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| 1 | Urban Three-dimensional Expansion and Its Driving Forces——A Case Study of Shanghai,China显示文摘Urban expansion is a phenomenon of urban space increase,and an important measuring index of the process of urbanization.Taking Shanghai as an example,the changes of urban average height and built-up area were studied to represent city's vertical and horizontal increases respectively,and statistical methods were used to analyze the driving forces of urban expansion.The research drew following conclusions:1) The urban expansion process of Shanghai from 1985 to 2006 had a clear periodic feature,and could be divided into three stages:vertical expansion in dominance,coordinated vertical and horizontal expansion,and horizontal expansion in dominance.2) The average height and quantity of buildings in core city were significantly bigger than those in suburbs,but the changing speed of the latter was faster.And 3) urbanization process was the major driving force for the city's horizontal expansion,while industrial structure improvement was the key driving factor for the vertical expansion.Those two driving forces were simultaneously affected by city's political factors. | SHI Longyu SHAO Guofan CUI Shenghui LI Xuanqi LIN Tao YIN Kai ZHAO Jingzhu | 2009 | Chinese Geographical Science2009，19，4： | 20 |
| 2 | Drone remote sensing for forestry research and practices显示文摘Drones of various shapes, sizes, and functionalities have emerged over the past few decades, and their civilian applications are becoming increasingly appealing.Flexible, low-cost, and high-resolution remote sensing systems that use drones as platforms are important for filling data gaps and supplementing the capabilities of crewed/manned aircraft and satellite remote sensing systems. Here, we refer to this growing remote sensing initiative as drone remote sensing and explain its unique advantages in forestry research and practices. Furthermore,we summarize the various approaches of drone remote sensing to surveying forests, mapping canopy gaps, measuring forest canopy height, tracking forest wildfires, and supporting intensive forest management. The benefits of drone remote sensing include low material and operational costs, flexible control of spatial and temporal resolution,high-intensity data collection, and the absence of risk to crews. The current forestry applications of drone remote sensing are still at an experimental stage, but they are expected to expand rapidly. To better guide the development of drone remote sensing for sustainable forestry, it is important to systematically and continuously conduct comparative studies to determine the appropriate drone remote sensing technologies for various forest conditions and/or forestry applications. | Lina Tang Guofan Shao | 2015 | Journal of Forestry Research2015，26，4： | 20 |
| 3 | A commentary review on the use of normalized diff erence vegetation index(NDVI)in the era of popular remote sensing显示文摘The Normalized Diff erence Vegetation Index(NDVI),one of the earliest remote sensing analytical products used to simplify the complexities of multi-spectral imagery,is now the most popular index used for vegetation assessment.This popularity and widespread use relate to how an NDVI can be calculated with any multispectral sensor with a visible and a near-IR band.Increasingly low costs and weights of multispectral sensors mean they can be mounted on satellite,aerial,and increasingly—Unmanned Aerial Systems(UAS).While studies have found that the NDVI is effective for expressing vegetation status andquantified vegetation attributes,its widespread use and popularity,especially in UAS applications,carry inherent risks of misuse with end users who received little to no remote sensing education.This article summarizes the progress of NDVI acquisition,highlights the areas of NDVI application,and addresses the critical problems and considerations in using NDVI.Detailed discussion mainly covers three aspects:atmospheric eff ect,saturation phenomenon,and sensor factors.The use of NDVI can be highly eff ective as long as its limitations and capabilities are understood.This consideration is particularly important to the UAS user community. | Sha Huang Lina Tang Joseph P.Hupy Yang Wang Guofan Shao | 2021 | Journal of Forestry Research2021，32，1： | 12 |
| 4 | The roles of a decision support system in applying forest ecosystem management in Northeast China显示文摘Forest ecosystems provide a variety of services and forest ecosystem management (FEM) is an effective approach to maximize the services. Because of the complexity of forest ecosystems, the applications of FEM can be facilitated with decision support systems (DSS) that recognize and incorporate ecological and socio-economic variables. With the rapid development of computation and information technologies, DSS have been advanced in many ways. Traditional forest management within a forestry unit in China is planned on a yearly basis. The planning itself remains primarily a verbal concept as there are no quantitative decision-support tools available to translate the concept into forest management actions. For the purposes of FEM at the management level, a forest management DFF, FORESTAR(R), has been developed under a framework of geographic information system (GIS) and forest models. The paper explained the intelligent modeling mechanisms and demonstrated how the applications of FEM can be strengthened with the applications of FORESTAR(R). | DAI Limin, ZHENG Bofu, Guofan Shao & ZHOU Li State Key Lab of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 9 |
| 5 | The progress of operational forest fire monitoring with infrared remote sensing显示文摘Forest wildfires pose significant and growing threats to human safety, wildlife habitat, regional economies and global climate change. It is crucial that forest fires be subject to timely and accurate monitoring by forest fire managers and other stake-holders. Measurement by spaceborne equipment has become a practical and appealing method to monitor the occurrence and development of forest wildfires. Here we present an overview of the principles and case studies of forest fire monitoring(FFM) with satelliteand drone-mounted infrared remote sensing(IRRS). This review includes four types of FFM-relevant IRRS algorithms: bi-spectral methods, fixed threshold methods, spatial contextual methods, and multi-temporal methods. The spatial contextual methods are presented in detail since they can be applied easily with commonly available satellite IRRS data, including MODIS, VIIRS, and Landsat 8 OLI. This review also evaluates typical cases of FFM using NOAAAVHRR, EOS-MODIS, S-NPP VIIRS, Landsat 8 OLI,MSG-SEVIRI, and drone infrared data. To better implement IRRS applications in FFM, it is important to develop accurate forest masks, carry out systematic comparative studies of various forest fire detection systems(known as forest fire products), and improve methods for assessing the accuracy of forest fire detection. Medium-resolution IRRS data are effective for landscape-scale FFM, and the VIIRS 375 m contextual algorithm and RST-FIRES algorithm are helpful for closely tracking forest fires(including small and shortlived fires) and forest-fire early warning. | Lizhong Hua Guofan Shao | 2017 | Journal of Forestry Research2017，28，2： | 7 |
| 6 | Digitally determining forest inventory units with an ecological classification system显示文摘Management-level forest resource data in China were obtained with a combination of two forest inventories. However, inconsistencies in the spatial attributes of forest data vary between the two inventory types and between two inventories of the same type. The inconsistencies make it inconvenient for long-term forest management planning with digital technologies. Ecological Land Types (ELTs) and Ecological Land Type Phases (ELTPs) have been mapped in selected forestry regions in northeast China, where important forest industries are located. The boundaries of ELTs are determined by geomorphic conditions, which are quantified by Digital Elevation Models (DEM); ELTPs are classified by overlaying ELTs with forest vegetation data layers that are obtained with both remotely sensed and ground data. The ELTPs represent the divisions of land in terms of both natural and human-induced forest conditions, and therefore they are reliable units for forest inventories and management. This paper introduces a case study for digitally determining forest inventory units in Benxi City, Liaoning Province, northeast China. The general objective of the study was to explain how a compatible forest inventory system should be designed and why the compatible forest inventory system was significant to digital forestry in China. | TANG Una, WANG Qingli, Guofan Shao, DAI Limin, WANG Shunzhong, LI Xiufen & XU Dong Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 6 |
| 7 | A density-dependent matrix model and its applications in optimizing harvest schemes显示文摘Based on temporal data collected from 36 re-measured plots, transition probabilities of trees from a diameter class to a higher class were analyzed for the broadleaved-Korean pine forest in the Changbai Mountains. It was found that the transition probabilities were related not only to diameter size but also to the total basal area of trees with the diameter class. This paper demonstrates the development of a density-dependent matrix model, DM2, and a series of simulations with it for forest stands with different conditions under different harvest schemes. After validations with independent field data, this model proved a suitable tool for optimization analysis of harvest schemes on computers. The optimum harvest scheme(s) can be determined by referring to stand growth, total timbers harvested, and size diversity changes over time. Three user-friendly interfaces were built with a forest management decision support system FORESTAR(R) for easy operations of DM2 by forest managers. This paper also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of DM2. | Guofan Shao, WANG Fei, DAI Limin, BAI Jianwei & LI Yingshan Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010019, China Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100714, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 4 |
| 8 | Mapping forest fire risk zones with spatial data and principal component analysis显示文摘By integrating forest inventory data with remotely sensed data, new data layers for factors that affect forest fire potentials were generated for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province of China. The principle component analysis was used to sort out the relationships between forest fire potentials and environmental factors. The classifications of these factors were performed with GIS, generating three maps: a fuel-based fire risk map, a topography-based fire risk map, and an anthropogenic-factor fire risk map. These three maps were then synthesized to generate the final fire risk map. The linear regression method was used to analyze the relationship between an area-weighted value of forest fire risks and the frequency of historical forest fires at each forest farm. The results showed that the most important factor contributing to forest fire ignition was topography, followed by anthropogenic factors. | XU Dong, Guofan Shao, DAI Limin, HAO Zhanqing, TANG Lei & WANG Hui Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Management, Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Shenyang 110034, China Department of City Development, Jinan University, Jinan 250002, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 3 |
| 9 | Quantifying soil erosion with GIS-based RUSLE under different forest management options in Jianchang Forest Farm显示文摘Quantitatively estimating soil erosion with an integration of geographic information system (GIS) and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) under four different exposed soil proportion scenarios caused by forest management practices was studied at Jianchang Forest Farm. The GIS provided means of input data generation required by RUSLE model and allowed a spatial assessment of the erosion hazard over the study area. Four exposed soil proportion scenarios of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% were tested with the GIS-based RUSLE model to evaluate soil erosion hazard. The predicted soil erosion potentials were classified into five categories in order to provide valuable aids for management planning. | ZHANG Hengming, WANG Qingli, DAI Limin, Guofan Shao, TANG Una, WANG Shunzhong & GU Huiyan Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, Lafayette IN47901, USA Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 3 |
| 10 | Digital forestry research in China显示文摘Digital Forestry as a concept was developed after the Digital Earth program. The Chinese scientists were not only among the pioneers who first proposed the concept of Digital Forestry, but also contributed a lot to the development of Digital Forestry. Digital Forestry is a digital framework to maintain forest planting, management, using, and protect. The synergetic use of computationally-intensive quantitative methods together with information technologies is the most important foundation for the development of Digital Forestry. Under this situation, the experience of Digital Forestry development in China is relatively rich. A number of academicians, scholars, and professional administrators were involved in discussing the Digital Forestry Construction Scheme. The Project of Digital Forestry Practicability approved by the State Forestry Administration is a major instance in developing Digital Forestry standard and key techniques. By introducing a case study of Digital Forestry, this paper reviews the concept of Digital Forestry, the way turning traditional forestry into Digital Forestry, and the future development of Digital Forestry. | TANG Shouzheng, TANG Una, Guofan Shao & DAI Limin Research Institute of Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Departmet of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 2 |
| 11 | A Clustering-Assisted Regression (CAR) approach for developing spatial climate data sets in China显示文摘 | Lina Tang Xiaodan Su Guofan Shao Hao Zhang Jingzhu Zhao | 2012 | Environmental Modelling and Software2012，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Mapping forest fire risk zones with spatial data and Princi Palcom Ponent analysis显示文摘 | Xu Dong Guofan Shao DAI Limin | 2009 | Series E Technological Sciences2009，49，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Optimizing unsupervised classifications of remotely sensed imagery with a data-assisted labeling approach显示文摘 | Ruili Lang Guofan Shao Bryan C | 2008 | Computers & Geosciences2008，34，12： | 1 |
| 14 | China's classificationbased forest management:procedures,problems,and prospects显示文摘 | Dai Limin Zhao Fuqiang Shao Guofan | 2009 | Environmental Management2009，43，6： | 1 |
| 15 | China's forest policy for the 21st century显示文摘 | Zhaug Peichang Shao Guofan Zhao Guang | 2000 | Science2000，288，： | 1 |
| 16 | Logging restrictions in China:a turning point for Forest sustainability显示文摘 | Zhao Guang Shao Guofan | 2002 | Journal of Forestry2002，100，： | 1 |
| 17 | On the accuracy of landscape pat tern analysis using remote sensing data 显示文摘 | Guofan Shao Jianguo Wu | 2008 | Landscape Ecol- ogy2008，23，： | 1 |
| 18 | GIS-based analysis of forest degradations in Baihe Forestry Bureau,northeast China显示文摘Forests in the Changbai Mountains are important timber sources for economic development of the society and provide ecological services in northeast China. In order to strengthen forest resource management, this paper analyzed management-induced changes in forest structure, tree species composition and forest landscape pattern from 1987 to 2000 for Baihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province based on digitized forest parcel maps and forest survey data. The results suggested that the area of Mature, High-Stocking, and Close-Canopy Forests decreased by 31.4%, 55.9% and 10.7% respectively; volume of Mixed Forest, the native forest vegetation type, decreased by 17.8%;the number of patches increased tremendously but the mean patch density decreased sharply for Mature, High-Stocking, Close-Canopy, and Mixed Forests. All the changes in forest structure, species composition, and landscape pattern indicated severe degradations going on with the forests in Baihe Forestry Bureau. Because of the effect of degradation to forest services, restoring forest resources and protecting biodiversity has become urgently important. The strategies of sustainable forest management need to be worked out and implemented. | ZHOU Li, DAI Limin , Guofan Shao, XU Dong, WANG Hui & BAI Jianwei Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of City Development, Jinan University, Jinan 250002, China Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100714, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，z1： | 1 |
| 19 | Practice and Research Progress on Ecosystem Conservation in Transboundary Areas显示文摘Many ecosystems extend across national or political boundaries. The consistent and effective protection of these ecosystems in transboundary areas(ETAs) is an important global research focus. Previous research on the protection of such areas can be categorized into seven themes: 1) ecological conservation of a single ETA; 2) investigation of the effects of a single conservation measure on a specific ETA; 3) determination of species-level effects due to ETA conservation; 4) comparison of the same protection measures between different ETAs; 5) introduction of a single conservation measure to a specific ETA; 6) understanding the relationship between conservation and sustainable development; and 7) generalization across multiple ETA conservation cases. The protection of ETAs involves various considerations, including funding support, demand and will for collaboration, community and public participation, historical and cultural factors, political backgrounds, uniqueness of biological resources, formulation of laws and regulations, founding of specialized administrative departments, non-governmental organizations, and fairness. Here, we briefly explain the research themes and considerations related to ETA conservation. The most important finding is that most major research themes do not focus on the challenges of ETA conservation. We use two nature reserves located between China and North Korea as examples to identify specific ways to improve ETA conservation on Changbai Mountains. The efficiency of ETA administration still remains low. The study of ETA conservation should focus on concrete regional information and aim to improve existing measures through the accumulation of experience. | TANG Lina GUI Liuming SHAO Guofan WANG Luyan SHI Longyu | 2016 | Chinese Geographical Science2016，26，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Measuring tree stem diameters and straightness with depth-image computer vision显示文摘Current techniques of forest inventory rely on manual measurements and are slow and labor intensive.Recent developments in computer vision and depth sensing can produce accurate measurement data at significantly reduced time and labor costs.We developed the ForSense system to measure the diameters of trees at various points along the stem as well as stem straightness.Time use,mean absolute error(MAE),and root mean squared error(RMSE)metrics were used to compare the system against manual methods,and to compare the system against itself(reproducibility).Depth-derived diameter measurements of the stems at the heights of 0.3,1.4,and 2.7 m achieved RMSE of 1.7,1.5,and 2.7 cm,respectively.The ForSense system produced straightness measurement data that was highly correlated with straightness ratings by trained foresters.The ForSense system was also consistent,achieving sub-centimeter diameter difference with subsequent measures and less than 4%difference in straightness value between runs.This method of forest inventory,which is based on depth-image computer vision,is time efficient compared to manual methods and less computationally and technologically intensive compared to Structure-from-Motion(SFM)photogrammetry and ground-based LiDAR or terrestrial laser scanning(TLS). | Hoang Tran Keith Woeste Bowen Li Akshat Verma Guofan Shao | 2023 | Journal of Forestry Research2023，34，5： | 0 |
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