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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Enaminones显示文摘 | GREENHILL J V | 1977 | Chemical Society Reviews1977，6，3： | 1 |
| 3 | A new model to understand the career choice and practice location decisions of medical graduates 显示文摘 | Stagg P Greenhill J Worley PS | 2009 | Rural and Remote Health 9 (online)2009，15，9： | 1 |
| 4 | An Online Course in Clinical Education Experiences of Australian Clinicians 显示文摘 | Weame S Greenhill J Berryman C | 2011 | Australian Family Physician2011，40，12： | 1 |
| 5 | Practice parameters for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children,adolescents,and adults显示文摘 | Greenhill LL Pliszka S Dulcan MK | 2002 | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2002，41，： | 1 |
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| 7 | Analog classroom assessment of a once-daily mixed amphetamine formulation,SLI381 (Adderall XR),in children with ADHD显示文摘 | McCracken JT Biederman J Greenhill LL | 2003 | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2003，42，： | 1 |
| 8 | Outcome measurement in the correction of mandibular asymmetry 显示文摘 | Edler R Wertheim D Greenhill D | 2004 | Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2004，125，4： | 1 |
| 9 | A GPU-based real-time software correlation system for the murchison wide-field array prototype 显示文摘 | Wayth R B Greenhill L J Briggs F H | 2009 | Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific2009，121，： | 1 |
| 10 | A Conical Beam Finite Element for Rotor Dynamics Aanalysis 显示文摘 | Greenhill L M Bickford W B Nelson H D | 1985 | ASME Transactions Journal of Vibration Acoustics Stress and Reliability in Design1985，107，： | 1 |
| 11 | Comparison of radiographic and photographic measurement of mandibular asymmetry显示文摘 | Edler R Wertheim D Greenhill D | 2003 | Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003，123，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Mefformin, weight loss and NAFLD显示文摘 | Greenhill C | 2010 | Nat Rev En- docrino12010，6，： | 1 |
| 13 | Randomized controlled trail of OROS methylphenidate qd in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder显示文摘 | Wolraich M Greenhill LL Pelham WE | 2001 | Pediatrics2001，108，： | 1 |
| 14 | Accelerating radio astronomy cross-correlation with graphics processing units 显示文摘 | Clark M A La Plante P C Greenhill L J | 2013 | International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications2013，27，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Metformin weight loss and NAFLD显示文摘 | Greenhill C | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 16 | A direct role for Sox10 in specification of neural crest-derived sensory neurons 显示文摘 | Carneyl TJ Dutton KA Greenhill E | 2006 | Development2006，133，23： | 1 |
| 17 | Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a bench- to-bedside story of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor dysfunction 显示文摘 | Greenhill SR Kotton DN | 2009 | Chest2009，136，： | 1 |
| 18 | The Safety of New Zealand Bovine Colostrum: Nutritional and Physiological Evaluation in Rats 显示文摘 | DAVIS P F GREENHILL N S ROWAN A M | 2007 | Food Chem Toxicol2007，45，： | 1 |
| 19 | IL-6 trans-signaling modu- lates TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses via STAT3显示文摘 | Greenhill C J Rose-John S Lissilaa R | 2011 | J Immunol2011，186，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Studies on eurcumin and curcuminoids: XXII: curcumin as a reducing agent and a radical scavenger显示文摘 | TENNESEN H GREENHILL V | 1992 | Int J Pharm1992，87，1： | 1 |
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