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| 1 | Hepatitis C virus genotypes distribution and transmission risk factors in Luxembourg from 1991 to 2006显示文摘AIM:To analyze the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg. METHODS:Epidemiological information (gender, age and transmission risks) were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5'noncoding (5'NC) sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher's exact F-test and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors. RESULTS:The sex ratio was predominantly male (2.2) and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant (53.4%) followed by genotype 3 (33%). Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage (IVDU) was the most frequently reported (71.4%) followed by medical-related transmission (17.6%) including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU (OR = 4.84, P < 0.0001) whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure (OR = 2.42, P < 0.001). The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population (Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P < 0.0001) with a higher frequency of genotype 3 (46.5% vs 27.5%) and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 (44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively). IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison. CONCLUSION:We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European countries, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 (33%). Since serology screening became available in 1991, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg. | Francois Roman Karin Hawotte Daniel Struck Anne-Marie Ternes Jean-Yves Servais Vic Arendt Patrick Hoffman Robert Hemmer Thérèse Staub Carole Seguin-Devaux Jean-Claude Schmit | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，8： | 3 |
| 2 | Fine-particle lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 synthesized by a new low-cost aqueous precipitation teehnique显示文摘 | Arold G Garche J Hemmer R | 2003 | J Power Sources2003，，119121： | 1 |
| 3 | Comparative toxicity of eight oil dispersants,Louisiana sweet crude oil (LSC),and chemically dispersed LSC to two aquatic test species显示文摘 | HEMMER M J BARRON M G GREENE R M | 2011 | Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry2011，30，10： | 1 |
| 4 | Subacute combined degeneration: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging findings显示文摘 | Hemmer B Glocker FX Schumacher M | 1998 | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1998，65，： | 1 |
| 5 | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update 显示文摘 | Menge T Hemmer B Nessler S | 2005 | Arch Neurology2005，62，11： | 1 |
| 6 | Generalized urticaria induced by a diethyltoluamide- containing insect repel- lent in a child 显示文摘 | F Wantke M Focke W Hemmer tz R Jarisch | 1996 | Contact dermatitis1996，35，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Immunonutrition in the surgical patient 显示文摘 | Marik PE Hemmer M | 2012 | Minerva Anestesiol2012，78，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Identification of high potency microbial and self ligands for a human autoreactive class II-restricted T cell clone显示文摘 | Hemmer B Fleckenstein BT Vergelli M | 1997 | J Exp Med1997，185，16： | 1 |
| 9 | Detection of ultrasound- modulated diffuse photons using spectral-hole buring 显示文摘 | LI Y HEMMER P KIM C | 2008 | Opt Express2008，16，14： | 1 |
| 10 | Subacute combined degeneration clinical electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging findings显示文摘 | Glocker FX Schumacher M | 1998 | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1998，65，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Th2 bias:Mina tips the balance显示文摘 | Hemmers S Mowen KA | 2009 | Nat Immunol2009，10，8： | 1 |
| 12 | Proealcitonin Levels in Severe Plasmodi- um faleiparum Malaria: Predictor of Outcome or Reflection of Patho- mechanisms 显示文摘 | Hemmer CJ Reisinger EC | 2001 | J Infect Dis2001，184，8： | 1 |
| 13 | A comparison of the estrogenic potencies of estradiol, ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, nonylphenol and methoxychlor in vivo and in vitro 显示文摘 | Folmar L C Hemmer M J Denslow N D | 2002 | Aquat Toxicol2002，60，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Immunosuppressive treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis显示文摘 | Tackenberg B Hemmer B Oertel WH | 2001 | Bio Drugs2001，15，36： | 1 |
| 15 | Hepatocyte growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteinase- 11, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase- 1, and fibronectin are up- regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a cDNA and tissue microarray study显示文摘 | Wasenius VM Hemmer S Kettunen E | 2003 | Clin Cancer Res2003，9，： | 1 |
| 16 | Histamine intolerance-like symptoms in healthy volunteers after oral provocation with liquid histamine显示文摘 | Wohrl S Hemmer W | 2004 | Allergy Asthma Proc2004，25，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Why is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism 显示文摘 | Christopher Hemmer Peter J Katzenstein | 2002 | International Organiza- tion2002，，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Viral sanitary status of declining grapevine Syrah clones and genetic diversity of Grapevine Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus显示文摘 | M. Beuve B. Moury A.-S. Spilmont L. Sempé-Ignatovic C. Hemmer O. Lemaire | 2013 | European Journal of Plant Pathology2013，，2： | 1 |
| 19 | New immunopathologic insights into multiple sclerosis显示文摘 | Hemmer B Kieseier B Cepok S | 2003 | Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep2003，3，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Fine-partical lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 synthesized by a new low-cost aqueous precipitation teghnique显示文摘 | G Arnold J Garche R Hemmer | 2003 | Journal of Power Sources2003，247，： | 1 |
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