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| 1 | GRADE指南:Ⅷ.证据质量评价--间接性显示文摘直接证据来自直接比较我们关注的干预措施用于我们关注的患者人群,并测量患者重要结局的研究。间接证据可由以下4种方式之一产生。第一,患者可能与我们关注的患者不同(适用性一词常用于这类间接性)。第二,所检验的干预措施可能与我们关注的干预措施不同。有关患者和干预措施间接性的决策取决于对生物或社会因素差异是否大到可能使效应尺度出现预期的较大差异的考虑。第三,结果可能有别于最初设定的结局指标——如替代结果本身不重要,但测量之是基于替代结果的变化反映患者重要结局变化这一假设。第四类间接性在概念上与前三类不同,发生于临床医生必须在未经直接比较的两种干预措施间做出选择时。这种情况下比较治疗方案需要特定的统计方法,并根据患者人群、联合干预措施、结局测量指标及备选干预措施试验方法的差异程度,将证据级别降低1或2级。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz James Woodcock Jan Brozek Mark Helfand Pablo Alonso-Coello Yngve Falck-Ytter Roman Jaeschke Gunn Vist Elie A.Akl Piet N Post Susan Norris Joerg Meerpohl Mona Nasser 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李鸿浩 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 30 |
| 2 | 血管性认知障碍的诊断标准:国际血管性行为与认知障碍学会的申明显示文摘长期以来,脑血管病(CVD)就被认为是认知损害的一个重要原因,但是有关脑血管病后认知障碍的概念化却有着一段多变的历史。'动脉变硬'或脑的动脉粥样硬化是'老化'的原因,是存在已久的观点,在20世纪60年代受到了来自英格兰纽卡斯尔的神经病理学研究的质疑。这些研究表明,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,Va D)与超过一定程度的多发性脑梗死有关。 | 徐岩 郭起浩 Sachdev P Kalaria R O'Brien J Skoog I Alladi S Black SE Blacker D Blazer DG Chen C Chui H Ganguli M Jellinger K Jeste DV Pasquier F Paulsen J Prins N Rockwood K Roman G Scheltens P | 2014 | 神经病学与神经康复学杂志2014，11，3： | 19 |
| 3 | Computed tomography-based diagnostics might be insufficient in the determination of pancreatic cancer unresectability显示文摘AIM: To inquire into a question of an overestimation of arterial involvement in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS: Radiology data were compared with the findings from 51 standard, 58 extended and 17 total pancreaticoduodenectomies; 9 distal resections with celiac artery (CA) excision; and 28 palliations for PC. The survival of 11 patients with controversial computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasound data with regard to arterial invasion, after R0/R1 procedures (false-positive CT results, Group A), was compared to survival after eight R2 resections (false-negative CT results, Group B) and after 12 bypass procedures for locally advanced cancer (true-positive CT results, Group C).RESULTS: In all of the cases in group A, operative exploration revealed no arterial invasion, which was predicted by CT. The one-year survival in Group A was 88.9%, and the two-year survival was 26.7%, with a median follow-up of 22 mo. One-year survival was not attained in groups B and C, with a significant difference in survival (P a-b = 0.0029, P b-c = 0.003).CONCLUSION: Arterial encasement on CT does not necessarily indicate arterial invasion. Whenever PC is considered unresectable, endoUS should be used. In patients with controversial CT an EUS data for peripan-creatic arteries involvement radical resection might be possible, providing survival benefits as compared to R2-resections or palliative surgery. | Vyacheslav I Egorov Roman V Petrov Elena N Solodinina Gregory G Karmazanovsky Natalia S Starostina Natalia A Kuruschkina | 2013 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2013，5，4： | 4 |
| 4 | Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration in the Management of Patients With Choledocholithiasis显示文摘 | Sergio Rojas-Ortega Daniel Arizpe-Bravo Eduardo R Mar??n López Rachid Cesin-Sánchez Gerardo Reed-San Roman Crispina Gómez | 2003 | Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2003，，4： | 3 |
| 5 | Numerical investigation into the influence of the punch shape on the mechanical behavior of pharmaceutical powders during compaction显示文摘During the production of pharmaceutical tablets using powder compaction,certain common problems can occur,such as sticking,tearing,cutting,and lamination.In the past,the compressibility of the powder was calculated only along the axis of the device;consequently,critical areas of the material throughout the volume could not be identified.Therefore,finite element method(FEM) can be used to predict these defects in conjunction with the use of an appropriate constitutive model.This article summarizes the current research in the field of powder compaction,describes the Drucker-Prager Cap model calibration procedure and its implementation in FEM,and also examines the mechanical behavior of powder during compaction.In addition,the mechanical behavior of pharmaceutical powders in relation to changes in friction at the wall of the system is examined,and the dependence of lubrication effect on the geometry of the compaction space is also investigated.The influence of friction on the compaction process for the flat-face,flat-face radius edge,and standard convex tablets is examined while highlighting how the effects of friction change depending on the shape of these tablets. | Alexander Krok Marin Peciar Roman Fekete | 2014 | Particuology2014，12，5： | 3 |
| 6 | A Short Amino-Terminal Part of Arabidopsis Phytochrome A Induces Constitutive Photomorphogenic Response显示文摘Phytochrome A (phyA ) 是在 Arabidopsis thaliana 察觉到的 far-red 光的主导的光敏电阻器。phyA 在发信号的变白的幼苗,和导致光的 phyA 的细胞质在高水平积累被一个复杂规章的网络调停。这包括光 -- 并且进在 vivo 的原子核的本国的 phyA 的 FHY1/FHL 蛋白质依赖者 translocation。phyA (PHYA406 ) 的短 N 终端碎片对 phenocopy 足够,这也被显示出在 vitro 的这个高度调整的细胞的过程。为了测试这 N 终端的生物活动,在 planta phyA 碎裂,我们生产了表示 PHYA406YFP 的转基因的 phyA-201 植物(黄荧光灯蛋白质) DD, PHYA406YFPDDNLS (原子本地化信号) ,和 PHYA406YFPDDNES (原子出口信号) 熔化蛋白质。这里,我们报导 PHYA406YFPDD 被进口进原子核,而 PHYA406YFPDDNLS 和 PHYA406YFPDDNES 显示期望的组成的本地化模式,这进程部分是轻依赖者的。我们的结果证明这些截断的 phyA 蛋白质是轻马厩的,当局部性时,他们在他们的原子核,和两个都不触发组成的象 photomorphogenic 一样回答导致合适的 phyA 发信号。我们证明在 vitro 并且在 vivo PHYA406, Pfr 和 Pr 绑 COP1, photomorphogenesis 的一个一般抑压者,并且在原子身体与它共同本地化。因此,我们断定在 planta,截断的 PHYA406 蛋白质以一种光无关的方式在原子核使 COP1 失去活性。 | Andra's Viczia'n E'va Ada'm Iris Wolf Ja'nos Bindics Stefan Kircher Marc Heijde Roman Ulm Eberhard Scha'fer Ferenc Nagy | 2012 | Molecular Plant2012，5，3： | 2 |
| 7 | Systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by chronic salicylate intoxication显示文摘 | CHALASANI N ROMAN J JURADO R L | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 8 | Speech segregation based on sound localization 显示文摘 | Roman N Wang D L Brown G J | 2003 | Journal of Acoustic Society of America2003，114，4： | 1 |
| 9 | The effect of maternal obesity on pregnancy outcomes of women with gestational diabetes controlled with diet only, glyburide, or insulin 显示文摘 | Joy S Roman A lstwan N | 2012 | Am J Perinatol2012，29，8： | 1 |
| 10 | Surface and subsurface characterization of epoxy - mesoporous silica composites to clarify tribological properties显示文摘 | M C Romanes N A DSouza D Coutinho | 2008 | Wear2008，265，12： | 1 |
| 11 | Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study 显示文摘 | Seymour N E Gallagher A G Roman S A | 2002 | Ann Surg2002，236，： | 1 |
| 12 | The use of epiphyton and epilithon data as a base for calculating ecological indices in monitoring of eutrophication in lakes in central Sweden 显示文摘 | Roman A D Ekelund N G A | 2000 | The Science of the Total Environment2000，，248： | 1 |
| 13 | Role of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in vascular system显示文摘 | Miyata N Roman R J | 2005 | J Smooth Muscle Res2005，41，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Dual-specificity phos- phatases are imaplicated in severe hyperplasia and lack of response to fgf-23 of uremic parathyroid glands from rats显示文摘 | Roman P Carrillo N Naves M | 2012 | Endocrinology2012，153，4： | 1 |
| 15 | New physically adsorbed polymer coating for reproducible separations of basic and acidic proteins by capillary electrophoresis显示文摘 | Gonzalez N Elvira C Roman J S | 2003 | J Chromatogr A2003，，1012： | 1 |
| 16 | Analyzing comprtition between the high speed tran and alternative modes-The case of the Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona Corridor显示文摘 | Roman C Espino R Martín J C | 2010 | Journal of Choice Modelling2010，3，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Evaluation of vibroacoustic diagnostic symptoms by means of the rough sets theory 显示文摘 | RYSZARD N ROMAN S JERRY S | 1992 | Computers in Industry1992，20，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Considering nanofiltration for membrane separations显示文摘 | Cheryan M Rajagopalan N | 1994 | Chemical Engineering Progress1994，，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Pitch-based monaural segregation of reverberant speech显示文摘 | Roman N Wang D | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 20 | 64-slice multidetector coronary CT angiography: in vitro evaluation of 68 different stents显示文摘 | David Maintz Harald Seifarth Rainer Raupach Thomas Flohr Michael Rink Torsten Sommer Murat ?zgün Walter Heindel Roman Fischbach | 2006 | European Radiology2006，，4： | 1 |
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