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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | Patient mount an autoimmune response to their bladder cancer-associated T antigen显示文摘 | Ignatoff J M Springer G F Blum M D | 1983 | Naturwissenschaften1983，70，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Estima- tion of Phase Center Corrections for GLONASS-M Satellite Antennas显示文摘 | Dilssner F Springer T Flohrer C Dow J | 2010 | Journal of Geodesy2010，84，8： | 1 |
| 4 | In vitro synthesis of heparosan using recombinant Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase PmHS2显示文摘 | Chavaroche A A Springer J Kc oy F | 2010 | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2010，85，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Normal-weight 14-year-old girl with acanthosis nigricans and markedly increased hepatic steatosis:evidence for the important role of ectopic fat deposition in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in childhood and adolescence显示文摘 | Springer F Nguyen HP Machann J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 6 | Cloning and functional analysis of a cDNA encoding a starch synthase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L) that is predominantly expressed in leaf tissue显示文摘 | Kossmann J Abel G J W Springer F | 1999 | Planta1999，208，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Antisense inhibition of the GDP-mannnose pyrophsphorylase reduces the ascorbate content in transgenic plants leading to develop mental change during senescence显示文摘 | Keller R Springer F Renz A Kossmnna J | 1999 | Plant Physiology1999，19，： | 1 |
| 8 | Influence of intermetallie phases and kirkendall - porosity on the me- chanical properties of joints between steel and aluminium al- loys显示文摘 | Springer H Kostka A Dos Santos J F | 2011 | Materials Science and Engineering: A2011，528，13： | 1 |
| 9 | Cinereain: a novel meTableolite with plant growth regulating properties from Botryzis cinerea 显示文摘 | Cutler H G Springer J P Arrendale R F | 1988 | Agriculture Biology Chemistry1988，52，7： | 1 |
| 10 | Cloning and functional analysis of a cDNA encoding a novel 139 kDa starch synthase from potato (Solarium tuberosum L) 显示文摘 | Abel G J W Springer F Willmitzer L | 1996 | Plant J1996，10，6： | 1 |
| 11 | The influnce of alterations in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activities on starch structure and composition in potato tubers显示文摘 | Lloyd J R Springer F Buléon A | 1999 | Planta1999，209，： | 1 |
| 12 | In vitro synthesis of heparosan using recombinant Pazteurella multocida heparosan synthase PmHS2显示文摘 | Chavaroche AA Springer J Kooy F et cd | 2010 | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol2010，85，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Localization of the peptide transporter PEPT2 in the lung: implication for pulmonary oligopeptide uptake显示文摘 | Groneberg DA Nickolaus M Springer J Doring F Daniel H Fischer A | 2001 | Am J Pathol2001，158，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Cinereain:a novel metabolite with plant growth regulating properties from Botrytis cinerea显示文摘 | CUTLER H G SPRINGER J P ARRENDALE R F | | 0，，07： | 1 |
| 15 | Estimating Intervention Effectiveness:Synthetic Projection of Field Evaluation Results显示文摘 | Derzon J H Sale E Springer J F | 2005 | The Journal of Primary Prevention2005，26，： | 1 |
| 16 | Prehydrolysis of aspen wood with water and with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid显示文摘 | Springer E L Harris J F | 1982 | Svensk Papperstidn1982，，： | 1 |
| 17 | Procedures for Determining the Neutralizing Capacity of Wood during Hydrolysis with Mineral Acid Solutions 显示文摘 | Springer E L Harris J F | 1985 | Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev1985，24，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Relationships of body compo- sition and liver fat content with insulin resistance in obesity-matched adolescents and adults 显示文摘 | Linder K Springer F Machann J | 2014 | Obesity ( Silver Spring)2014，22，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Protein methylation in bebavioural control mechanisms and in signal transduction显示文摘 | Springer M S Goy M F Adler J | 1979 | Nature1979，280，： | 1 |
| 20 | Degradation of zinc oxide thin films in aqueous environment:part Ⅰ-Bare films显示文摘 | de Rosa L Perugini N Mitton D B Monetta T Bellucci F Springer J | 2001 | Materials and Corrosion2001，52，： | 1 |
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