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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Genetic basis of resistance in maize to five dwarf mosiac virus strains显示文摘 | Louie R Knoke J K Frindley W R | 1991 | Crop Science1991，31，1： | 1 |
| 3 | A comparison of five bioassays to monitor toxicity during bioremediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil 显示文摘 | Knoke K Marwood TM Cassidy MB | 1999 | Water Air Soil Pollut1999，110，12： | 1 |
| 4 | Genetics basis of resistance in maize to five maize dwarf mosaic virus strains显示文摘 | Louie R Findley W R Knoke J K | 1991 | Crop Sci1991，31，： | 1 |
| 5 | 300 W CW diode-laser side-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser显示文摘 | Gola D Knoke S Schone W | 1995 | Opt Lett1995，20，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Cigarette smoking is associated with a greater risk of incident 89thlna in allergic rhinitis显示文摘 | Polesa R Knoke JD Russo C | 2008 | J Allergy Clin Immuno12008，121，： | 1 |
| 7 | Uncertainties and REDD+: Implications of Applying the Conservativeness Principle to Carbon Stock Estimates 显示文摘 | Knoke T | 2013 | Climatic Change2013，119，2： | 1 |
| 8 | How organizational field networks shape interorganizational tie - formation rates 显示文摘 | Kenis P Knoke D | 2002 | Academy of Management Review2002，27，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Networks of political action: Toward theory construction 显示文摘 | Knoke D | 1990 | Social Forces1990，68，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Ciga- rette smoking is assoeiated with a greater risk of inci- dent asthma in allergic rhinitis显示文摘 | POLOSA R KNOKE J D RUSSO C | 2008 | J Allergy Clin Im- munol2008，121，： | 1 |
| 11 | Networks of political action: Toward theory construction 显示文摘 | Knoke D | 1990 | Social Forces1990，68，4： | 1 |
| 12 | 62-W CW TEM00 Nd:YAG laser side-pumped by fiber-coupled diode lasers 显示文摘 | D Golla M Bode S Knoke | 1996 | Opt Lett1996，21，3： | 1 |
| 13 | 查看详情显示文摘 | D Golla S Knoke W Schone G Ernst M Bode A Tunnermann H Welling | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 14 | DOC removal by coagulation with iron sulfate显示文摘 | Heohn R C Knoke W R | 1986 | J AWWA1986，78，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Measuring organizational structures and environments显示文摘 | Marsden P V Cook C R Knoke D | 1994 | The American1994，37，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Job training in US organizations 显示文摘 | Knoke D Kalleberg A | 1994 | American Sociological Review1994，，59： | 1 |
| 17 | A(870) E mutation of the androgen receptor gene in a patient with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and Sertoli cell tumor显示文摘 | Jakubiczka S Ottersen T | 1997 | Cancer Genet Cytogenet1997，98，2： | 1 |
| 18 | How organizational field networks shape interorganizational tie-formation rates显示文摘 | Kenis P and Knoke D | 2002 | Academy of Management Review2002，27，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Fluorescent PLLA-nanodiamond composites for bone tissue engineering显示文摘 | Qingwei Zhang Vadym N. Mochalin Ioannis Neitzel Isabel Y. Knoke Jingjia Han Christopher A. Klug Jack G. Zhou Peter I. Lelkes Yury Gogotsi | 2010 | Biomaterials2010，，1： | 1 |
| 20 | A Comparison of Five Bioassays to Monitor Toxicity During Bioremediation of Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soil显示文摘 | Knoke K Marwood T M Cassidy M B | 1999 | Water Air Soil Poll1999，110，： | 1 |
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