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| 1 | Spatio-temporal Changes of ≥10℃ Accumulated Temperature in Northeastern China since 1961显示文摘The objective of this study was to provide reliable basis for decision making for national food security and layout and structure adjustment of grain production in the northeastern China. The data of mean daily air temperature of 1961-2009 from 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China were chosen in this study. Using statistical methods and isoline method, the spatio-temporal changes of various decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature and the climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature were studied in this paper. The results showed that 1) The geo-graphical distribution of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature in the northeastern China could be influenced directly by the latitude, longitude and altitude. If latitude moved one degree northward, the average decrease amplitude of the climatic means was 101.9℃ in the study area. 2) The means of decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature rose since the 1980s, and their increase amplitudes became larger in the 1990s and the 2010s obviously. Compared with those of the 1980s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 100℃ in the mountainous and plain areas in the 1990s; compared with those of the 1990s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 200℃ in the Hulun Buir High Plain and the Songnen Plain, and 100℃ in the Sanjiang Plain and the Liaohe Plain in the 2010s. 3) The means of the decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature for 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China increased with the rate of 145.57℃/10yr in 1961-2009. 4) The climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased from 1961-1990 to 1971-2000 and 1981-2009. Compared with the climatic mean of 1971-2000, that of 1981-2009 had increased by above 50℃ in most of the study area, even up to 156℃. Compared with the climatic mean of 1961-1990, that of 1981-2009 increased by above 100℃ in most parts of the study area, even up to 200℃. 5) The maximum northward shift, eastward and westward extension amplitudes of 3100℃, 3300℃ and 3500℃ isolines were larger among all isoli-nes for the climatic means of the three phases. Compared with the positions of the isolines of 1961-1990, those ampli-tudes of 3100℃ isoline of 1981-2009 were 145 km, 109 km and 64 km, respectively; those of 3300℃ isoline were 154 km, 54 km and 64 km, respectively; and the maximum northward shift of 3500℃ isoline was about 100 km. | YAN Minhua LIU Xingtu ZHANG Wei LI Xiujun LIU Shi | 2011 | Chinese Geographical Science2011,21,1: | 21 |
| 2 | Diurnal and Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Respiration at Temperate Leymus Chinensis Meadow Steppes in Western Songnen Plain, China显示文摘To evaluate the diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration(Rs) and understand the controlling factors, we measured carbon dioxide(CO2) fluxes and their environmental variables using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux system at a temperate Leymus chinensis meadow steppe in the western Songnen Plain of China in the growing season(May–October) in 2011 and 2012. The diurnal patterns of soil respiration could be expressed as single peak curves, reaching to the maximum at 11:00–15:00 and falling to the minimum at 21:00–23:00(or before dawn). The time-window between 7:00 and 9:00 could be used as the optimal measuring time to represent the daily mean soil CO2 efflux. In the growing season, the daily value of soil CO2 efflux was moderate in late spring(1.06–2.51 μmol/(m2·s) in May), increased sharply and presented a peak in summer(2.95–3.94 μmol/(m2·s) in July), and then decreased in autumn(0.74–0.97 μmol/(m2·s) in October). Soil temperature(Ts) exerted dominant control on the diurnal and seasonal variations of soil respiration. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration(Q10) exhibited a large seasonal variation, ranging from 1.35 to 3.32, and decreased with an increasing soil temperature. Rs gradually increased with increasing soil water content(Ws) and tended to decrease when Ws exceeded the optimum water content(27%) of Rs. The Ts and Ws had a confounding effect on Rs, and the two-variable equations could account for 72% of the variation in soil respiration(p < 0.01). | WANG Ming LIU Xingtu ZHANG Jitao LI Xiujun WANG Guodong LI Xiaoyu LU Xinrui | 2014 | Chinese Geographical Science2014,24,3: | 15 |
| 3 | Restoration and Rational Use of Degraded Saline Reed Wetlands:A Case Study in Western Songnen Plain, China显示文摘The protection, restoration and sustainable use are key issues of all the wetlands worldwide. Ecological, agronomic, and engineering techniques have been integrated in the development of a structurally sound, ecologically beneficial engineering restoration method for restoring and utilizing a degraded saline wetland in the western Songnen Plain of China. Hydrological restoration was performed by developing a system of biannual irrigation and drainage using civil engineering measures to bring wetlands into contact with river water and improve the irrigation and drainage system in the wetlands. Agronomic measures such as plowing the reed fields, reed rhizome transplantation, and fertilization were used to restore the reed vegetation. Biological measures, including the release of crab and fish fry and natural proliferation, were used to restore the aquatic communities. The results of the restoration were clear and positive. By the year 2009, the reed yield had increased by 20.9 times. Remarkable ecological benefits occurred simultaneously. Vegetation primary-production capacity increased, local climate regulation and water purification enhanced, and biodiversity increased. This demonstration of engineering techniques illustrates the basic route for the restoration of degraded wetlands, that the biodiversity should be reconstructed by the comprehensive application of engineering, biological, and agronomic measures based on habitat restoration under the guidance of process-oriented strategies. The complex ecological system including reeds, fish and crabs is based on the biological principles of coexistence and material recycling and provides a reasonable ecological engineering model suitable for the sustainable utilization of degraded saline reed wetlands. | WEN Bolong LIU Xingtu LI Xiujun YANG Fuyi LI Xiaoyu | 2012 | Chinese Geographical Science2012,22,2: | 10 |
| 4 | Responses of CH_4 Emissions to Nitrogen Addition and Spartina alterniflora Invasion in Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast of China显示文摘The nitrogen(N) input and Spartina alterniflora invasion in the tidal marsh of the southeast of China are increasingly serious. To evaluate CH4 emissions in the tidal marsh as affected by the N inputs and S. alterniflora invasion, we measured CH4 emissions from plots with vegetated S. alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis, and fertilized with exogenous N at the rate of 0(N0), 21(N1) and 42(N2) g N/(m2·yr), respectively, in the Shanyutan marsh in the Minjiang River estuary, the southeast of China. The average CH4 fluxes during the experiment in the C. malaccensis and S. alterniflora plots without N addition were 3.67 mg CH4/(m2·h) and 7.79 mg CH4/(m2·h), respectively, suggesting that the invasion of S. alterniflora into the Minjiang River estuary stimulated CH4 emission. Exogenous N had positive effects on CH4 fluxes both in native and in invaded tidal marsh. The mean CH4 fluxes of N1 and N2 treatments increased by 31.05% and 123.50% in the C. malaccensis marsh, and 63.88% and 7.55% in the S. alterniflora marsh, respectively, compared to that of N0 treatment. The CH4 fluxes in the two marshes were positively correlated with temperature and pH, and negatively correlated with electrical conductivity and redox potential(Eh) at different N addition treatments. While the relationships between CH4 fluxes and environmental variables(especially soil temperature, pH and Eh at different depths) tended to decrease with N additions. Significant temporal variability in CH4 fluxes were observed as the N was gradually added to the native and invaded marshes. In order to better assess the global climatic role of tidal marshes as affected by N addition, much more attention should be paid to the short-term temporal variability in CH4 emission. | MOU Xiaojie LIU Xingtu TONG Chuan SUN Zhigao | 2014 | Chinese Geographical Science2014,24,5: | 10 |
| 5 | Effects of Reclamation on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Coastal Wetlands of Liaohe River Delta,China显示文摘To evaluate the influence of wetland reclamation on vertical distribution of carbon and nitrogen in coastal wetland soils, we measured the soil organic carbon(SOC), soil total nitrogen(STN) and selected soil properties at five sampling plots(reed marsh, paddy field, corn field, forest land and oil-polluted wetland) in the Liaohe River estuary in September 2013. The results showed that reclamation significantly changed the contents of SOC and STN in the Liaohe River estuary(P < 0.001). The SOC concentrations were in the order: oil-polluted wetland > corn field > paddy field > forest land > reed marsh, with mean values of 52.17, 13.14, 11.46, 6.44 and 6.16 g/kg, respectively. STN followed a similar order as SOC, with mean values of 1351.14, 741.04, 632.32, 496.17 and 390.90 mg/kg, respectively. Interaction of reclamation types and soil depth had significant effects on SOC and STN, while soil depth had significant effects on SOC, but not on STN. The contents of SOC and STN were negatively correlated with pH and redox potential(Eh) in reed marsh and corn field, while the SOC and STN in paddy field had positive correlations with electrical conductivity(EC). Dissolved organic carbon(DOC), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4^+-N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~–-N) were also significantly changed by human activities. NH_4^+-N and NO_3~–-N increased to different degrees, and forest land had the highest NO_3~–-N concentration and lowest DOC concentration, which could have been caused by differences in soil aeration and fertilization. Overall, the results indicate that reed harvest increased soil carbon and nitrogen release in the Liaohe River Estuary, while oil pollution significantly increased the SOC and STN; however, these cannot be used as indicators of soil fertility and quality because of the serious oil pollution. | WAN Siang MOU Xiaojie LIU Xingtu | 2018 | Chinese Geographical Science2018,28,3: | 6 |
| 6 | Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Sediment Organic Carbon Mineralization Under Different Water Conditions in Coastal Wetland of a Subtropical Estuary显示文摘The changes in soil organic carbon(C) mineralization as affected by anthropogenic disturbance directly determine the role of soils as C source or sink in the global C budget. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance(aquaculture pond, pollutant discharge and agricultural activity) on soil organic C mineralization under different water conditions in the Minjiang River estuary wetland, Southeast China. The results showed that the organic C mineralization in the wetland soils was significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions(P < 0.001), and the interaction between human disturbance activities and water conditions was also significant(P < 0.01). The C mineralization rate and the cumulative mineralized carbon dioxide-carbon(CO_2-C)(at the 49th day) ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Phragmites australis wetland soil > aquaculture pond sediment > soil near the discharge outlet > rice paddy soil. This indicated that human disturbance inhibited the mineralization of C in soils of the Minjiang River estuary wetland, and the inhibition increased with the intensity of human disturbance. The data for cumulative mineralized CO_2-C showed a good fit(R^2 > 0.91) to the first-order kinetic model C_t = C_0(1 – exp(–kt)). The kinetic parameters C_0, k and C_0 k were significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions. In addition, the total amount of mineralized C(in 49 d) was positively related to C_0, C_0 k and electrical conductivity of soils. These findings indicated that anthropogenic disturbance suppressed the organic C mineralization potential in subtropical coastal wetland soils, and changes of water pattern as affected by human activities in the future would have a strong influence on C cycling in the subtropical estuarine wetlands. | MOU Xiaojie LIU Xingtu SUN Zhigao TONG Chuan HUANG Jiafang WAN Siang WANG Chun WEN Bolong | 2018 | Chinese Geographical Science2018,28,3: | 4 |
| 7 | Aboveground biomass and its spatial distribution pattern of herbaceous marsh vegetation in China显示文摘Herbaceous marsh is the most widely distributed type of marsh wetland ecosystem,and has important ecological functions such as water conservation,climate regulation,carbon storage and fixation,and sheltering rare species.The carbon sequestration function of herbaceous marsh plays a key role in slowing climate warming and maintaining regional environmental stability.Vegetation biomass is an important index reflecting the carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands.Investigating the biomass of marsh vegetation can provide a scientific basis for estimating the carbon storage and carbon sequestration capacity of marshes.Based on field survey data of aboveground biomass of herbaceous marsh vegetation and the distribution data set of marsh in China,we analyzed the aboveground biomass and its spatial distribution pattern of herbaceous marsh on a national scale for the first time.The results showed that in China the total area of herbaceous marsh was 9.7×10^(4) km^(2),the average density of aboveground biomass of herbaceous marsh vegetation was 227.5±23.0 g C m-2(95%confidence interval,the same below),and the total aboveground biomass was 22.2±2.2 Tg C(1 Tg=1012 g).The aboveground biomass density of herbaceous marsh vegetation is generally low in Northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau,and high in central North China and coastal regions in China.In different marsh distribution regions of China,the average biomass density of herbaceous marsh vegetation from small to large was as follows:temperate humid and semi-humid marsh region(182.3±49.3 g C m^(-2)) | Xiangjin SHEN Ming JIANG Xianguo LU Xingtu LIU Bo LIU Jiaqi ZHANG Xianwei WANG Shouzheng TONG Guangchun LEI Shengzhong WANG Chuan TONG Hangqing FAN Kun TIAN Xiaolong WANG Yuanman HU Yonghong XIE Muyuan MA Shuwen ZHANG Chunxiang CAO Zhichen WANG | 2021 | Science China Earth Sciences2021,64,7: | 4 |
| 8 | Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Stoichiometries Across a Chronosequence of Restored Inland Soda Saline-Alkali Wetlands, Western Songnen Plain, Northeast China显示文摘Soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations and stoichiometries can be used to evaluate the success indicators to the effects of wetland restoration and reflect ecosystem function. Restoration of inland soda saline-alkali wetlands is widespread, however, the soil nutrition changes that follow restoration are unclear. We quantified the recovery trajectories of soil physicochemical properties, including soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) pools, for a chronosequence of three restored wetlands(7 yr, 12 yr and 21 yr) and compared these properties to those of degraded and natural wetlands in the western Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Wetland degradation lead to the loss of soil nutrients. Relative to natural wetlands, the mean reductions of in SOC, TN, and TP concentrations were 89.6%, 65.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Nutrients recovered as years passed after restoration. The SOC, TN, and TP concentrations increased by 2.36 times, 1.15 times, and 0.83 times, respectively in degraded wetlands that had been restored for 21 yr, but remained 29.2%, 17.3%, and 12.8% lower, respectively, than those in natural wetlands. The soil C∶N(RC N), C∶P(R CP), and N∶P(R NP) ratios increased from 5.92 to 8.81, 45.36 to 79.19, and 7.67 to 8.71, respectively in the wetland that had been restored for 12 yr. These results were similar to those from the natural wetland and the wetland that had been restored for 21 yr(P > 0.05). Soil nutrients changes occurred mainly in the upper layers(≤ 30 cm), and no significant differences were found in deeper soils(> 30 cm). Based on this, we inferred that it would take at least 34 yr for SOC, TN, and TP concentrations and 12 yr for RC N, R CP, and RN P in the top soils of degraded wetlands to recover to levels of natural wetlands. Soil salinity negatively influenced SOC(r =-0.704, P < 0.01), TN(r =-0.722, P < 0.01), and TP(r =-0.882, P < 0.01) concentrations during wetland restoration, which indicates that reducing salinity is beneficial to SOC, TN, and TP recovery. Moreover, plants were an important source of soil nutrients and vegetation restoration was conducive to soil nutrient accumulation. In brief, wetland restoration increased the accumulation of soil biogenic elements, which indicated that positive ecosystem functions changes had occurred. | YANG Yanli MOU Xiaojie WEN Bolong LIU Xingtu | 2020 | Chinese Geographical Science2020,30,5: | 4 |
| 9 | China's Wetland Databases Based on Remote Sensing Technology显示文摘Wetland databases can provide the basic data that necessary for the protection and management of wetlands. A large number of wetland databases have been established in the world as well as in China. In this paper, we review China's wetland databases based on remote sensing(RS) technology after introducing the background theory to the application of RS technology in wetland surveys. A key conclusion is that China's wetland databases are far from sufficient in fulfilling protection and management needs. Our recommendations focus on the use of the hyper-spectral imagery, microwave data, multi-temporal images, and automatic classifications in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wetland inventory. Further, attention should also be paid to detect major biophysical features of wetlands and build wetland databases in years after the 1980 s in China. Considering that great gap exists between RS experts and wetland experts, further cooperation between wetland scientists and RS scientists are needed to promote the application of RS in the foundation of wetland databases. | YAN Fengqin LIU Xingtu CHEN Jing YU Lingxue YANG Chaobin CHANG Liping YANG Jiuchun ZHANG Shuwen | 2017 | Chinese Geographical Science2017,27,3: | 4 |
| 10 | Agricultural Climate Change and Wetland Agriculture Study under the Climate Change in the Sanjiang Plain显示文摘With linear curvefitting,Mann-kendall method and Yamamoto method,≥10 ℃accumulated temperature and precipitation from May to September of 6 meteorological stations(Baoqing,fujin,Jiamusi,Hegang,Jixi and Hulin) from 1978 to 2007 were used to explore 30-year agricultural climate change and trend in the Sanjiang Plain.The results showed that ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature of the 6 stations have risen by 141.0 ℃ to 287.4 ℃ when estimated by their significant linear trends(n=30,α=0.05) over the last 30 years(1978 to 2007).The rates of warming for the last 30 years range from 4.70 ℃per year to 9.58 ℃ per year.There are not significant linear trends on precipitation from May to September of the 6 stations over the last 30 years.The period of 1978 to 1998 in which ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature is lower is consistent with that in which there is more precipitation from May to September,and warming and drying period has occurred in the Sanjiang Plain since 1999.Under the background of warming and drying agricultural climate,high yield cultivation of Phragmites australis and establishment of Phragmites australis-fish(crab) symbiosis ecosystem in natural mire are the ways for reasonable use of natural wetland.The area of paddy fields has been increasing from 7.25×104 ha in 1978 to 121.2×104 ha in 2006.It is proposed that paddy field range should not be expanded blindly toward the north in the Sanjiang Plain,and chilling injury forecast and prevention should be pay attention to.In the area that the chilling injury happens frequently,the rotation between rice and other crops should be implemented.Measures,which combine drainage,store and irrigation,should be taken instead of single drainage on comprehensive control of regional low and wet croplands to ensure controlling drought and flood. | YAN Minhua LIU Xingtu LI Xiujun | 2009 | 湿地科学2009,7,1: | 3 |
| 11 | China's wetlands and agro-ecological englneering显示文摘 | Xuehui Ma Xingtu Liu etc | 1993 | Ecological Engineering1993,2,: | 1 |
| 12 | Growth and Physiological Response of Organs of Phragmites australis to Different Water Compensation in Degraded Wetlands显示文摘To study the effect of different water compensation on growth and physiology of reed in degraded wetlands,three water treatments in the field were conducted to test the height and photosynthesis of reed,the ions and soluble sugar contents of different organs.In the controls(without extra water compensation for 10 years),the height of reed was only 50 cm,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,the intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were very low.The contents of Na + and Clin rhizome were higher than those in other organs.Discontinuous water compensation(continuous for 8 years,then stopped for 2 years)increased the height(2.1-fold),the net photosynthetic rate(41.8%),stomatal conductance(1.8-fold),transpiration rate(1.3-fold)of reed(Phragmites australis),and decreased the content of Na + (62.3%)and Cl- (71.1%)of rhizome significantly.Continuous water compensation(continuous for 10 years)increased the height(3.2-fold),the net photosynthetic rate(104%),stomatal conductance(2.4-fold),transpiration rate(1.5-fold)of reed,and decreased Na + (82.5%)and Cl - (64.7%)contents in rhizome, then accumulated the K+ ,H2PO4-,SO42- and soluble sugar contents significantly in rhizome.Interrupting water compensation led to the decrease of height(25.3%),the net photosynthetic rate(30.7%),stomatal conductance(17.3%) and increase of Na + (1.16-fold)in rhizome when comparing to the continuous water compensation.These results showed that recovering the degraded reed wetlands needed continuous water compensation yearly to promote reed growth.The organs of reed had corresponding physiological response characteristic to the different water compensation condition.Under long-time dry and waterlogging condition,the rhizomes both helped reed to adapt located environment,by enriching the ions such as Na+ ,Cl- ,and K+ ,H2PO4-,SO42- ,respectively. | LI Xiaoyu LIU Xingtu LI Xiujun LIN Jixiang WEN Bolong | 2012 | 湿地科学2012,10,1: | 1 |
| 13 | Influence of intermittment irrigation on water consumption and yield of cold rice in Northeast China显示文摘 | Nie Xiao Wang Yiyong Liu Xingtu | | 0,,3: | 1 |
| 14 | Vegetation and climate change over the past 800years in the monsoon margin of northeastern China reconstructed from n- alkanes from the Great Hinggan Mountain ombrotrophic peat bog显示文摘 | Yan Zhang Xingtu Liu Qianxin Lin Chuanyu Gao Jian Wang Guoping Wang | 2014 | Organic Geochemistry2014,,: | 1 |
| 15 | Soil respiration associated with plant succession at the meadow steppes in Songnen Plain, Northeast China显示文摘Aims Soil CO_(2) emission from steppes is affected by soil properties and vegetation in different successional stages.Primary and secondary succession of plants frequently occurred at the meadow steppe in Songnen Plain,Northeast China,which indicates the large uncer-tainty associated with CO_(2) emission in this environment.This study aims to investigate the temporal variations of soil respiration(Rs)and the effect of plant succession on cumulative soil CO_(2) emission during the growing season.Methods Using a LI-6400 soil CO_(2) flux system,Rs of five vegetation types which represented different stages of plant succession in meadow steppes of Songnen Plain,China,was investigated during the grow-ing seasons of 2011 and 2012.Important Findings Soil temperature(Ts)was the dominant controlling factor of Rs,which could explain~64%of the change in CO_(2) fluxes.The Q10 values of Rs were ranged from 2.0 to 6.7,showing a decreasing trend with the plant successional stages.The cumulative CO_(2) emis-sion increased with the degree of vegetation succession and it aver-aged to 316±6 g C m^(−2)(ranges:74.8±6.7 to 516.5±11.4 g C m^(−2))during the growing season.The magnitude of soil CO_(2) emission during the growing season was positively correlated with above-ground plant biomass,soil organic carbon content and mean soil water content,while negatively linked to mean Ts,pH,electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentages.The results implied that soil CO_(2) emission increased with the development of plant communities toward more advanced stages.Our findings pro-vided valuable information for understanding the variations of CO_(2) emission in the process of vegetation succession. | Ming Wang Xingtu Liu Jitao Zhang Xiujun Li Guodong Wang Xiaoyu Li Weiwei Chen | 2015 | Journal of Plant Ecology2015,8,1: | 0 |
| 16 | Quantitative Assessment of Impacts of Climate and Economic-technical Factors on Grain Yield in Jilin Province from 1980 to 2008显示文摘Climate change is one of the most important challenges threatening agricultural grain yield and food security. Determining the factors influencing grain yield in Jilin Province and the weights of their contribution are a very important task, because Jilin Province is an important agriculture base in China. In this study, the accumulation factor sequence evaluating data method was used to analyze the climate and economic-technical factor contribution weights to grain yield and grain yield changes in each city of Jilin Province. Climate yield was also estimated to study the climate effect on the grain yield, and it was calculated in two ways:an improved algorithm and a traditional quadratic method. The results show that the climate and economic-technical factors have different contribution weights to grain yield in different cities in Jilin Province. The contribution weight of the climate factor to grain yield was 0.212-0.349, while that the economic-technical factor was 0.651-0.788. Furthermore, the changes of the climate factor contributing to grain yield changes accounted for 0.296-0.546, and the changes of the economic-technical factor accounted for 0.454-0.704. The weights of climate and economic-technical factor contributing to grain yield are very different between the eastern and western cities in Jilin Province, but their weights contributing to the grain yield change are similar in these cities. In general, the amount of fertilizer used per hectare (FUPH) is the main factor affecting grain yields and yield changes from 1980 to 2008. It is noted that when the FUPH growth rate stabilized after 1995, the effects of the climate factor on the grain yield become more obvious than before. The improved algorithm is effective for estimating climate yield in Jilin Province, and the climate yields were mostly between-500 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha, and showed a slightly rising trend in most cities. | YAO Zuofang YANG Fei LIU Xingtu YAN Minhua MENG Jun | 2011 | Chinese Geographical Science2011,21,5: | 0 |