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| 1 | Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate显示文摘We here report our recent research results on the climatic features of Tibetan thermodynamic functions and their impacts on the regional climates of the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that the thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau not only strongly influence the Asian monsoon and precipitation, but also modulate the atmospheric circulation and climate over North America and Europe through stimulating the large-scale teleconnections such as the Asian-Pacific oscillation and affect the atmospheric circulation over the southern Indian Ocean. The Tibetan climate may be affected by sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific. On the other hand, the Tibetan climate also affects the atmosphere-ocean interactions in the tropics and mid-latitudes of the Pacific by the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific. In spring and summer, the thermodynamic anomalies on the plateau affect the subtropical high pressure, the Hadley circulation, and the intertropical convergence zone over the Pacific, and then modulate the development of the El Ni-o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is necessary to study the forecasting methods for the development of ENSO from the Tibetan climate anomaly. This result also embodies the essence of interactions among land, atmosphere, and ocean over the Northern Hemisphere. Since the previous studies focused on impacts of the plateau on climates in the Asian monsoon regions, it is essential to pay more attention to studying the roles of the plateau in the Northern Hemispheric and even global climates. | ZHOU XiuJi ZHAO Ping CHEN JunMing CHEN LongXun LI WeiLiang | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，11： | 42 |
| 2 | Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day显示文摘Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450-1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pat- tern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400-1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance. | ZHOU XiuJi ZHAO Ping LIU Ge ZHOU TianJun | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，28： | 33 |
| 3 | Hygroscopic growth of aerosol scattering coefficient:A comparative analysis between urban and suburban sites at winter in Beijing显示文摘A humidity controlled inlet system was developed to measure the hygroscopic growth of aerosol scattering coefficient in conjunction with nephelometry at an urban site of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) in Beijing and a rural site at Shangdianzi Regional Background Air Pollution Monitoring Station (SDZ) outside Beijing during winter, from December 2005 to January 2006. Measurements were carried out at a wavelength of 525 nm with an Ecotech M9003 nephelometer. The hygroscopic growth function (or factor) of the aerosol scattering coefficient f(RH) increased continuously with increasing relative humidity (RH) and showed no obvious 'step-like' deliquescent behavior at both sites during the experiment. The average growth factor f(RH) at the SDZ site could reach 1.5 when RH increased from less than 40% to 92%, and to 2.1 at the CAMS site when RH increased from less than 40% to 93%. The average hygroscopic growth factor at a relative humidity of 80%, f(RH = 80 ± 1%), was found to be about 1.26 ± 0.15 at CAMS and 1.24 ± 0.11 at SDZ. Further analysis indicated that under relatively polluted conditions, the average hygroscopic growth factor was higher at the CAMS site than that at the SDZ site. However, under relatively clean air conditions, the difference between the two sites was small, showing a hygroscopic growth behavior similar to those of burning biomass or blowing dust. These results reflected the different characteristics of aerosol types at the two sites. | Peng Yan Xiaole Pan Jie Tang Xiuji Zhou Renjian Zhang Limin Zeng | 2009 | Particuology2009，7，1： | 30 |
| 4 | Ozone mini-hole occurring over the Tibetan Plateau in December 2003显示文摘By analyzing the total ozone data from TOMS and ground-based observations, it is found that a large area with extremely low ozone occurred over the Tibetan Plateau during December 14-17, 2003. After correcting the bias in TOMS data, the area with the total ozone < 220 DU is found to be over 2500000 km2, and the minimum value is only 190 DU. It is the first time that an ozone mini-hole or an extremely low ozone event is found to occur over the Tibetan Plateau. | BIAN Jianchun WANG Gengchen CHEN Hongbin QI Donglin LUE Daren ZHOU Xiuji | 2006 | Chinese Science Bulletin2006，51，7： | 19 |
| 5 | Charge structures and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges characteristics in two supercell thunderstorms显示文摘The charge structures and temporal and spatial characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) light- ning discharges in two supercell thunderstorms have been analyzed based on the data of three-dimen- sional VHF radiation sources with high time and space resolution produced by lightning discharges. The results indicate that the charge structures in main part (convective region) of the thunderstorms were inverted tripole while a number of positive CG lightning discharges were occurring in the two thun- derstorms. The positive CG lightning discharges oc- curred in main part of the thunderstorms and origi- nated from the positive charge region located at the middle part of the thunderstorms. While a number of negative CG lightning discharges were occurring, the negative CG lightning discharges occurred in the anvil of the thunderstorm. The charge structure is inverted dipole in the region due to the slant of charge structure in main region toward anvil region. The negative charge region located at the upper part of anvil produced a lot of negative CG lightning dis- charges. No or less CG lighting was produced di- rectly by the charge region located at the lower part of the thunderstorm. The charge region in lower part of the thunderstorm plays an important role for the occurrence of CG lightning from charge region above it. | ZHANG Yijun MENG Qing LU Weitao Paul Krehbiel LIU Xinsheng ZhOU Xiuji | 2006 | Chinese Science Bulletin2006，51，2： | 16 |
| 6 | Onset of East Asian subtropical summer monsoon and rainy season in China显示文摘Here we use harmonic analyses to examine seasonal variations of China land rainfall, low-level winds, and atmospheric heating over East Asia during spring to summer and the associated subtropical summer monsoon activities. Our results indicate that the South China spring rainfall (SCSR) in March is the prophase of East Asian sub-tropical summer monsoon (EASSM), and the onset of EASSM and China summer rainy season starts in early April, characterized by the enhanced rainfall in South China and the seasonal reverse of zonal land-sea thermal contrast in sub-tropical East Asia. The EASSM onset is earlier than that of South China Sea summer monsoon, and it is active in east of 100?E and north of 20?N. Our analyses suggest that the subsequent heating appears over India-China Peninsula in March and South China in April and causes the low-level atmospheric warming and the zonal land-sea thermal contrast seasonal reverse in East Asian subtropics. The atmospheric heating over South China is the main force to drive the southwesterly winds, updrafts and strengthen the summer precipitation in South China. | ZHU CongWen ZHOU XiuJi ZHAO Ping CHEN LongXun HE JinHai | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，12： | 14 |
| 7 | Evaluation of the Trend Uncertainty in Summer Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau in Three Reanalysis Datasets显示文摘Trend uncertainty in the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau(OVTP)and the South Asian high(SAH)during1979–2009 in ERA-Interim(interim reanalysis data from the ECMWF),JRA-55(55-yr reanalysis data from the Japan Meteorological Agency),and NCEP-CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)datasets was evaluated.The results showed that the NCEP-CFSR OVTP became strong in the summers of 1979–2009,whereas it became weak according to ERA-Interim and JRA-55.Satellite data merged with TOMS(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)and OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument)agreed with the OVTP trend of NCEP-CFSR.The OVTP strengthening in NCEP-CFSR may have been caused by SAH intensification,a rising tropopause,and increasing ozone over non-TP(non-Tibetan Plateau)areas(27°–37°N,<75°E and>105°E).Analogously,the OVTP weakening in ERA-Interim and JRA-55 may have been affected by weakening SAH,descending tropopause,and decreasing non-TP ozone. | Dong GUO Yucheng SU Xiuji ZHOU Jianjun XU Chunhua SHI Yu LIU Weiliang LI Zhenkun LI | 2017 | Journal of Meteorological Research2017，31，2： | 13 |
| 8 | Asian-Pacific Oscillation index and variation of East Asian summer monsoon over the past millennium显示文摘To study the long-term variation of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),the Asian-Pacific Oscillation index(IAPO),representing a zonal thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific,is recon-structed over the past millennium.During the Little Ice Age(LIA),the variability of the reconstructed IAPO is closely linked to dry-wet anomalies in eastern China on the centennial scale.This correlation pattern is consistent with the observation during the current period,which suggests that the reconstructed IAPO may generally represent the centennialscale variation of the EASM and rainfall anomalies over eastern China during the LIA. | ZHOU XiuJi ZHAO Ping LIU Ge | 2009 | Chinese Science Bulletin2009，54，20： | 13 |
| 9 | Spatial structure and scale feature of the atmospheric pollution source impact of city agglomeration显示文摘The spatial structure and multi-scale feature of the atmospheric pollution influence domain of Beijing and its peripheral areas (a rapidly developed city agglomeration) is dissected and analyzed in this paper on the basis of the atmospheric pollution dynamic-chemical process observation data of the urban building ensemble boundary layer of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter (February) and summer (August) 2003, and relevant meteorological elements and satellite retrieval aerosol optical depth (AOD), etc. comprehensive data with the dynamic-statistical integrated analysis of 'point-surface' spatial structure. Results show that there existed significant difference in the contribution of winter/summer different pollution emission sources to the component character of atmospheric pollution, and the principal component analysis (PCA) results of statistical model also indicate that SO2 and NOX dominated in the component structure of winter aerosol particle; instead, CO and NOX dominated in summer. Surface layer atmospheric dynamic and thermal structures and various pollutant species at the upper boundary of building ensembles at urban different observational sites of Beijing in winter and summer showed an 'in-phase' variation and its spatial scale feature of 'influence domain'. The power spectrum analysis (PSA) shows that the period spectrum of winter/summer particle concentration accorded with those of atmospheric wind field: the longer period was dominative in winter, but the shorter period in summer, revealing the impact of the seasonal scale feature of winter/summer atmospheric general circulation on the period of atmospheric pollution variations. It is found that from analyzing urban area thermal heterogeneity that the multiscale effect of Beijing region urban heat island (UHI) was associated with the heterogeneous expansion of tall buildings area. In urban atmospheric dynamical and thermal characteristic spatial structures, the turbulent scale feature of the urban boundary layer (UBL) of architectural complexes had important impact on the multi-scale feature of urban atmospheric pollution. The comprehensive analyses of the variational analysis field of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD-surface PM10 under the condition of clear sky and the correlation resultant wind vector field for pollution source-tracing suggest that the emission sources for winter Beijing atmospheric pollution aerosols particle might be remotely traced to the south peripheral greater-scale spatial range of Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, etc., and the spatial distribution of the high value area of AOD was associated with that of the high value area of resident family number (heating surface source). The backward trajectory feature of winter/ summer air particles exhibits analogous multi-scale feature, and depicts the difference in the scale feature of the pollution sources spatial distribution in different seasons. The peripheral source trajectory paths of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) mainly come from the fixed industrial surface source or heating surface source in the outskirt of Beijing, and the diffusion and transport distance of peripheral sources in winter is larger than one in summer. The above conclusions depict the multi-scale spatial influence domain and seasonal features caused by UAP source influence and atmospheric dynamical structure. The high value area of the winter Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) AOD lay in the Beijing region and its south peripheral area, an S-N zonal pattern, which reflects the dynamical effect of peripheral topographic pattern on the diffusion of regional scale atmospheric pollution sources. Study suggests that the extent of winter atmospheric pollution within the 'valley' megarelief in Beijing and periphery was close related with the pollution emission sources of the south peripheral area; and the significant 'anti-phase' variation feature of winter AOD and sunshine duration in Beijing and its peripheral areas, and regional scale correlation of low cloud cover, fog days, and aerosols reflects the local climatic effect of aerosol influence in this region. Besides, analysis of the impacts of atmospheric dry/wet deposition distributions within a valley-scale on the regional water body of Miyun reservoir also reveals the possible influence of the multi-scale spatial structure of summer water, soil and atmospheric pollution sources on the water quality of Miyun reservoir. | XU Xiangde ZHOU Xiuji SHI Xiaohui | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z2： | 13 |
| 10 | Effect of atmospheric aerosol on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region显示文摘Our analysis of the surface aerosol and ultraviolet(UV) measurements in Pearl River Delta(PRD) region shows that the sur-face UV radiation is reduced by more than 50% due to high aerosol concentrations.This has important impacts on urban eco-system and photochemistry,especially on ozone photochemical production over the region.The quantitative effect of aerosols on surface ozone is evaluated by analyzing surface observations(including ozone,ultraviolet radiation,aerosol radiative pa-rameters) and by using radiative and chemical models.A case study shows that the aerosol concentrations and UV radiation are significantly correlated with ozone concentrations.The correlation coefficient between the aerosol optical depth(AOD) and the PM10 mass concentration is very high,with a maximum of 0.98,and the AOD and UV radiation/ozone is anti-correlated,with a correlation coefficient of -0.90.The analysis suggests that ozone productivity is significantly decreased due to the reduction of UV radiation.The noon-time ozone maximum is considerably depressed when AOD is 0.6,and is further decreased when AOD is up to 1.2 due to the reduction of ozone photochemical productivity.Because the occurring probability of aerosol optical depth for AOD550 nm≥0.6 and AOD340 nm≥1.0 is 47,and 55% respectively during the dry season(October,November,December,January),this heavy aerosol condition explains the low ozone maximum that often occurs in the dry season over the Guangzhou region.The analysis also suggests that the value of single scattering albedo(SSA) is very sensitive to the aerosol radiative effect when the radiative and chemical models are applied,implying that the value of SSA needs to be carefully studied when the models are used in calculating ozone production. | DENG XueJiao ZHOU XiuJi WU Dui TIE XueXi TAN HaoBo LI Fei BI XueYan DENG Tao JIANG DeHai | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，5： | 10 |
| 11 | A novel method for distinguishing fog and haze based on PM2.5, visibility, and relative humidity显示文摘Haze and fog are both low visibility events, but with different physical properties. Haze is caused by the increase of aerosol loading or the hygroscopic growth of aerosol at high relative humidity, whereas visibility degradation in fog is due to the light scattering of fog droplets, which are transited from aerosols via activation. Based on the difference of physical properties between haze and fog, this study presents a novel method to distinguish haze and fog using real time measurements of PM2.5, visibility, and relative humidity. In this method, a criterion can be developed based on the local historical data of particle number size distributions and aerosol hygroscopicity. Low visibility events can be classified into haze and fog according to this criterion. | MA Nan ZHAO ChunSheng CHEN Jing XU WanYun YAN Peng ZHOU XiuJi | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，9： | 10 |
| 12 | Decadal-centennial-scale change in Asian-Pacific summer thermal contrast and solar activity显示文摘To study the temporally varying features of summer thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the adjacent ocean on decadal-centennial time scales and the links between thermal contrast and solar irradiance, we used a time series of the reconstructed Asian-Pacific oscillation index and solar irradiance over the past millennium. The results showed that thermal contrast in the Asian monsoon region has quasi-90-year, 10-13-year, and 3-7-year periods. On the centennial time scale, thermal contrast showed three abrupt changes, occurring in 1305-1315, 1420-1430, and 1625-1635. There is a significant positive correlation between thermal contrast and solar irradiance, which is particularly strong at 250-year, 120-160-year, 60-70-year, and quasi-15-year periods. The three abrupt changes in thermal contrast corresponded to a significantly weakening or strengthening of solar irradiance, lagging 12-22 years behind the solar irradiance, which possibly reflects an effect of solar irradiance on the abrupt change in Asian monsoon climate on the centennial time scale. On the decadal time scale, the abrupt change in the thermal contrast was not closely associated with solar irradiance, which implies that solar activity may not be a major factor affecting the decadal abrupt change in Asian-Pacific thermal contrast. Relative to thermal contrast, the decadal abrupt change in Northern Hemispheric annual mean surface temperature is more closely associated with solar activity, while its centennial abrupt change has a weaker relationship with solar | ZHAO Ping ZHOU XiuJi LIU Ge | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，28： | 9 |
| 13 | Simulation of secondary aerosols over North China in summer显示文摘The comparisons of observed and simulated NOx, CO, O3, NH3, HNO3, SO2 and PM2.5 indicate that CMAQ model can simulate variations of pollutants over North China well.Moreover, the model results show that high NH3 is in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces,with average concentration of (30-35)×10-9. The results of the sensitive experiment indicate that high concentration of NH3 has the efficiency of the production of secondary sulfate aerosol increase by more than 30%, especially at the juncture of Handan, Anyang and Changzhi that increased by 50%. In addition, NH3 also produces secondary ammonia and nitrate aerosol, and the sum of them is approximately equal to sulfate aerosol. The height of planetary boundary layer (PBL) in Beijing is higher in daytime, with average height of 1500 m at noon. This makes SO2,NH3 and HNO3 transported into upper PBL of 850 hPa. The high secondary sulfate, and ammonia and nitrate aerosol happen in the upper and lower PBL, respectively. Because PM2.5 lifetime is relatively long, it can be transported into the middle troposphere to form a thick aerosol layer,which is the arched roof of aerosol. The model result suggests that if the aerosol concentration in North China would be controlled, the reduction of NH3 emission is one of efficient ways besides the reduction of primary SO2, NOx and aerosol emission. | LIU Yu LI Weiliang ZHOU Xiuji | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z2： | 8 |
| 14 | Mass exchange between stratosphere and trotosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings显示文摘Using NCEP dataset we calculate the exchange of mass across the thermal tropopause by the Wei’s method from 1978 to 1997 over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. We also calculate the annual variation of aerosol and ozone of 100 hPa level with the monthly SAGE dataset from July 1988 to December 1993. Results indicate that (i) the mass from troposphere to stratosphere is magistral station in summer over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. The air transport reaches the summit in midsummer with two large value centers, which lie in the north of Bengal Bay and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, respectively. A large value center, which lies over the Tibetan Plateau, is smaller than that aforementioned. In winter, the mass transport is from stratosphere to troposphere, and reaches the minimum in January. (ii) As far as the 19-year mean cross-tropopause mass exchange from June to September is concerned, the net mass transport is 14.84×l018 kg from troposphere to stratosphere. So the area from the | Chunhua Cong Weiliang Li Xiuji Zhou | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，6： | 8 |
| 15 | Global climate effects of summer Tibetan Plateau显示文摘Because the Tibetan Plateau (TP)has the highest elevation in the world and is a key area affecting the Asian extreme weather and climate events,studies on the Tibetan Plateau meteorology have been highly concerned by the international scientific community.In the late 1970s.Ye and Gao [1]reveled the climatic characteristics of the TP heating and its connection with global and regional atmospheric circulations.With the seasonal evolution from winter to summer,strong surface sensible heat regulates the timing of the establishment of the Asian summer monsoon [2].However,Boos and Kuang [3]addressed that the large-scale South Asian summer monsoon is unaffected by removal of the plateau,provided that the narrow orography of the Himalayas and adjacent mountain ranges is preserved,and revealed the domi- nance of the uplift of the Himalayas in the formation of the present South Asian summer monsoon.Then,does this indicate a weak effect of the summer TP thermal forcing on the variability of the present South Asian monsoon and larger-scale climates?Some dis- cussions have been also stimulated in Science [4]. | Ping Zhao Xiuji Zhou Junming Chen Ge Liu Sulan Nan | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，1： | 7 |
| 16 | Study on variational aerosol fields over Beijing and its adjoining areas derived from Terra-MODIS and ground sunphotometer observation显示文摘This paper presents a comprehensive observa-tion technique on derived aerosols data from mobile sun-photometer graph and Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observation. Research results suggest that after being treated by the variational technique with respect to sunphotometer observations, the Terra- MODIS remote sensing aerosol data are remarkably im-proved, thus for the first time revealing features of the influ-ence of aerosols and pollution emissions of Beijing and its adjoining areas (Hebei, Shandong, etc. provinces). The re-gional impact features of aerosols are related with the pe-ripheral U-shape topography of Beijing. Analyses with Hy-brid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT-4) and meteorological data in the case studied confirm the pollutants diffusion process along the trajectory from the sources in the south-west region, and the regional aerosol impact features. | XU Xiangde ZHOU Xiuji WENG Yonghui TIAN Guoliang LIU Yujie YAN Peng DING Guoan ZHANG Yuxiang MAO Jietai QIU Hong | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，18： | 7 |
| 17 | Analysis of reconstructed annual precipitation from tree-rings for the past 500 years in the middle Qilian Mountain显示文摘The ring-width chronology of a Juniperus przewalskii tree from the middle of the Qilian Mountain was constructed to estimate the annual precipitation (from previous August to current July) since AD 1480.The reconstruction showed four major alternations of drying and wetting over the past 521 years.The rainy 16th century was followed by persistent drought in the 17th century.Moreover,relatively wet conditions persisted from the 18th to the beginning of 20th century until the recurrence of a drought during the 1920s and 1930s.Based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition method,eight Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) were extracted,each representing unique fluctuations of the reconstructed precipitation in the time-frequency domain.The high amplitudes of IMFs on different timescales were often consistent with the high amount of precipitation,and vice versa.The IMF of the lowest frequency indicated that the precipitation has undergone a slow increasing trend over the past 521 years.The 2-3 year and 5-8 year time-scales reflected the characteristics of inter-annual variability in precipitation relevant to regional atmospheric circulation and the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),respectively.The 10-13 year scale of IMF may be associated with changing solar activity.Specifically,an amalgamation of previous and present data showed that droughts were likely to be a historically persistent feature of the Earth's climate,whereas the probability of intensified rainfall events seemed to increase during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries.These changing characteristics in precipitation indicate an unprecedented alteration of the hydrological cycle,with unknown future amplitude.Our reconstruction complements existing information on past precipitation changes in the Qilian Mountain,and provides additional low-frequency information not previously available. | TIAN QinHua ZHOU XiuJi GOU XiaoHu ZHAO Ping FAN ZeXin Samuli HELAMA | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，5： | 7 |
| 18 | An East Asian land-sea atmospheric heat source difference index and its relation to general circulation and summer rainfall over China显示文摘Using a monthly precipitation dataset of 160 stations over China and a daily and monthly National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis dataset from 1961 to 2006, we here define an East Asian land-sea atmospheric heat source difference index ILSQD and investigate its relationship to summer rainfall in China and East Asian general circulation. The results show that ILSQD more closely reflects the anomalous variations in summer monsoon phenomena; in the high-index (HI) cases, the strong low-level southerlies over East China and the strong high-level westerlies over middle latitudes indicate an active summer monsoon, and vice versa in the low-index (LI) cases. This index also reflects summer rainfall anomalies over East China; in the HI (LI) cases rainfall increases (decreases) over North China and at the same time decreases (increases) over the mid-lower Yangtze River valley and the southern Yangtze River. Hence, ILSQD can be utilized as a summer monsoon index. There is also remarkable correlation between ILSQD in March and the following summer rainfall over the mid-lower Yangtze River valley. Finally, the Community Atmospheric Model Version 3.1 (CAM3.1) of NCAR is used to run numerical experiments, which verify that the anomalous summer precipitation in simulations is similar to that of diagnosis analysis based on the anomalous summer atmospheric heating forcing. Similarly, the atmospheric heating rate in March can force summer rainfall anomalies in the simulations just as observed in the data. | Zhang Bo Zhou XiuJi Chen LongXun Zhu YanFeng Zhao Bin | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，11： | 6 |
| 19 | Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou显示文摘The UV attenuation due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou was quantitatively assessed using surface ultraviolet radiation (UV,295-385 nm) observation,sun photometer and radiation models.Observations showed that the annual average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 1.19 in UV spectral region of 340 nm,the annual average occurrence frequency of aerosol optical depth AOD 340 nm >1.0 was 55%,and the annual average attenuation rate of surface UV direct radiation of 340 nm was 68%.It was proven in the observation of surface UV radiation and model evaluation that annual average attenuation of UV due to atmosphere was 75%,and that reached 72% in the dry season (October,November,December and January);while average attenuation of UV due to atmospheric aerosols reached 62% in the dry season.It was indicated that very significant UV attenuations due to atmospheric aerosols existed in Guangzhou urban agglomeration,and at least half of UV radiation was attenuated due to atmospheric aerosols.Such large-amplitude attenuation will have a significant impact on urban ecosystem and species chemical cycles,especially photochemical reaction processes. | DENG XueJiao ZHOU XiuJi TIE XueXi WU Dui LI Fei TAN HaoBo DENG Tao | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，21： | 6 |
| 20 | Numerical simulation study of temperature change over East China in the past millennium显示文摘Despite many studies on reconstructing the climate changes over the last millennium in China,the cause of the China's climate change remains unclear.We used the UVic Earth System Climate Model(UVic Model),an Earth system model of intermediate complexity,to investigate the contributions of climate forcings(e.g.solar insolation variability,anomalous volcanic aerosols,greenhouse gas,solar orbital change,land cover changes,and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) to surface air temperature over East China in the past millennium.The simulation of the UVic Model could reproduce the three main characteristic periods(e.g.the Medieval Warm Period(MWP),the Little Ice Age(LIA),and the 20th Century Warming Period(20CWP)) of the northern hemisphere and East China,which were consistent with the corresponding reconstructed air temperatures at century scales.The simulation result reflected that the air temperature anomalies of East China were larger than those of the global air temperature during the MWP and the first half of 20CWP and were lower than those during the LIA.The surface air temperature of East China over the past millennium has been divided into three periods in the MWP,four in the LIA,and one in the 20CWP.The MWP of East China was caused primarily by solar insolation and secondarily by volcanic aerosols.The variation of the LIA was dominated by the individual sizes of the contribution of solar insolation variability,greenhouse gas,and volcano aerosols.Greenhouse gas and volcano aerosols were the main forcings of the third and fourth periods of the LIA,respectively.We examined the nonlinear responses among the natural and anthropogenic forcings in terms of surface air temperature over East China.The nonlinear responses between the solar orbit change and anomalous volcano aerosols and those between the greenhouse gases and land cover change(or anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) all contributed approximately 0.2℃ by the end of 20th century.However,the output of the energy-moisture balance atmospheric model from UVic showed no obvious nonlinear responses between anthropogenic and natural forcings.The nonlinear responses among all the climate forcings(both anthropogenic and natural forcings) contributed to a temperature increase of approximately 0.27℃ at the end of the 20th century,accounting for approximately half of the warming during this period;the remainder was due to the climate forcings themselves. | XIAO Dong ZHOU XiuJi ZHAO Ping | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，9： | 6 |
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