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| 1 | Disparity in reimbursement for tuberculosis care among different health insurance schemes: evidence from three counties in central China显示文摘Background:Health inequity is an important issue all around the world.The Chinese basic medical security system comprises three major insurance schemes,namely the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance(UEBMI),the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance(URBMI),and the New Cooperative Medical Scheme(NCMS).Little research has been conducted to look into the disparity in payments among the health insurance schemes in China.In this study,we aimed to evaluate the disparity in reimbursements for tuberculosis(TB)care among the abovementioned health insurance schemes.Methods:This study uses a World Health Organization(WHO)framework to analyze the disparities and equity relating to the three dimensions of health insurance:population coverage,the range of services covered,and the extent to which costs are covered.Each of the health insurance scheme’s policies were categorized and analyzed.An analysis of the claims database of all hospitalizations reimbursed from 2010 to 2012 in three counties of Yichang city(YC),which included 1506 discharges,was conducted to identify the differences in reimbursement rates and out-of-pocket(OOP)expenses among the health insurance schemes.Results:Tuberculosis patients had various inpatient expenses depending on which scheme they were covered by(TB patients covered by the NCMS have less inpatient expenses than those who were covered by the URBMI,who have less inpatient expenses than those covered by the UEBMI).We found a significant horizontal inequity of healthcare utilization among the lower socioeconomic groups.In terms of financial inequity,TB patients who earned less paid more.The NCMS provides modest financial protection,based on income.Overall,TB patients from lower socioeconomic groups were the most vulnerable.Conclusion:There are large disparities in reimbursement for TB care among the three health insurance schemes and this,in turn,hampers TB control.Reducing the gap in health outcomes between the three health insurance schemes in China should be a focus of TB care and control.Achieving equity through integrated policies that avoid discrimination is likely to be effective. | Yao Pan Shanquan Chen Manli Chen Pei Zhang Qian Long Li Xiang Henry Lucas | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 7 |
| 2 | Are free anti-tuberculosis drugs enough? An empirical study from three cities in China显示文摘Background:Tuberculosis(TB)patients in China still face a number of barriers in seeking diagnosis and treatment.There is evidence that the economic burden on TB patients and their households discourages treatment compliance.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in three cities of China.Patients were selected using probability proportional to size(PPS)cluster sampling of rural townships or urban streets,followed by list sampling from a patient register.Data were collected using a questionnaire survey,key informant interviews and focus group discussions with TB patients to gain an understanding of the economic burden of TB and implications of this burden for treatment compliance.Results:A total of 797 TB patients were surveyed,of which 60 were interviewed in-depth following the survey.More than half had catastrophic health expenditure.TB patients with higher household incomes were less likely to report non-compliance(OR 0.355,95%CI 0.140–0.830)and patients who felt that the economic burden relating to TB treatment was high more likely to report non-compliance(OR 3.650,95%CI 1.278–12.346).Those who had high costs for transportation,lodging and food were also more likely to report non-compliance(OR 4.150,95%CI 1.804–21.999).The findings from the qualitative studies supported those from the survey.Conclusion:The economic burden associated with seeking diagnosis and treatment remains a barrier for TB patients in China.Reducing the cost of treatment and giving patients subsidies for transportation,lodging and food is likely to improve treatment compliance.Improving doctors’salary system to cut off the revenue-oriented incentive,and expanding current insurance’s coverage can be helpful to reduce patients’actual burden or anticipated burden.Future research on this issue is needed. | Shanquan Chen Hui Zhang Yao Pan Qian Long Li Xiang Lan Yao Henry Lucas | 2015 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2015，4，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Multi-Source Characteristics of Atmospheric Deposition in Nanjing,China,as Controlled by East Asia Monsoons and Urban Activities显示文摘Atmospheric deposition, a major pathway of metals entering into soils, plays an important role in soil environment, especially in urban regions where a large amount of pollutants are emitted into atmosphere through various sources. In order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric deposition in urban area and its relation with natural and anthropogenic sources, a three-year study of atmospheric deposition at three typical sites, industrial zone(IN), urban residential area(RZ) and suburban forested scenic area(FA),was carried out in Nanjing, a metropolitan city in eastern China from 2005 to 2007. The bulk deposition rate and element composition of atmospheric deposition varied spatio-temporally in the urban zones of Nanjing. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ca in the atmospheric deposits were strongly enriched in the whole Nanjing region; however, anthropogenic pollutants in atmospheric deposits were diluted by the input of external mineral dust transported from northwestern China. Source apportionment through principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the background atmospheric deposition at the FA site was the combination of external aerosol and local emission sources. The input of long-range transported Asian dust had an important influence on the urban background deposition, especially in spring when the continental dust from the northwestern China prevailed. Marine aerosol source was observed in summer and autumn, the seasons dominated by summer monsoon in Nanjing. In contrast, the contribution of local anthropogenic emission source was constant regardless of seasons. At the RZ and IN sites, the atmospheric deposition was more significantly affected by the nearby human activities than at the FA site. In addition, different urban activities and both the winter and summer Asian monsoons had substantial impacts on the characteristics of dust deposition in urban Nanjing. | LI Shanquan ZHANG Ganlin YANG Jinling JIA Nan | 2016 | Pedosphere2016，26，3： | 4 |
| 4 | Cellular apoptosis and Caspase-12 expression in a rat model of progressive spinal cord compression显示文摘BACKGROUND:Studies have demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying cellular apoptosis signal transduction focus on two pathways:intracellular mitochondria and extracellular death receptor.The current evidence supports that signal transduction of cellular apoptosis also includes endoplasmic reticulum stress signal transduction. OBJECTIVE:To observe Caspase-12 expression and cellular apoptosis following ischemia in rats with progressive spinal cord compression,and to verify the influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress on the apoptosis induced by spinal cord injury. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,controlled,animal trial was performed at the Institute of Neuroscience in Chongqing Medical University between January and October in 2006. MATERIALS:Immunohistochemical kit,diaminobenzidine,and TUNEL kit were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Biotechnology,China;rabbit anti-rat Caspase-12 monoclonal antibody was provided by Santa Cruz,USA. METHODS:Sixty Wistar rats,aged 3-4 months,were randomly assigned to a model group(n=50), which underwent spinal cord compression in the L_1 segment following L_1 laminectomy and articular process excision to establish a model of progressive spinal cord compression,and a sham-surgery group(n=10),which underwent only laminectomy.Starting with the first day after surgery,the rats were locally anesthetized,the skin was opened,and the screw was rotated by 1/4 of a cycle,twice weekly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:At 3,7,14,21,and 28 days after surgery,rats from each group were anesthetized,and the spinal cords were resected.Pathological changes following spinal cord compression were determined using hematoxylin-eosin staining,Nissl dye,and transmission electron microscopy.The TUNEL method was used to observe neuronal apoptosis in the compressed spinal cord segments.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were utilized to detect Caspase-12 expression in the compressed segments. RESULTS:Cellular swelling,neural degeneration,and altered endoplasmic reticulum structures were observed at 3 days following compression.Symptoms became gradually aggravated with increasing compression time.Compared with the sham-surgery group,the number of apoptotic neurons was remarkably increased in compressed segments of the model group(P<0.05),and Caspase-12 expression was also shown to increase(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Neuronal apoptosis was a predominant pathological factor resulting in secondary spinal cord injury during progressive spinal cord compression,and Caspase-12 was shown to be possibly involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by progressive spinal cord compression. | Yijian Liang Kejian Wang Shanquan Sun Wei Li Jianhua Ran Guiqiong He | 2009 | Neural Regeneration Research2009，4，8： | 4 |
| 5 | Fabrication and characterization of an anode-supported hollow fiber SOFC显示文摘 | Yang Chunli Li Wei Zhang Shanquan | 2009 | J Power Sources2009，187，1： | 1 |
| 6 | The mechanism of patho- logical changes of intraventricular hemorrhage in dogs 显示文摘 | Dai Jiong Li Shanquan Li Xiaoxiong | 2009 | Neurology India2009，57，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Effect of hypotonic medium on aquaporin-4 expression in cultured astrocytes显示文摘BACKGROUND: Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is abundant in astrocytes, ependymal cells, and the choroid plexus, and is associated with cerebrospinal fluid formation and osmoregulation. AQP4 is speculated to be the hypothalamic osmoreceptor and regulator of water balance. OBJECTIVE: To examine AQP4 expression and its role in cultured rat astrocytes after exposure to hypotonic medium. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized control experiment. This experiment was carried out in the Research Room of Neurobiology, Chongqing University of Medical Science, China, between April and October 2003. MATERIALS: Two-day-old newborn Wistar rats (n =20), weighing 10-15 g, were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Chongqing University of Medical Science, China. METHODS: Purified rat cerebral cortical astrocytes were isolated from Wistar rats for in vitro cell culture experiments. The cells were randomly divided into control and hypotonic groups. The in vitro cell edema model was established by exposing astrocytes to hypotonic medium (268, 254, or 240 mmol/L). Cells in the control group were cultured in normal culture medium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morphological changes in astrocytes were observed under an inverted microscope and a transmission electron microscope after cells were cultured for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours with hypotonic medium or normal culture medium. In each group, AQP4 protein and mRNA expression were assessed by immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at the different time points. RESULTS: After astrocytes were cultured for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours with hypotonic medium (268, 254, 240 mmol/L), they showed typical features of cell edema. In the control group, no astrocytes developed pathological changes. There were no significant changes in the AQP4 mRNA and protein expression in the control group at any of the time points after astrocytes were cultured with normal culture medium (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, AQP4 mRNA and protein expression in the hypotonic group were remarkably increased at all time points after astrocytes cultured with hypotonic medium (268, 254, 240 mmol/L; P < 0.05). AQP4 mRNA and protein expression increased with increasing exposure time and with decreasing concentration of the hypotonic medium. CONCLUSION: Hypotonic medium induced cell edema and increased AQP4 mRNA and protein expression. Up-regulated expression of AQP4 was correlated with hypotonic medium concentration in a time dependent manner. | Yanhua Li Shanquan Sun Tiejian Wang Luli Li | 2008 | Neural Regeneration Research2008，3，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Coexistence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and activated protein-2 alpha in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells显示文摘BACKGROUND:Tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-n-methyl transferase expression coexist in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum.Numerous reports have also been published addressing whether dopamine-beta-hydroxylase(DBH) expression exists in cerebellar Purkinje cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the coexistence of DBH and activator protein-2αexpression in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A cell morphological study was performed at the Institute of Neuroscience,Chongqing Medical University,China in May 2007. MATERIALS:Ten healthy Wistar rats,of either gender,aged 14 weeks,served as experimental animals.Rabbit anti-mouse DBH,goat anti-mouse activator protein-2αand rabbit anti-mouseβ-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.,USA),horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG, FITC-labeled mouse anti-rabbit IgG,and Cy3-labeled mouse anti-goat IgG(Boster,Wuhan,China), were used in this study. METHODS:Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the expression of DBH or activator protein-2α,with double-label immunofluorescence being employed to determine coexpression of both,in the cerebellum of 5 randomly selected rats.Western blot assay was utilized to determine the expression of DBH and activator protein-2αin the cerebellum of the remaining 5 rats. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Expression,localization and coexistence of DBH and activator protein-2αin the cerebellum were measured separately. RESULTS:Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that cerebellar Purkinje cells stained positive for DBH and activator protein-2α.Western blot assay also demonstrated DBH and activator protein-2αexpression in the cerebellum.Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed the coexistence of DBH and activator protein-2αin cerebellar Purkinje cells. CONCLUSION:Norepinephrine and activator protein-2αcoexist in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. | Kejian Wang Wei Li Shanquan Sun Zhongqin Ren Guiqiong He | 2009 | Neural Regeneration Research2009，4，6： | 0 |
| 9 | Padé approximations of quantized-vortex solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation显示文摘Quantized vortices are important topological excitations in Bose–Einstein condensates. The Gross–Pitaevskii equation is a widely accepted theoretical tool. High accuracy quantized-vortex solutions are desirable in many numerical and analytical studies. We successfully derive the Padéapproximate solutions for quantized vortices with winding numbers ω = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in the context of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation for a uniform condensate. Compared with the numerical solutions, we find that(1) they approximate the entire solutions quite well from the core to infinity;(2) higher-order Padé approximate solutions have higher accuracy;(3) Padé approximate solutions for larger winding numbers have lower accuracy. The healing lengths of the quantized vortices are calculated and found to increase almost linearly with the winding number. Based on experiments performed with 87Rb cold atoms, the healing lengths of quantized vortices and the number of particles within the healing lengths are calculated, and they may be checked by experiment. Our results show that the Gross–Pitaevskii equation is capable of describing the structure of quantized vortices and physics at length scales smaller than the healing length. | Weiru Chen Shanquan Lan Xiyi Liu Jiexiong Mo Xiaobao Xu Guqiang Li | 2021 | Communications in Theoretical Physics2021，73，8： | 0 |
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