central Australia argues against extreme sea-level variations.A hiatus occurred between Elatina deglaciation and deposition of the Nuccaleena cap carbonate,and three palaeomagnetic polarity chrons identified in the cap carbonate imply slow deposition spanning 10^5-10^6 yr.This is supported by independent evidence from magnetic chronostratigraphy for Ediacaran strata in South Australia and California,and by stratigraphic and sedimentological arguments for condensed deposition of cap carbonates.It is concluded that neither extreme nor rapid sea-level rise was associated with late Cryogenian deglaciation in South Australia. | George E.Williams Victor A.Gostin | 2019 | Geoscience Frontiers2019，10，4： | 0 |
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