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| 1 | 避税港:国际避税与逃税显示文摘个人和企业将利润或收入转移到低税地区,导致联邦政府遭受个人所得税和企业所得税收入流失。这些低税地区就是所谓的避税港。此类偷、逃税行为所造成的损失往往难以估计,但有研究表明:滥用离岸地避税可造成每年1000亿美元的损失。国际避税是由跨国公司将其利润转移到低税地区的子公司、或由富有的个体投资商在避税港地区设立秘密银行账户引起的。经济合作组织(OECD)和20国集团最近公布了一些针对避税港地区的措施,主要是关注逃税问题。美国也出台了许多处理逃税问题的法律条文,包括:《禁止滥用避税港法案》(H.R.1265第506条),参议院财政委员会提出的草案,其他两条相关法案即386和569条以及奥巴马总统的提案。跨国公司可以利用各种手段人为地将利润从高税辖区转移到低税辖区——例如,可以将债务转移到高税辖区。因为对国外子公司的收入(特定的消极所得除外)可以推迟到汇回国内时征税,所以这部分收入可以逃避美国目前的税收,或许还会永远免于纳税。对于消极所得(又称F分部条款所得)的征税很大程度上通过'混合企业'的利用而减弱了——混合企业所在地区不同,其税务处理方式也不相同。20世纪90年代后引入的一个新规定(称为'打勾选择')扩展了混合企业的利用,该规定使外国公司面临意想不到的结果。此外,对某些收入的征税额会被其他收入的境外税收抵免所抵消。平均起来,对美国公司的境外所得只征很少的税。足够的证据表明:实际上存在着大量的利润转移问题,造成每年收入的损失约介于100亿美元到600亿美元之间。个人可以通过不申报境外所得来逃避对消极所得(如利息、股息和资本所得)的征税。此外,由于对支付给外国人士的利息不征税,个人可以通过在境外避税港国家设立空壳公司和信托来转移资金,逃避对来源于美国的收入的征税。对于国内的消极所得,一般没有第三方申报收入,国内税务局依靠专业的中间机构(QIs),这些机构能在不透露受益人的情况下证明其国籍。估计个人逃税所造成的损失从400亿美元到700亿美元不等。大部分应对跨国公司转移利润的法律条款都涉及到税法的修改:废除或限制推迟纳税制度、限制境外税收抵免抵消收入的能力、采取'打勾选择'或甚至公式分摊法等。奥巴马总统的提案包括:建议禁止全额扣除和递延收入的境外税收抵免、以及限制混合企业的利用。应对个人逃税的条款包括:增加申报信息和增强执法力度——如将举证责任转移给纳税人、加重处罚以及增加资源的投入。个人逃税是《禁止滥用避税港法案》和参议院财政委员会提案的主要针对目标;奥巴马总统的计划里也有一些修正条款。 | Jane G. Gravelle(著) 葛夕良(摘译) 朱明(摘译 | 2011 | 经济资料译丛2011,,3: | 4 |
| 2 | Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions显示文摘 | Z.A. Moradian G. Ballivy P. Rivard C. Gravel B. Rousseau | 2010 | International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2010,,4: | 3 |
| 3 | Chitosan-mediated synthesis of carbon nanotube-gold nanohybrids显示文摘Metal-nanotube nanohybrids were produced by in situ synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles on chitosan-functionalized carbon nanotubes.The formation of gold nanoparticles from tetrachloroauric acid was observed after only a few minutes of contact with the functionalized nanotubes,at room temperature.These results suggest that adsorption of chitosan at the surface of carbon nanotubes permits smooth reduction of the metallic salt and efficient anchoring of gold nanoparticles to the nanotubes. | GRAVEL Edmond FOILLARD Stéphanie DORIS Eric | 2010 | Science China Chemistry2010,53,9: | 2 |
| 4 | Phase Ⅰ trial of gemcitabine combined with radiation for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma显示文摘 | Evance DB Gravel D | 2001 | Clin Cancer Res2001,7,: | 1 |
| 5 | Breast volume in cancer of the breast显示文摘 | Katariyar Forrest A Gravelle I | 1974 | British Journal of Cancer1974,29,: | 1 |
| 6 | Radiological evaluation of benign breast disorders显示文摘 | Gravelle IH Yons K | 1989 | World J Surg1989,13,: | 1 |
| 7 | Analysis of the clinical factors determining natural and maximal gait speeds in adults with a stroke patients显示文摘 | Nadeau S Arsenult AB Gravel D | 1999 | Am J Phys Med Rehabil1999,78,2: | 1 |
| 8 | Surveillance for healthcare -acquired febrile respiratory infection in pediatric hospitals participat- ing in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program显示文摘 | Vayalumkal JV Gravel D Moore D | 2009 | Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2009,30,7: | 1 |
| 9 | Reliability of a com- puterized version of the pediatric Canadian triage and acuity scale 显示文摘 | Gravel J Gouin S Bailey B | 2007 | Acad Emerg Med2007,14,10: | 1 |
| 10 | Strength and regulation of the different promoters for chromosomal beta-lactamases of Klebsiella oxytoca显示文摘 | Fournier B Gravel A Hooper DC | 1999 | Antimicrob Agents Chemother1999,43,4: | 1 |
| 11 | Interaeting do mains of the HN and F proteins of Newcastle disease virus 显示文摘 | Gravel K A Morrison T G | 2003 | J Virol2003,77,20: | 1 |
| 12 | Vulnerability assessment of sea-level rise in Viti Levu, Fiji Islands 显示文摘 | Gravelle G Mimura N | 2008 | Sustainability Science2008,3,2: | 1 |
| 13 | Social Support, Depression, and Mortality During the First Year After Myocardial Infarction显示文摘 | Nancy Frasure-Smith Fran?ois Lespérance Ginette Gravel Aline Masson Martin Juneau Mario Talajic Martial G. Bourassa | 2000 | Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association2000,,16: | 1 |
| 14 | Activation of Mg-Al hydrotalcite catalysts for aldol condensation reactions显示文摘 | Rao K K Gravelle M Valente J S | 1998 | Catal1998,173,: | 1 |
| 15 | The transmembrane domain sequence affects the structure and function of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein显示文摘 | Gravel K A McGinnes L W Reittier J | | 0,,07: | 1 |
| 16 | Scheduling continuous casting of aluminum using a multiple objective ant colony optimization metaheuristic 显示文摘 | Marc Gravel Wilson L Price B Caroline Gagn | 2002 | European Journal of Operational Research (S0377-2217)2002,143,13: | 1 |
| 17 | Interacting domains of the HN and F proteins of Newcastle disease virus 显示文摘 | Gravel K A Morrison T G | 2003 | J Virol2003,77,11: | 1 |
| 18 | The research and experimentation tax credit: Congres- sional Research Service 显示文摘 | GRAVEL J | 1999 | Policy and the Economy1999,,2: | 1 |
| 19 | Chemical characterization of newly generated neurons in the striatum of adult primates显示文摘 | Bedard A Gravel C Parent A | | 0,,04: | 1 |
| 20 | Independent mutations at Arg181 and Arg274 of Vangl proteins that are associated with neural tube defects in humans decrease protein stability and impair membrane targeting显示文摘 | Iliescu A Gravel M Horth C | 2014 | Biochemistry2014,53,32: | 1 |