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| 1 | Advanced gastric cancer:Current treatment landscape and future perspectives显示文摘Gastric cancer currently ranks fourth in cancer-related mortality worldwide. In the western world, it is most often diagnosed at an advanced stage, after becoming metastatic at distant sites. Patients with advanced disease(locally advanced or metastatic) have a somber prognosis, with a median overall survival of 10-12 mo, and palliative chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. In recent years, novel approaches using inhibition of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) have demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free and overall survival, compared with chemotherapy alone, in first-line treatment of patients with overexpression of HER2. In addition, both second-line chemotherapy and treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-inhibitor ramucirumab demonstrated significant benefits in terms of overall survival, compared with best supportive care, in randomized studies. Moreover, ramucirumab in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated further significant benefits in terms of progression-free and overall survival, compared with chemotherapy alone, in second-line treatment for patients with metastatic gastric cancer. A recently published molecular classification of gastric cancer is expected to improve patient stratification and selection for clinical trials and provide a roadmap for future drug development. Nevertheless, despite these developments the prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer remains poor. In this review we discuss current standards of care and outline major topics of drug development in gastric cancer. | Antonia Digklia Anna Dorothea Wagner | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，8： | 108 |
| 2 | Targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hepatocellularcarcinoma treatment显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Liver cancer is generally related to hepatitis B or Cinfection and cirrhosis. Usually, patients with HCC are asymptomatic and are diagnosed at late stages when surgical treatment is no longer suitable. Limited treatment options for patients with advanced HCC are a major concern. Therefore, there is an urge for finding novel therapies to treat HCC. Liver cancer is highly heterogeneous and involved deregulation of several signaling pathways. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is frequently upregulated in HCC and it is implicated in maintenance of tumor initiating cells, drug resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. A great effort in developing selective drugs to target components of the β-catenin pathway with anticancer activity is underway but only a few of them have reached phase Ⅰ clinical trials. We aim to review the role of β-catenin pathway on hepatocarcinogenesis and liver cancer stem cell maintenance. We also evaluated the use of small molecules targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with potential application for treatment of HCC. | valery vilchez lilia turcios francesc marti roberto gedaly | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，2： | 51 |
| 3 | The history of interventional therapy for liver cancer in China显示文摘In China interventional therapy of liver cancer started in the 1980s. It is well-known that Professor Lin Gui is the founding father of Interventional radiology. Under the leadership of Lin Gui and other professors, interventional therapy of liver cancer has swiftly progressed in China. Indeed, TAI, TAE, TACE and ablation therapy have witnessed great innovations in hardware facil ities, technical means, and therapeutic philosophy, while incorporating Chinese characteristics. As with the development of combined interventional therapy in China, interventional treatment of liver cancer has gradually started the process of precision and individualization. Actually, multidisciplinary, multimodal, and polymorphic treatments will be the most suitable pattern for liver cancer in the future, among which combination of interventional therapy with targeted, immunological treatments and information technology(IT) tools may bring a revolutionary breakthrough in liver cancer treatment. | Mengxuan Zuo Jinhua Huang | 2018 | Journal of Interventional Medicine2018，1，2： | 59 |
| 4 | Prognostic factors of refractory NSCLC patients receiving anlotinib hydrochloride as the third-or further-line treatment显示文摘Objective:Anlotinib hydrochloride is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,fibroblast growth factor receptor,platelet-derived growth factor receptor,c-Kit,and c-MET;therefore,it exhibits both antitumor and anti-angiogenetic activities.A phase III trial has shown that anlotinib improved progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS)in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),who presented with progressive disease or intolerance after standard chemotherapy.This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of patients receiving anlotinib treatment to determine the dominant populations who are fit for the treatment.Methods:Data were collected from March 2015 to January 2017 from a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,multicenter,phase III trial of anlotinib(ALTER0303).A total of 437 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated(2:1)to the anlotinib and placebo groups.Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test were performed to compare PFS and OS.Cox proportional hazards model was adopted for multivariate prognostic analysis.Results:Multivariate analysis indicated that high post-therapeutic peripheral blood granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels were independent risk factors for PFS.Meanwhile,elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone,blood glucose,and triglyceride levels;hypertension;and hand–foot syndrome were independent protective factors of PFS.High posttherapeutic peripheral blood granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio,an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)score≥2,and the sum of the maximal target lesion length at baseline were independent risk factors of OS,and hypertriglyceridemia was an independent protective factor of OS.Conclusions:This study preliminarily explored the possible factors that affected PFS and OS after anlotinib treatment in patients with advanced refractory NSCLC,and the baseline characteristics of the therapeutically dominant populations were then identified. | Jing Wang Yizhuo Zhao Qiming Wang Li Zhang Jianhua Shi Zhehai Wang Ying Cheng Jianxing He Yuankai Shi Hao Yu Yang Zhao Weiqiang Chen Yi Luo Xiuwen Wang Kejun Nan Faguang Jin Jian Dong Baolan Li Zhujun Liu Baohui Han Kai Li | 2018 | Cancer Biology & Medicine2018，15，4： | 46 |
| 5 | Colorectal cancer tumour markers and biomarkers:Recenttherapeutic advances显示文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among females and third among males worldwide. It also contributes significantly to cancer-related deaths, despite the continuous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Biomarkers currently play an important role in the detection and treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Risk stratification for screening might be augmented by finding new biomarkers which alone or as a complement of existing tests might recognize either the predisposition or early stage of the disease. Biomarkers have also the potential to change diagnostic and treatment algorithms by selecting the proper chemotherapeutic drugs across a broad spectrum of patients. There are attempts to personalise chemotherapy based on presence or absence of specific biomarkers. In this review, we update review published last year and describe our understanding of tumour markers and biomarkers role in CRC screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Goal of future research is to identify those biomarkers that could allow a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnosis, as well as to recognise the best prognostic panel and define the predictive biomarkers for available treatments. | Gustaw Lech Robert Słotwiński Maciej Słodkowski Ireneusz Wojciech Krasnodębski | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，5： | 33 |
| 6 | Therapeutic management options for stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer显示文摘Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.Majority of newly diagnosed lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), of which up to half are considered locally advanced at the time of diagnosis.Patients with locally advanced stage Ⅲ NSCLC consists of a heterogeneous population, making management for these patients complex.Surgery has long been the preferred local treatment for patients with resectable disease.For select patients, multimodality therapy involving systemic and radiation therapies in addition to surgery improves treatment outcomes compared to surgery alone.For patients with unresectable disease, concurrent chemoradiation is the preferred treatment.More recently, research into different chemotherapy agents, targeted therapies, radiation fractionation schedules, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and proton therapy have shown promise to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.The array of treatment approaches for locally advanced NSCLC is large and constantly evolving.An updated review of past and current literature for the roles of surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy for stage Ⅲ NSCLC patients are presented. | Stephanie M Yoon Talha Shaikh Mark Hallman | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2017，8，1： | 32 |
| 7 | High intensity focused ultrasound in clinical tumor ablation显示文摘Recent advances in high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),which was developed in the 1940s as a viable thermal tissue ablation approach,have increased its popularity.In clinics,HIFU has been applied to treat a variety of solid malignant tumors in a well-defined volume,including the pancreas,liver,prostate,breast,uterine fibroids,and soft-tissue sarcomas.In comparison to conventional tumor/cancer treatment modalities,such as open surgery,radio-and chemo-therapy,HIFU has the advantages of non-invasion,non-ionization,and fewer complications after treatment.Over 100 000 cases have been treated throughout the world with great success.The fundamental principles of HIFU ablation are coagulative thermal necrosis due to the absorption of ultrasound energy during transmission in tissue and the induced cavitation damage.This paper reviews the clinical outcomes of HIFU ablation for applicable cancers,and then summarizes the recommendations for a satisfactory HIFU treatment according to clinical experience.In addition,the current challenges in HIFU for engineers and physicians are also included.More recent horizons have broadened the application of HIFU in tumor treatment,such as HIFU-mediated drug delivery,vessel occlusion,and soft tissue erosion(“histotripsy”).In summary,HIFU is likely to play a significant role in the future oncology practice. | Yu-Feng Zhou | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，1： | 33 |
| 8 | Targeting the untargetable KRAS in cancer therapy显示文摘RAS is one of the most well-known proto-oncogenes. Its gain-of-function mutations occur in approximately 30% of all human cancers. As the most frequently mutated RAS isoform, KRAS is intensively studied in the past years. Despite its well-recognized importance in cancer malignancy,continuous efforts in the past three decades failed to develop approved therapies for KRAS mutant cancer. KRAS has thus long been considered to be undruggable. Encouragingly, recent studies have aroused renewed interest in the development of KRAS inhibitors either directly towards mutant KRAS or against the crucial steps required for KRAS activation. This review summarizes the most recent progress in the exploration of KRAS-targeted anticancer strategies and hopefully provides useful insights for the field. | Pingyu Liu Yijun Wang Xin Li | 2019 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2019，9，5： | 33 |
| 9 | Liver cancer stem cell markers: Progression and therapeutic implications显示文摘Cancer stem cells(CSCs) are a small subpopulation in cancer, have been proposed to be cancer-initiating cells, and have been shown to be responsible for chemotherapy resistance and cancer recurrence. The identification of CSC subpopulations inside a tumor presents a new understanding of cancer development because it implies that tumors can only be eradicated by targeting CSCs. Although advances in liver cancer detection and treatment have increased the possibility of curing the disease at early stages, unfortunately, most patients will relapse and succumb to their disease. Strategies aimed at efficiently targeting liver CSCs are becoming important for monitoring the progress of liver cancer therapy and for evaluating new therapeutic approaches. Herein, we provide a critical discussion of biological markers described in the literature regarding liver cancer stem cells and the potential of these markers to serve as therapeutic targets. | Jing-Hui Sun Qing Luo Ling-Ling Liu Guan-Bin Song | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，13： | 31 |
| 10 | Evaluation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitioned circulating tumor cells in patients with resectable gastric cancer: Relevance to therapy response显示文摘AIM: To evaluate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT) of circulating tumor cells(CTCs) in gastric cancer patients.METHODS: We detected tumor cells for expression of four epithelial(E^+) transcripts(keratins 8, 18, and 19 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule) and two mesenchymal(M^+) transcripts(Vimentin and Twist) by a quantifiable, dual-colorimetric RNA-in situ hybridization assay. Between July 2014 and October 2014, 44 patients with gastric cancer were recruited for CTC evaluation. Blood samples were obtained from selected patients during the treatment course [before surgery, after surgery and at the 6^(th) cycle of XELOX based chemotherapy(about 6 mo postoperatively)].RESULTS: We found the EMT phenomenon in which there were a few biphenotypic E^+/M^+ cells in primary human gastric cancer specimens. Of the 44 patients, the presence of CTCs was reported in 35(79.5%) patients at baseline. Five types of cells including from exclusively E^+ CTCs to intermediate CTCs and exclusively M^+ CTCs were identified(4 patients with M^+ CTCs and 10 patients with M^+ or M^+ > E^+ CTCs). Further, a chemotherapy patient having progressive disease showed a proportional increase of mesenchymal CTCs in the post-treatment blood specimens. We used NCI-N87 cells to analyze the linearity and sensitivity of Can Patrol^(TM) system and the correlation coefficient(R^2) was 0.999.CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the EMT phenomenon was both in a few cells of primary tumors and abundantly in CTCs from the blood of gastric cancer patients, which might be used to monitor therapy response. | Ting-Ting Li Hao Liu Feng-Ping Li Yan-Feng Hu Ting-Yu Mou Tian Lin Jiang Yu Lei Zheng Guo-Xin Li | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，47： | 29 |
| 11 | Regulation of multidrug resistance by microRNAs in anti-cancer therapy显示文摘Multidrug resistance(MDR) remains a major clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment.Although diverse mechanisms of MDR have been well elucidated, such as dysregulation of drugs transporters, defects of apoptosis and autophagy machinery, alterations of drug metabolism and drug targets, disrupti on of redox homeostasis, the exact mechanisms of MDR in a specific cancer patient and the cross-talk among these different mechanisms and how they are regulated are poorly understood.Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are a new class of small noncoding RNAs that could control the global activity of the cell by post-transcriptionally regulating a large variety of target genes and proteins expression.Accumulating evidence shows that mi RNAs play a key regulatory role in MDR through modulating various drug resistant mechanisms mentioned above, thereby holding much promise for developing novel and more effective individualized therapies for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the various MDR mechanisms and mainly focuses on the role of mi RNAs in regulating MDR in cancer treatment. | Xin An Cesar Sarmiento Tao Tan Hua Zhu | 2017 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2017，7，1： | 29 |
| 12 | Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma and challenges and opportunities for molecular targeted therapy显示文摘The incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) have fallen dramatically in China and elsewhere over the past several decades. Nonetheless, HCC remains a major public health issue as one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and one of the leading causes of death caused by cancer in China. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a very complex biological process associated with many environmental risk factors and factors in heredity, including abnormal activation of cellular and molecular signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, MAPK, AKT, and ERK signaling pathways, and the balance between the activation and inactivation of the proto-oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, and the differentiation of liver cancer stem cells. Molecule-targeted therapy, a new approach for the treatment of liver cancer, blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with the molecules required for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, making it both specific and selective. However, there is no one drug completely designed for liver cancer, and further development in the research of liver cancer targeted drugs is now almost stagnant. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of HCC and in the development of novel strategies for cancer therapeutics. | Chuan Chen Ge Wang | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，15： | 28 |
| 13 | Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management显示文摘Thirty per cent of all colorectal tumours develop in the rectum.The location of the rectum within the bony pelvis and its proximity to vital structures presents significant therapeutic challenges when considering neoadjuvant options and surgical interventions.Most patients with early rectal cancer can be adequately managed by surgery alone.However,a significant proportion of patients with rectal cancer present with locally advanced disease and will potentially benefit from down staging prior to surgery.Neoadjuvant therapy involves a variety of options including radiotherapy,chemotherapy used alone or in combination.Neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer has been shown to be effective in reducing tumour burden in advance of curative surgery.The gold standard surgical rectal cancer management aims to achieve surgical removal of the tumour and all draining lymph nodes,within an intact mesorectal package,in order to minimise local recurrence.It is critically important that all rectal cancer cases are discussed at a multidisciplinary meeting represented by all relevant specialties.Pre-operative staging including CT thorax,abdomen,pelvis to assess for distal disease and magnetic resonance imaging to assess local involvement is essential.Staging radiology and MDT discussion are integral in identifying patients who require neoadjuvant radiotherapy.While Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is potentially beneficial it may also result in morbidity and thus should be reserved for those patients who are at a high risk of local failure,which includes patients with nodal involvement,extramural venous invasion and threatened circumferential margin.The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in the management of rectal cancer. | Gerard Feeney Rishabh Sehgal Margaret Sheehan Aisling Hogan Mark Regan Myles Joyce Michael Kerin | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，33： | 28 |
| 14 | Role of bevacizumab in colorectal cancer growth and its adverse effects:A review显示文摘Angiogenesis affects both wound healing and malignant cell growth through nutrients and oxygen.Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is the most important element involved in this complex process.Inhibition of VEGF influences angiogenesis and may restrict tumor growth and metastatic ability.Modern antiangiogenic therapy is based on this theory.Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody(immunoglobulin G1) which binds with VEGF-A forming a large molecule.It can not be bound with VEGF tyrosine kinase receptors preventing VEGF-A incorporation;thus its activity is inhibited inducing blockage of VEGFmediated angiogenesis.Bevacizumab,in combination with chemotherapy or other novel targeted therapeutic agents,is currently used more frequently in clinical practice,mainly for managing advanced colorectal cancer.It is also used for managing other malignancies,such as breast cancer,pancreatic cancer,prostate cancer,non small-cell lung cancer,metastatic renal carcinoma and ovarian tumors.Although it is generally considered a safe treatment,there are reports of some rare side effects which should be taken into account.Recent experiments in rats and mice show promising results with a wider therapeutic range. | Efstathios T Pavlidis Theodoros E Pavlidis | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，31： | 24 |
| 15 | Theranostic nanoparticles with tumor-specific enzyme-triggered size reduction and drug release to perform photothermal therapy for breast cancer treatment显示文摘Although progress has been indeed made by nanomedicines, their efficacies for cancer treatment remain low, consequently leading to failures in translation to clinic. To improve the drug delivery efficiency,nanoparticles need to change size so as to fully utilize the enhanced permeability and retention(EPR) effect of solid tumor, which is the golden principle of nanoparticles used for cancer treatment. Herein, we employed cationic small-sized red emission bovine serum albumin(BSA) protected gold nanocluster(Au NC@CBSA,21.06 nm) to both load indocyanine green(ICG) and act as imaging probe to realize theranostic. Then Au NC@CBSA-ICG was fabricated with negatively charged hyaluronic acid(HA) to form Au NC@CBSAICG@HA, which was about 200 nm to easily retain at tumor site and could be degraded by tumor-specific hyaluronidase into small nanoparticles for deep tumor penetration. The HA shell also endowed Au NC@CBSA-ICG@HA with actively targeting ability and hyaluronidase-dependent drug release. Furthermore, the quenching and recovery of fluorescence revealed the interaction between ICG and carrier, which was essential for the investigation of pharmacokinetic profiles. No matter in vitro or in vivo, Au NC@CBSAICG@HA showed markedly anti-tumor effect, and could suppress 95.0% of tumor growth on mice breast cancer model. All results demonstrated Au NC@CBSA-ICG@HA was potential for breast cancer therapy. | Rui Liu Chuan Hu Yuanyuan Yang Jingqing Zhang Huile Gao | 2019 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2019，9，2： | 24 |
| 16 | Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:Current and future显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)arises on the background of chronic liver disease.Despite the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics HCC is continuing to rise,in part driven by the epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Many patients present with advanced disease out with the criteria for transplant,resection or even locoregional therapy.Currently available therapeutics for HCC are effective in a small minority of individuals.However,there has been a major global interest in immunotherapies for cancer and although HCC has lagged behind other cancers,great opportunities now exist for treating HCC with newer and more sophisticated agents.Whilst checkpoint inhibitors are at the forefront of this revolution,other therapeutics such as inhibitory cytokine blockade,oncolytic viruses,adoptive cellular therapies and vaccines are emerging.Broadly these may be categorized as either boosting existing immune response or stimulating de novo immune response.Although some of these agents have shown promising results as monotherapy in early phase trials it may well be that their future role will be as combination therapy,either in combination with one another or in combination with treatment modalities such as locoregional therapy.Together these agents are likely to generate new and exciting opportunities for treating HCC,which are summarized in this review. | Michael P Johnston Salim I Khakoo | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，24： | 23 |
| 17 | Targeted and effective photodynamic therapy for cancer using functionalized nanomaterials显示文摘Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is an emerging, non-invasive therapeutic strategy that involves photosensitizer(PS) drugs and external light for the treatment of diseases. Despite the great progress in PS-mediated PDT, their clinical applications are still hampered by poor water solubility and tissue/cell specificity of conventional PS drugs. Therefore, great efforts have been made towards the development of nanomaterials that can tackle fundamental challenges in conventional PS drug–mediated PDT for cancer treatment. This review highlights recent advances in the development of nano-platforms, in which various functionalized organic and inorganic nanomaterials are integrated with PS drugs, for significantly enhanced efficacy and tumor-selectivity of PDT. | Eun Ji Hong Dae Gun Choi Min Suk Shim | 2016 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2016，6，4： | 22 |
| 18 | Treatment options in patients with metastatic gastric cancer:Current status and future perspectives显示文摘Despite advances in the treatment of gastric cancer,it remains the world’s second highest cause of cancer death.As gastric cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage,systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for these patients.However,no standard palliative chemotherapy regimen has been accepted for patients with metastatic gastric cancer.Palliative chemotherapy including fluoropyrimidine,platin compounds,docetaxel and epirubicin prolongs survival,and improves a high quality of life to a greater extent than best supportive care.The number of clinical investigations associated with targeted agents has recently increased.Agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor 1 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)have been widely tested.Trastuzumab was the first target drug developed,and pivotal phaseⅢtrials showed improved survival when trastuzumab was integrated into cisplatin/fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastric cancer.Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy was thus approved to be a new standard of care for patients with HER2-positive advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma.Thus,the evaluation of HER2 status in all patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma should be considered.Other agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor,mammalian target of rapamycin,and other biological pathways have also been investigated in clinical trials,but showed little impact on the survival of patients.In this review,systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapies for metastatic gastric cancer in the first-and second-line setting are summarized in the light of recent advances. | Ahmet Bilici | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，14： | 23 |
| 19 | Perioperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer:MAGIC and beyond显示文摘Over the last 15 years, there have been major advances in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, in large part due to several phase Ⅲ studies showing the treatment benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvantchemotherapy and chemoradiation protocols. The objective of this editorial is to review the current highlevel evidence supporting the use of chemotherapy, chemoradiation and anti-HER2 agents in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, as well as to provide a clinical framework for use of this data based on our own institutional protocol for gastric cancer. Major studies reviewed include the SWOG/INT 0116, Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy(MAGIC), CLASSIC, ACTS-GC, Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Stomach Cancer(ARTIST) and Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trials. Although these studies have demonstrated that multiple approaches in terms of the timing and therapy for gastric cancer are effective, no standard of care is widely accepted and questions regarding the optimal timing of chemotherapy, the benefit of radiotherapy, the minimum required extent of lymphadenectomy and optimal chemotherapy regimen still exist. Protocols from the upcoming ARTIST Ⅱ, CRITICS, TOPGEAR, Neo-AEGIS and MAGIC-B studies are outlined, and results from these studies will provide critical information regarding optimal timing and treatment regimen. Additionally, the future directions of gastric cancer research predicated on molecular profiling and tailored therapies based on targetable genetic alterations in individual patient's tumors are addressed. | Audrey H Choi Joseph Kim Joseph Chao | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，24： | 21 |
| 20 | Drug resistance and new therapies in colorectal cancer显示文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when tumor cell dissemination has taken place. Chemo-and targeted therapies provide only a limited increase of overall survival for these patients. The major reason for clinical outcome finds its origin in therapy resistance. Escape mechanisms to both chemo-and targeted therapy remain the main culprits. Here, we evaluate major resistant mechanisms and elaborate on potential new therapies. Amongst promising therapies is α-amanitin antibodydrug conjugate targeting hemizygous p53 loss. It becomes clear that a dynamic interaction with the tumor microenvironment exists and that this dictates therapeutic outcome. In addition, CRC displays a limited response to checkpoint inhibitors, as only a minority of patients with microsatellite instable high tumors is susceptible. In this review, we highlight new developments with clinical potentials to augment responses to checkpoint inhibitors. | Kevin Van der Jeught Han-Chen Xu Yu-Jing Li Xiong-Bin Lu Guang Ji | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，34： | 21 |
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