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| 1 | Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis显示文摘Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by progressive bile duct destruction eventually leading to cirrhosis and liver failure.The serological hallmark of the disease is the presence of circulating antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA).These reflect the presence of autoreactive T and B cells to the culprit antigens,the E2 subunits of mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase enzymes,chiefly pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDC-E2).The disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors.Genetic predisposition is indicated by the higher familial incidence of the disease particularly among siblings and the high concordance rate among monozygotic twins.Environmental triggering events appear crucial to disrupt a pre-existing unstable immune tolerance of genetic origin allowing,after a long latency,the emergence of clinical disease.Initiating mimetopes of the vulnerable epitope of the PDC-E2 autoantigen can be derived from microbes that utilize the PDC enzyme or,alternatively,environmental xenobiotics/chemical compounds that modify the structure of native proteins to make them immunogenic.A further alternative as a source of antigen is PDC-E2 derived from apoptotic cells.In the effector phase the biliary ductular cell,by reason of itsproclivity to express the antigen PDC-E2 in the course of apoptosis,undergoes a multilineage immune attack comprised of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibody.In this article,we critically review the available evidence on etiopathogenesis of PBC and present interpretations of complex data,new developments and theories,and nominate directions for future research. | Ana Lleo Pietro Invernizzi Ian R Mackay Harry Prince Ren-Qian Zhong M Eric Gershwin | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 9 |
| 2 | Clinical outcomes following salvage Gamma Knife radiosurgery for recurrent glioblastoma显示文摘Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a survival prognosis of 14-16 mo for the highest functioning patients. Despite aggressive, multimodal upfront therapies, the majority of GBMs will recur in approximately six months. Salvage therapy options for recurrent GBM(r GBM) are an area of intense research. This study compares recent survival and quality of life outcomes following Gamma Knife radiosurgery(GKRS) salvage therapy. Following a Pub Med search for studies usingGKRS as salvage therapy for malignant gliomas, nine articles from 2005 to July 2013 were identified which evaluated rG BM treatment. In this review, we compare overall survival following diagnosis, overall survival following salvage treatment, progression-free survival, time to recurrence, local tumor control, and adverse radiation effects. This report discusses results for rG BM patient populations alone, not for mixed populations with other tumor histology grades. All nine studies reported median overall survival rates(from diagnosis, range:16.7-33.2 mo; from salvage, range:9-17.9 mo). Three studies identified median progression-free survival(range:4.6-14.9 mo). Two showed median time to recurrence of GBM. Two discussed local tumor control. Six studies reported adverse radiation effects(range:0%-46% of patients). The greatest survival advantages were seen in patients who received GKRS salvage along with other treatments, like resection or bevacizumab, suggesting that appropriately tailored multimodal therapy should be considered with each rG BM patient. However, there needs to be a randomized clinical trial to test GKRS for rG BM before the possibility of selection bias can be dismissed. | Erik W Larson Halloran E Peterson Wayne T Lamoreaux Alexander R MacKay Robert K Fairbanks Jason A Call Jonathan D Carlson Benjamin C Ling John J Demakas Barton S Cooke Christopher M Lee | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 5 |
| 3 | Molecular cloning of three cDNAs that encode cysteine proteinases in the digestive gland of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) 显示文摘 | Laycock M V Mackay R M Di Fruscio M | 1991 | FEBS Lett1991，292，12： | 1 |
| 4 | Reverse micellar synthesis of a nanoparticle/polymer composite 显示文摘 | Pavel F M Mackay R A | 2000 | Langmuir2000，16，23： | 1 |
| 5 | Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes 显示文摘 | MACKAY D J C NEAL R M | 1997 | Electronics Letters1997，33，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes 显示文摘 | Mackay D J C Neal R M | 1996 | Electronics Letters1996，33，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Genetic control of so- matic embryogenesis initiation in loblolly pine and implications for breeding显示文摘 | MacKay J J Becwar M R Park Y S | 2006 | Tree Genet Genomes2006，2，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes显示文摘 | MACKAY D J C and NEAL R M | 1996 | Electronics Letters1996，32，18： | 1 |
| 9 | Near Shannon limint performance of low density parity check codes显示文摘 | MACKAY D J C NEAL R M | 1996 | Electronic Letters1996，32，： | 1 |
| 10 | Performance assessment of a nuclear waste repository: Upscaling coupled hydro-mechanical properties for far-field transport analysis 显示文摘 | Blum P Mackay R Riley M S Knight J L | 2005 | International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2005，42，56： | 1 |
| 11 | Near Shannon limit performance of low-density parity-check codes 显示文摘 | MacKay D J C Neal R M | 1996 | Electron1996，32，： | 1 |
| 12 | Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes显示文摘 | MACKAY D J C NEAL R M | 1997 | Electronics Letters1997，33，： | 1 |
| 13 | Urban groundwater base- flow influence upon inorganic river-water quality: the river tame headwaters catchment in the city of Birmingham, UK 显示文摘 | RIVETT M O ELLIS P A MACKAY R | 2011 | Journal of Hydrology2011，400，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Evolutionary and ecological stratrgies of animals in annual temporary pools显示文摘 | Wiggens G B Mackay R J Smith I M | 1980 | Archives fur hydrobiologia Supplement1980，，58： | 1 |
| 15 | Near Shannon Limit Performance of Low Density Parity Check Codes显示文摘 | MacKay D J C Neal R M | 1997 | Electronics Letters1997，33，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Appropriacy, efficiency and flexibility in second language teacher training显示文摘 | Mackay R Bosquet M | 1977 | RELC Journal1977，，8： | 1 |
| 17 | An analysis of simulated and observed global mean near - surface air temperature anomalies from 1979 to 1999: Trends and attribution of causes 显示文摘 | MacKay R M Ko M K W | 2001 | Chemosphere - Global Change Science2001，3，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Evaluation of persistence and long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment:summary of a SETA C pellston work shop显示文摘 | Klecka G M Mackay D Boethling R S | 1999 | Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry1999，18，43： | 1 |
| 19 | Differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease using a panel of recombinant non-structural proteins in ELISA显示文摘 | Mackay D K J Forsyth M A Davies P R | 1997 | Vaccine1997，16，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Near Shannon limit peflbrm- ance of low density parity check codes 显示文摘 | MacKay D J C Neal R M | 1996 | Electronics letters1996，32，18： | 1 |
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