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| 1 | Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment显示文摘AIM: To provide an update on the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging and management of rectal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE was performed with the reference list of selected articles reviewed to ensure all relevant publications were captured. The search strategy was limited to the English language, spanning from 1946 to 2015. A qualitative analysis was undertaken examining patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and outcome. The quantitaive analysis was limited to data extracted on treatment and outcomes including radiological, clinical and pathological complete response where available. The narrative and quantitative review were synthesised in concert.RESULTS: The search identified 487 articles in total with 79 included in the qualitative review. The quantitative analysis involved 63 articles, consisting of 43 case reports and 20 case series with a total of 142 individual cases. The underlying pathogenesis of rectal SCC while unclear, continues to be defined, with increasing evidence of a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and a possible role for human papilloma virus in this progression. The presentation is similar to rectal adenocarcinoma, with a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Many presumed rectal SCC's are in fact an extension of an anal SCC, and cytokeratin markers are a useful adjunct in this distinction. Staging is most accurately reflected by the tumour-nodemetastasis classification for rectal adenocarcinoma. It involves examining locoregional disease by way of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endorectal ultrasound, with systemic spread excluded by way of computed tomography. Positron emission tomography is integral in the workup to exclude an external siteof primary SCC with metastasis to the rectum. While the optimal treatment remains as yet undefined, recent studies have demonstrated a global shift away from surgery towards definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment. Pooled overall survival was calculated to be 86% in patients managed with chemoradiation compared with 48% for those treated traditionally with surgery. Furthermore, local recurrence and metastatic rates were 25% vs 10% and 30% vs 13% for the chemoradiation vs conventional treatment cohorts.CONCLUSION: The changing paradigm in the treatment of rectal SCC holds great promise for improved outcomes in this rare disease. | Glen R Guerra Cherng H Kong Satish K Warrier Andrew C Lynch Alexander G Heriot Samuel Y Ngan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Induction of Bax and ac- tivation of caspase during beta-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells显示文摘 | Choi Y H Kong K R Kim Y A | 2003 | Int J Oncul2003，23，： | 1 |
| 3 | Hydrogen peroxide decomposition in model subsurface systems显示文摘 | Watts R J Foget M K Kong S H | 1999 | Journal of Hazardous Materials1999，69，2： | 1 |
| 4 | A structured Co-B catalyst for hydrogen extraction from NaBH4 solution 显示文摘 | LEE J KONG K Y JUNG C R | 2007 | Catalysis Today2007，120，34： | 1 |
| 5 | Direct trapping of acrylamide as a key mechanism for niacin's inhibitory activity in carcinogenic acrylamide formation显示文摘 | ZENG X KONG R P W CHENG K W | | 0，，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Rapid detected of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex PCR显示文摘 | KONG R Y C LEE S K Y LAW T W F | 2002 | Water Res2002，36，11： | 1 |
| 7 | Evaluation of candidate vaccine approaches for mers-cov显示文摘 | Wang L Shi W Joyce M G Modjarrad K Zhang Y Leung K Lees C R Zhou T Yassine H M KanekiyoM Yang Z Y Chen X Becker M M Freeman M Vogel L Johnson J C Olinger G Todd J P Bagci U Solomon J Mollura D J Hensley L Jahrling P Deni- son M R Rao S S Subbarao K Kwong P D Mascola J R Kong W P Graham B S | 2015 | Nat Commun2015，6，： | 1 |
| 8 | Cyclostationarity analysis for gearbox condition monitoring: approaches and effectiveness显示文摘 | Zhu Z K Feng Z H Kong F R | 2005 | Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing2005，19，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins显示文摘 | Kong J M Chia L S Goh N K Chia T F Brouillard R | 2003 | Phytochemistry2003，64，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Developments in spray modeling in diesel and direct-injection gasoline engines 显示文摘 | KONG S C SENECAL P K REITZ R D | 1999 | Oil & Gas Science and Technology1999，54，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Rapid detected of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex PCR 显示文摘 | KONG R Y C LEE S K Y LAW T W F | 2002 | Water Res2002，36，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Effect of environment on the tribological behavior of Si - incorporated diamond - like carbon films 显示文摘 | Yang S H Kong H Lee K R | 2002 | Wear2002，252，： | 1 |
| 13 | Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect using an Ampltzer septal occluder显示文摘 | Kong X Cao K Yang R | 2002 | Chin Med J2002，115，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Two-stage reconstruction of infected hip joints显示文摘 | Diwanji S R Kong I K Park Y H | 2008 | J Arthroplasty2008，23，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Developments in spray modeling in diesel and direct-injection gasoline engines显示文摘 | Kong S C Senecal P K Reitz R D | 1999 | Oil & Gas Science and Technology1999，54，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Rapid detection of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex PCR显示文摘 | Kong R Y C Lee S K Y Law T W F | 2002 | Water Research2002，36，11： | 1 |
| 17 | Yuehchukene: a novel indole alkaloid with anfiimplantation activity 显示文摘 | Kong Y C Cheng K F Cambie R C | 1985 | J Chem Soc1985，，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors显示文摘 | KONG J FRANKLIN N R ZHOU C w CHAPLINE M G PENG S CHO K DAI H J | 2000 | Science2000，287，： | 1 |
| 19 | Automatic Gray level Thesholding Through Index of Fuzziness and Entropy 显示文摘 | Pal S K Kong R A Hashim A A | 1983 | Pattern Recognition Letter1983，1，： | 1 |
| 20 | Ni-YSZ gradient anodes for anode-supported SOFCs 显示文摘 | Kong J R Sun K N Zhou D R | 2007 | J Power Sources2007，166，2： | 1 |
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