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| 1 | Characteristics and origin of abnormally high porosity zones in buried Paleogene clastic reservoirs in the Shengtuo area, Dongying Sag, East China显示文摘There are three abnormally high porosity zones developed in buried Paleogene nearshore subaqueous fan and sublacustrine fan clastic reservoirs at 2,800-3,200 m, 3,250-3,700 m and 3,900-4,400 m, respectively, within the Shengtuo area of the Dongying Sag. Here the porosity of reservoirs buried deeper than 4,000 m can still be greater than 20%. Investigation of these three abnormally high porosity(AHP) zones in the 3rd to 4th member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo area was carried out with utilization of core observation, thin section identification, SEM observation, image analysis, core physical property testing and other technical methods. The results show that, the AHP zones in 2,800-3,200 m and 3,250-3,700 m are visible pores primary AHP zones dominated by significant primary intergranular pores(more than 50% of the total porosity), while secondary pores and micropores in authigenic clays may develop in some reservoirs. AHP reservoirs in the AHP zone of 3,900-4,400 m are dominated by micropores in matrix, visible pores are mainly grain dissolution pores but with low absolute content(< 1%), so this zone belongs to the micropores primary AHP zone. The genesis of the three AHP zones was studied to distinguish between porosity enhancement and porosity preservation. Our research shows that, in deeply buried clastic reservoirs in the Shengtuo area, mineral dissolution occurred in a relatively closed diagenetic system with high temperature and high salinity. Reservoir rocks underwent extensive feldspar dissolution, while detrital carbonate grains and carbonate cements show no evidence of extensive dissolution. Although significant feldspar dissolution pores developed, feldspar dissolution enhanced porosity only a little due to the precipitation of almost isovolumetric dissolution products in the nearby primary intergranular pores in forms of authigenic clays and quartz cements. Net enhanced porosity originating from feldspar dissolution is generally less than 0.25%. Thus, the subsurface dissolution has little impact on the mid-deep buried high porosity reservoirs. Reservoirs in braided channels of middle fans in sublacustrine fans and reservoirs in the middle-front of fan bodies of nearshore subaqueous fans provide the basis for the development of AHP zones. The shallow development of fluid overpressure and early hydrocarbon emplacement have effectively retarded compaction and carbonate cementation, so that the high porosity in the superficial layers is preserved in the mid-deep layers. These are the main controlling factors in the development of AHP zones. | Cao Yingchang Yuan Guanghui Li Xiaoyan Wang Yanzhong Xi Kelai Wang Xiaoming Jia Zhenzhen Yang Tian | 2014 | Petroleum Science2014，11，3： | 18 |
| 2 | Pore Characteristics of the Fine-Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin, Northwestern China显示文摘This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly <0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting. | ZHANG Shaomin CAO Yingchang Jens JAHREN ZHU Rukai MAO Zhiguo XI Kelai Kashif MUHAMMAD Helge HELLEVANG | 2018 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2018，92，3： | 5 |
| 3 | Applications of Light Stable Isotopes(C, O, H) in the Study of Sandstone Diagenesis: A Review显示文摘This article reviews the applications of light stable isotope, including carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, in thestudies on origin and formation temperature of authigenic carbonate, quartz and clay minerals. Theoretical knowledge andanalytical methods for major light stable isotopes are introduced in detail. Negative and positive δ^(13)C values indicatesignificant differences on the origin of carbonate cements. The δ^(18)O value is an effective palaeotemperature scale forauthigenic minerals formation. Various fractionation equations between δ^(18)O and temperature are proposed for carbonatecements, quartz cements and clay minerals, whose merit and demerit, applicable conditions are clarified clearly. Clumpedisotope analysis can reconstruct the temperature of carbonate precipitation with no requirement on the δ^(18)O of initial waters,which makes temperature calculation of carbonate cements formation more convenient and accurate. Hydrogen and oxygenisotopes mainly reflect the origin of diagenetic fluid for clay mineral formation, providing reliable evidence for diageneticenvironment analysis. This work aims at helping researchers for better understanding the applications of light stable isotopein sandstone diagenesis. | XI Kelai CAO Yingchang LIN Miruo LIU Keyu WU Songtao YUAN Guanghui YANG Tian | 2019 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2019，93，1： | 4 |
| 4 | Characteristics of Micro Pore-throat of Tight Oil Reservoir in Permian Lucaogou Formation,Jimsar Sag显示文摘Jimsar Sag is located in the southwest section of the eastern part of the Junggar Basin.It is a typical selfgeneration and self-storage type tight oil reservoir in the deposition period of Permian Lucaogou Formation.The tight oil reservoir rocks have complex mineral compositions and multiple components,which represent a kind of transitional mixed sedimentary rock.According to the relative contents of terrigenous detrital,carbonate | XUE Xiujie CAO Yingchang WANG Jian XI Kelai ZHANG Qingqing | 2015 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2015，89，A01： | 2 |
| 5 | Cyclicity related to solar activity in lacustrine organic-rich shales and their significance to shale-oil reservoir formation显示文摘The formation mechanism of micron-to centimeter-scale sedimentary cycles in lacustrine shales is a hot topic of research,because these small-scale sedimentary cycles significantly influence shale-oil distribution heterogeneity.High-frequency paleoenvironmental evolution is an important controlling factor for the formation of small-scale sedimentary cycles.However,the driving factors of high-frequency paleoenvironmental evolution and the formation process of sedimentary cycles under its constraint remain speculative.In this study,which focuses on lacustrine shales,we find that the alternating deposition of variable thickness of organic-rich lamina(ORL)and silty-grained felsic lamina(SSFL)form sedimentary cycles on the micron to centimeter scale in the Chang 73 sub-member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin.Based on detailed petrographic characterization,in-situ geochemical parameter testing,and high-resolution cycle analysis,the formation process of cyclical sedimentary records and related paleoenvironmental evolution are investigated.Three solar activity cycles were identified from the shales,namely the 360–500 yr,81–110 yr,and 30–57 yr cycles(cycles I,II,and III,respectively).Highfrequency paleoenvironmental evolution caused by solar activity induced lake-level fluctuation,which further controlled silty-grained sediment deposition and organic matter preservation in deep lake areas.Cycle I controlled relatively long-term lake-level fluctuation,driving several pairs of SSFL and ORL deposition at the centimeter scale.Cycles II and III were short-term cycles and acted on the millimeter to micrometer scale,further complicating the sedimentary strata forming during the period of lake-level fall induced by cycle I.The cyclic deposition of SSFL and ORL correspond to cycle III.Lake-level fluctuation influenced by cycle II mainly caused SSFL thickness variation in each lamina couplet.During the period of lake-level rise induced by cycle I,periods of lake level rise during cycles II,and III show cyclic variation in reducibility,and are not thought to control the supply of coarse-grained sediments in to the deep lake areas.Frequent lake-level fluctuation promotes lamina couplet formation in thickly-bedded shales,which creates favorable conditions for shale-oil accumulation.Oil produced from ORL can migrate-locally into dissolved feldspar porosity in SSFL and therefore is able to accumulate in shales,which creates high potential for future oil exploration in thickly-bedded lacustrine shales. | Miruo Lin Kelai Xi Yingchang Cao Rukai Zhu Xiaobing Niu Honggang Xin Weijiao Ma | 2023 | Geoscience Frontiers2023，14，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Multisourced CO_(2) Injection in Fan Delta Conglomerates and Its Influence on Reservoir Quality: Evidence from Carbonate Cements of the Baikouquan Formation of Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwestern China显示文摘Sandy-conglomerate reservoir has gradually become a major target of oil and gas exploration.Complex diagenetic process and diagenetic fluid play a significant role in affecting reservoir heterogeneity.Carbonate cements form at various stages of the diagenesis process and record various geological fluid information.Recently,one-billion-ton sandy conglomerate oil field was exposed in Triassic Baikouquan Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin.Therefore,an integrated study applying casting thin sections,cathodeluminescence,fluorescence,carbon and oxygen stable isotopes,electronic probe microanalysis and aqueous fluid inclusions measurements was performed in order to identify the types of carbonate mineral and its representative diagenetic environment and discuss the influences of different CO_(2) injections on reservoir quality.The main findings are as follows:The reservoir is mainly composed of 70.33%conglomerate and 16.06%coarse-grained sandstone.They are characterized by low compositional maturity and abundant lithic debris.Four types carbonate cements are identified according to the petrological and geochemical characteristics,including two types of Mn-rich calcite,ferroan calcite,siderite and dawsonite.They display an unusual broad spectrum ofδ^(13)C values(-54.99‰to+8.8‰),suggesting both organic and inorganic CO_(2) injections.The δ^(13)C values of siderite are close to 0,and its formation is related to meteoric water.Theδ^(13)C values of ferroan calcite and the occurrence of dawsonite indicate the trace of inorganic mantle-derived magmatic fluids.Theδ^(13)C values and trace elements of Mn-rich calcite record the information of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids.The fluid inclusions measurement data and reservoir properties and oil-test data show that the oil content of reservoir is not only affected by the formation time of different cements,but also by the relative content of dissolution and cementation.For these reservoirs altered by carbonate cements,it does not cause poor oil-bearing due to blockage of secondary minerals. | Ning Zhu Yingchang Cao Kelai Xi Songtao Wu Rukai Zhu Miaomiao Yan Shunkang Ning | 2021 | Journal of Earth Science2021，32，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Genesis of granular calcite in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks and its indication to volcanichydrothermal events: A case study of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China显示文摘Granular calcite is an authigenic mineral in fine-grained sedimentary rocks.Core observation,thin section observation,cathodoluminescence analysis,fluid inclusion analysis,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and isotopic composition analysis were combined to clarify the genesis of granular calcite in the lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin.It is found that the granular calcite is distributed with laminated characteristics in fine-grained sedimentary rocks in tuffite zones(or the transitional zone between tuffite and micritic dolomite).Granular calcite has obvious cathodoluminesence band,and it can be divided into three stages.Stage-Ⅰ calcite,with non-luminesence,high content of Sr element,inclusions containing Cos,and homogenization temperature higher than 170℃,was directly formed from the volcanic-hydrothermal deposition.Stage-Ⅱ calcite,with bright yellow luminescence,high contents of Fe,Mn and Mg,enrichment of light rare earth elements(LREEs),and high homogenization temperature,was formed by recrystallization of calcareous edges from exhalative hydrothermal deposition.Stage-IlI calcite,with dark orange luminescence band,high contents of Mg,P,V and other elements,no obvious fractionation among LREEs,and low homogenization temperature,was originated from diagenetic transformation during burial.The granular calcite appears regularly in the vertical direction and its formation temperature decreases from the center to the margin of particles,providing direct evidences for volcanic-hydrothermal events during the deposition of the Lucaogou Formation.The volcanic-hydrothermal event was conducive to the enrichment of organic matters in fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Lucaogrou Formation,and positive to the development of high-quality source rocks.The volcanic-hydrothermal sediments might generate intergranular pores/fractures during the evolution,creating conditions for the self-generation and self-storage of shale oil. | LI Ke XI Kelai CAO Yingchang WANG Youcheng LIN Miruo | 2023 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2023，50，3： | 0 |
| 8 | Hydrothermally induced diagenesis: Evidence from shallow marinedeltaic sediments, WilhelmØya, Svalbard显示文摘Sedimentary basins containing igneous intrusions within sedimentary reservoir units represent an important risk in petroleum exploration. The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments at Wilhelm?ya(Svalbard) contains reservoir heterogeneity as a result of sill emplacement and represent a unique case study to better understand the effect of magmatic intrusions on the general burial diagenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Sills develop contact metamorphic aureoles by conduction as presented in many earlier studies. However, there is significant impact of localized hydrothermal circulation systems affecting reservoir sediments at considerable distance from the sill intrusions. Dolerite sill intrusions in the studied area are of limited vertical extent(~12 m thick), but created localized hydrothermal convection cells affecting sediments at considerable distance(more than five times the thickness of the sill)from the intrusions. We present evidence that the sedimentary sequence can be divided into two units:(1) the bulk poorly lithified sediment with a maximum burial temperature much lower than 60-70 ℃,and(2) thinner intervals outside the contact zone that have experienced hydrothermal temperatures(around 140 ℃). The main diagenetic alteration associated with normal burial diagenesis is minor mechanical plastic deformation of ductile grains such as mica. Mineral grain contacts show no evidence of pressure dissolution and the vitrinite reflectance suggests a maximum temperature of ~40 ℃. Contrary to this, part of the sediment, preferentially along calcite cemented flow baffles, show evidence of hydrothermal alteration. These hydrothermally altered sediment sections are characterized by recrystallized carbonate cemented intervals. Further, the hydrothermal solutions have resulted in localized sericitization(illitization) of feldspars, albitization of both K-feldspar and plagioclase and the formation of fibrous illite nucleated on kaolinite. These observations suggest hydrothermal alteration at T> 120-140 ℃ at distances considerably further away than expected from sill heat dissipation by conduction only, which commonly affect sediments about twice the thickness of the sill intrusion. We propose that carbonate-cemented sections acted as flow baffles already during the hydrothermal fluid mobility and controlled the migration pathways of the buoyant hot fluids. Significant hydrothermally induced diagenetic alterations affecting the porosity and hence reservoir quality was not noted in the noncarbonate-cemented reservoir intervals. | Beyene G.Haile Urszula Czarniecka Kelai Xi Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora Jens Jahren Alvar Braathen Helge Hellevang | 2019 | Geoscience Frontiers2019，10，2： | 0 |
| 9 | Origin of Quartz Cement in the Paleogene Sandstone Reservoir of Shahejie Formation,Bohai Bay Basin,China显示文摘The precipitation of authigenic quartz plays a significant role to reduce the reservoir characteristics and enhance the stiffness of the rock.The Es_(1) sandstone of Shahejie Formation is acting as a significant hydrocarbon producing rock in the Nanpu Sag.Various methods like thin section petrography,cathodoluminescence(CL),scanning electron microscope(SEM,with EDS),and electron microprobe analysis has been used to reveal the origin of quartz cement as well as to evaluate the effect of quartz cement on reservoir quality.The studied sandstone is classified as immature to mature feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose and consists of quartz,feldspar,rock fragments and micas.Petrographic studies and SEM analysis shows that the authigenic quartz is acting a significant cement that reduces the reservoir quality.Whereas clay minerals(kaolinite and mixed layer illite to smectite)are dominant in the Es_(1) sandstone,that can reduce the reservoir quality.SEM,CL and thin section analysis reveal that there are two stages of quartz cement in the studied samples;that are pore filling authigenic cement and quartz overgrowth cement.Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures shows that stages of quartz cement were developed with continuous process from 70℃ to 130℃.Quartz cements were generally originated from I/S reaction,feldspar dissolution,conversion of rock fragments and pressure solution.Feldspar dissolution(K-feldspar)and kaolinite to illite reaction is an insignificant silica source for the silica cement which is internally precipitated in a close system with diffusion transporting mechanism.Overall,quartz cement significantly enhance the rock strengthen and brittleness effectively as well as it reduce the overall reservoir quality. | Muhammad KASHIF CAO Yingchang Nizam Ud DIN Uzair SIDDIQUE XI Kelai Faisal REHMAN Noor AHMED GU Xihao Mohammad Saleh GAGHMAN | 2022 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2022，96，1： | 0 |
| 10 | Characteristics and Genesis of the Es_(1) Productive Sandstone Reservoir(Paleogene),Nanpu Sag,East China显示文摘The Shahejie Formation is a fundamental rock unit for hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin.Methodology including thin sectioning,core observations,fluorescence,scanning electron microscopy,cathodoluminescence,fluid inclusion,laser scanning confocal microscopy and geochemical analysis(C,O isotopes)were all utilized to investigate the reservoir characteristics and origin of the Es_(1)Sandstone.Thin section study showed that the reservoir rock consisted of feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose.The reservoir pores are categorized as intergranular pores,fracture pores,dissolution pores and intergranular cement dissolution pores.The studied sandstone had good porosity(0.05%–35%)and permeability(0.006–7000 mD).The Es_(1) reservoir is classified as a fractured reservoir,a primary intergranular pore-associated reservoir and a dissolution reservoir.Deposition,diagenesis and tectogenesis are the main factors that played important roles in the development of the reservoir.Sedimentation is the foundation and assumption for reservoir development,but the effective reservoir is primarily controlled by primary pores,fractures,lithofacies,tectonic elements and dissolution pores.Moreover,compaction,fracture filling and cementation were the primary sources of reservoir densification.The reservoir was progressively formed through the influence of different geological and diagenetic events.The present study provides significant information and references for hydrocarbon exploration and development in the Nanpu Sag. | Kashif MUHAMMAD CAO Yingchang Ahsan NAVEED Asif MUHAMMAD YUAN Guanghui XI Kelai ZHANG Shaomin XU Qisong MUsman TAHIR Isgandarov ORKHAN | 2021 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2021，95，3： | 0 |
| 11 | Successive formation of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution in deeply buried feldspar-rich clastic reservoirs in typical petroliferous basins and its petroleum geological significance显示文摘Clastic rock reservoirs in petroliferous basins are generally rich in feldspars. Feldspar dissolution has developed widely in clastic reservoirs, and the resulting secondary pores are crucial in deeply buried reservoirs. Based on a study of the diagenesis of clastic reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin, Tarim Basin, and Pearl River Mouth Basin and physical and numerical simulation experiments of fluid-rock interactions, this paper proposed a successive formation model of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution in deeply buried clastic reservoirs, considering the global research progresses in feldspar dissolution in clastic rocks. Feldspar dissolution can occur from shallow open systems to deep-ultra deep closed systems in petroliferous basins, resulting in the successive formation of secondary pores at different diagenetic stages. The successive mechanism includes three aspects. The first aspect is the succession of corrosive fluids that dissolve minerals. Meteoric freshwater dominates at the Earth’s surface and the early diagenetic A stage. Subsequently, organic acids and COformed via kerogen maturation dominate at the early diagenetic B stage to the middle diagenetic stage. COand organic acids formed via hydrocarbon oxidation in hydrocarbon reservoirs dominate at the middle diagenetic B stage to the late diagenetic stage. The second aspect is the successive formation processes of secondary pores via feldspar dissolution. Large-scale feldspar secondary pores identified in deep reservoirs include secondary pores formed at shallow-medium depths that are subsequently preserved into deep layers, as well as secondary pores formed at deep depths. Existing secondary pores in deeply buried reservoirs are the superposition of successively feldspar dissolution caused by different acids at different stages. The third aspect is a successive change in the feldspar alteration pathways and porosity enhancement/preservation effect. Open to semi-open diagenetic systems are developed from the Earth’s surface to the early diagenetic stage, and feldspar dissolution forms enhanced secondary pores. Nearly closed to closed diagenetic systems develop in the middle to late diagenetic stages, and feldspar dissolution forms redistributional secondary pores. The associated cementation causes compression resistance of the rock, which is favorable for the preservation of secondary pores in deep layers. These new insights extend the formation window of secondary pores in petroliferous basins from the traditional acid-oil generation window to a high-temperature gas generation window after hydrocarbon charging. The proposed model explains the genesis of deep-ultra deep high-quality reservoirs with low-permeability, medium-porosity and dominating feldspar secondary pores, which is significant for hydrocarbon exploration in deep to ultra-deep layers. | Yingchang CAO Guanghui YUAN Yanzhong WANG Nianmin ZAN Zihao JIN Keyu LIU Kelai XI Yihan WEI Peipei SUN | 2022 | Science China Earth Sciences2022，65，9： | 0 |
| 12 | Control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence:A case study of laminated shale of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China显示文摘The control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence in different types of reservoir spaces remains unclear.Take the shale oil reservoir of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin as an example,the reservoir space in laminated shale and the control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence were studied by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),multi-stage pyrolysis,quantitative fluorescence,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and other techniques.The results show that there are mainly two types of laminated shale in the Lucaogou Formation,namely laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic,and laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+carbonate.The former type contains feldspar dissolution pores and intergranular pores,mainly with felsic mineral components around the pore-throats,which are water-wet and control the free shale oil.The latter type contains carbonate intercrystalline pores and organic pores,mainly with oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats,which control the adsorbed shale oil.The oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats are conducive to oil accumulation,but reduce the proportion of free oil.In the Lucaogou Formation,free oil,with high maturity and light quality,mainly occurs in the laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic. | XI Kelai ZHANG Yuanyuan CAO Yingchang GONG Jianfei LI Ke LIN Miruo | 2023 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2023，50，2： | 0 |
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