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| 1 | If this is true, what does it imply? How end-user antibody validation facilitates insights into biology and disease显示文摘Antibodies are employed ubiquitously in biomedical sciences,including for diagnostics and therapeutics.One of the most important uses is for immunohistochemical(IHC)staining,a process that has been improving and evolving over decades.IHC is useful when properly employed,yet misuse of the method is widespread and contributes to the“reproducibility crisis”in science.We report some of the common problems encountered with IHC assays,and direct readers to a wealth of literature documenting and providing some solutions to this problem.We also describe a series of vignettes that include our approach to analytical validation of antibodies and IHC assays that have facilitated a number of biological insights into prostate cancer and the refutation of a controversial association of a viral etiology in gliomas.We postulate that a great deal of the problem with lack of accuracy in IHC assays stems from the lack of awareness by researchers for the critical necessity for end-users to validate IHC antibodies and assays in their laboratories,regardless of manufacturer claims or past publications.We suggest that one reason for the pervasive lack of end-user validation for research antibodies is that researchers fail to realize that there are two general classes of antibodies employed in IHC.First,there are antibodies that are“clinical grade”reagents used by pathologists to help render diagnoses that influence patient treatment.Such diagnostic antibodies,which tend to be highly validated prior to clinical implementation,are in the vast minority(e.g.<500).The other main class of antibodies are“research grade”antibodies(now numbering>3800000),which are often not extensively validated prior to commercialization.Given increased awareness of the problem,both the United States,National Institutes of Health and some journals are requiring investigators to provide evidence of specificity of their antibody-based assays. | Karen S.Sfanos Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian William G.Nelson Tamara L.Lotan Ibrahim Kulac Jessica L.Hicks Qizhi Zheng Charles J.Bieberich Michael C.Haffner Angelo M.De Marzo | 2019 | Asian Journal of Urology2019，6，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning?显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Educ2013，，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Treatment of tan nery liming drum wastewater by electroeoagulation 显示文摘 | SENGIL I A KULAC S OZACAR M | 2009 | Journal of Hazardous Materials2009，167，13： | 1 |
| 4 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 5 | Precipitation and exacerbation of psoriasiform eruption due to leuprolide acetate显示文摘 | Fan G Rifaioglu EN Kulac M | 2013 | J Dermatol2013，40，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning? 显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Edu2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Do learning ap- proaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem based learning 显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Edu2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Serum YKL-40: a potential biomarker for psoriasis or endothelial dysfunction in psoriasis?显示文摘 | Gamze Erfan Savas Guzel Seref Alpsoy Emine N. Rifaioglu Sule Kaya Volkan Kucukyalc?n Birol Topcu Mustafa Kulac | 2015 | Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry . 2015 (1-2)2015，，： | 1 |
| 9 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning?显示文摘 | GURPINAR E KULAC E TETIK C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Educ2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Microscopic lesions of fallopian tubes in endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium: How effective are the macroscopic tubal sampling techniques显示文摘 | Kulac I Usubutun A | 2013 | J Gynecol Oncol2013，24，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Acquired port-wine stain related to acoustic neuroma显示文摘 | Kulac M Karaca S Acar M | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 12 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learn- ing显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Educ2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Do learning ap-proaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 14 | Treatment of tannery liming drum waste- water by electrocoagulation 显示文摘 | Sengil A Kulac S Ozaear M | 2009 | Journal of Hazardous Materials2009，167，123： | 1 |
| 15 | Etiology of foot intertrigo in the District of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey: A bacteriologic and mycologic study显示文摘 | Karaca S Kulac M Cetinkaya Z | 2008 | J Am Podiatr Med Assoc2008，98，： | 1 |
| 16 | Do learning approaches of medi- cal students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Advances in physiology education2013，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Efficacy and treatment satisfaction with on-demand tadalafil (Cialis) in men with erectile dysfunction 显示文摘 | Skoumala R Chenb J Kulac K | 2004 | European Urology2004，46，： | 1 |
| 18 | Do learning approaches of medi- cal students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning? 显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Educ2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Do learning approaches of medical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning?显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | Adv Physiol Educ2013，37，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Do learning approaches of med-ical students affect their satisfaction with problem-based learning显示文摘 | Gurpinar E Kulac E Tetik C | 2013 | AdvPhysiolEduc2013，37，1： | 1 |
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