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| 1 | Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis显示文摘AIM:To study the angle between the circular smooth muscle(CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle(LSM) fibers in the distal esophagus.METHODS:In order to identify possible mechanisms for greater shortening in the distal compared to proximal esophagus during peristalsis,the angles between the LSM and CSM layers were measured in 9 cadavers.The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria was exposed after stripping the outer serosa.The inner circular layer of the muscularis propria was then revealed after dissection of the esophageal mucosa and the underlying muscularis mucosa.Photographs of each specimen were taken with half of the open esophagus folded back showing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers.Angles were measured every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the squamocolumnar junction(SCJ) by two independent investigators.Two human esophagi were obtained from organ transplant donors and the angles between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were measured using micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image J software.RESULTS:All data are presented as mean ± SE.The CSM to LSM angle at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to SCJ on the autopsy specimens was 69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 74.9 ± 3.09 degrees,P = 0.32.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ were statistically significantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 82.58 ± 1.34 degrees,84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ was also statistically significantly lower than the angles at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 80.18 ± 2.09 degrees,81.81 ± 1.75 degrees and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees,P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at 1 cm proximal to SCJ was statistically significantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,74.94 ± 3.09 degrees vs 84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.019,P = 0.008,P = 0.02 respectively.At 10 cm above SCJ the angle was 80.06 ± 2.13 degrees which is close to being perpendicular but less than 90 degrees.The CSM to LSM angles measured on virtual dissection of the esophagus and the stomach on micro CT at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to the SCJ were 48.39 ± 0.72 degrees and 50.81 ± 1.59 degrees.Rather than the angle of the CSM and LSM being perpendicular in the esophagus we found an acute angulation between these two muscle groups throughout the lower 10 cm of the esophagus.CONCLUSION:The oblique angulation of the CSM may contribute to the significantly greater shortening of distal esophagus when compared to the mid and proximal esophagus during peristalsis. | Anil K Vegesna Keng-Yu Chuang Ramashesai Besetty Steven J Phillips Alan S Braverman Mary F Barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry S Miller | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 7 |
| 2 | Challenges for fuel cells in transport applications显示文摘 | Chalk S G Miller J F Wagner F W | 2000 | Journal of Power Sources2000，86，： | 2 |
| 3 | Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database searchprograms显示文摘 | Madden T L Schaffer A A Zhang J Zhang Z Miller W Lipman D J | 1997 | Nucle ic Acids Res1997，25，： | 1 |
| 4 | Micro-Spatial variability of soil nitrate following nitrogen fertilization and drip irrigation 显示文摘 | Zhang R D Vance G F Miller S D | 1999 | Water Air and Soil Pollution1999，116，： | 1 |
| 5 | Redundancy and computational efficiency in cartesian genetic programming 显示文摘 | Miller J F Smith S L | 2006 | IEEE Trans on Evolutionary Computation2006，10，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Composting process control based on interaction between microbial heat output and temperature 显示文摘 | MacGregor S T Miller F C Psarianos K M | 1981 | Applied and Environmental Microbiology1981，41，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Hot and cold granites? Implications of ziron saturation temperatures and preservation of in heritance 显示文摘 | Miller C F McDowell S M and Mapes R W | 2003 | Geology2003，31，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Concentric and eccentric isokinetic resistance training similarly increases muscular strength, fat-free soft tissue mass, and specific bone mineral measure- ments in young women显示文摘 | Nickols-Richardson S M Miller L E Wootten D F | 2007 | Osteoporosis International2007，18，6： | 1 |
| 9 | The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study显示文摘 | Kimberly A Powers Azra C Ghani William C Miller Irving F Hoffman Audrey E Pettifor Gift Kamanga Francis EA Martinson Myron S Cohen | 2011 | The Lancet . 2011 (9787)2011，，： | 1 |
| 10 | Yeast strain and nitrogen supplementation: Dynamics of volatile ester production in Chardonnay juice fermentations显示文摘 | Miller A C Wolff S R Bisson L F | 2007 | American Journal of Enology and Viticulture2007，58，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Basic local alignment search tool显示文摘 | Ahschul S F Gish W Miller W | 1990 | J Mol Biol1990，215，3： | 1 |
| 12 | A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells显示文摘 | Miller S A Dykes D D Polesky H F | 1988 | Nucleic Acids Res1988，16，： | 1 |
| 13 | A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells显示文摘 | Miller S A Dykes D D Polesky H F | 1988 | Nucleic Acids Res1988，16，： | 1 |
| 14 | Pro- duction and response of human prostate cancer cell lines to granulocyte macrophage-eolony stimulating factor显示文摘 | Lang S H Miller W R Duncan W Habib F K | 1994 | Int J Cancer1994，59，： | 1 |
| 15 | On the development of a grid-enhanced single- phase convective heat transfer correlation显示文摘 | MILLER DJ CHEUNG F B BAJOREK S M | 2013 | Nuclear Engineering and Design2013，264，： | 1 |
| 16 | Frequency of the rendement napole RN-allele in a population of American Hampshire pigs显示文摘 | Miller K D M Ellis F K McKeith B S | 2000 | J Anim Sci2000，78，： | 1 |
| 17 | Basic local align- ment search tool显示文摘 | ALTSCHUL S F GISH W MILLER W | 1990 | J Mol Biol1990，215，： | 1 |
| 18 | A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells显示文摘 | MILLER S A DYKES D D POLESKY H F | 1988 | Nucleic Acid Res1988，16，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Basic local alignment search tool显示文摘 | Altschul S F Gish W Miller W | 1990 | J Mol Biol1990，215，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Basic local alignment search tool显示文摘 | Altschul S F Gish W Miller W | | 0，，： | 1 |
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