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| 1 | Kinetic simulating experiment on the secondary hydrocarbon generation of kerogen显示文摘The kinetic parameters of generation have been obtained for different hydrocarbon classes, including methane, C2-C5 gas hydrocarbons, C6-C13 light hydrocarbons and C13+ heavy hydrocarbons, and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) by the kinetic simulating experiment of kerogen cracking. Then, combined with the detailed geology of Sichuan Basin, the effective gas-generating intensity of the Lower Cambrian source rock is approximately estimated by applying these parameters. | 熊永强 王云鹏 申家贵 肖贤明 刘德汉 耿安松 贾蓉芬 | 2002 | Science China Earth Sciences2002，45，1： | 13 |
| 2 | Pore structure characterization and its effect on methane adsorption in shale kerogen显示文摘Pore structure characterization and its effect on methane adsorption on shale kerogen are crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of gas storage,transport,and reserves evaluation.In this study,we use 3D scanning confocal microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray nano-computed tomography(nano-CT),and low-pressure N2 adsorption analysis to analyze the pore structures of the shale.Additionally,the adsorption behavior of methane on shales with different pore structures is investigated by molecular simulations.The results show that the SEM image of the shale sample obviously displays four different pore shapes,including slit pore,square pore,triangle pore,and circle pore.The average coordination number is 4.21 and the distribution of coordination numbers demonstrates that pores in the shale have high connectivity.Compared with the adsorption capacity of methane on triangle pores,the adsorption capacity on slit pore,square pore,and circle pore are reduced by 9.86%,8.55%,and 6.12%,respectively.With increasing pressure,these acute wedges fill in a manner different from the right or obtuse angles in the other pores.This study offers a quantitative understanding of the effect of pore structure on methane adsorption in the shale and provides better insight into the evaluation of gas storage in geologic shale reservoirs. | Tian-Yu Wang Shou-Ceng Tian Qing-Ling Liu Gen-Sheng Li Mao Sheng Wen-Xi Ren Pan-Pan Zhang | 2021 | Petroleum Science2021，18，2： | 4 |
| 3 | Identification of marine natural gases with different origin sources显示文摘Kinetic experiments of gas generation for typical samples of marine gas precursors including low-maturity kerogen,residual kerogen and oil as well as dispersed liquid hydrocarbon(DLH)in source rocks were performed by closed system,and the evolution trends of molecular and isotopic compositions of natural gases from different precursors against the maturity(R0%)at laboratory conditions were analyzed.Several diagrams of gas origin were calibrated by using the experimental data.A diagram based on the ratio of normal and isomerous butane and pentane(i/nC4-i/nC5)was proposed and used to identify the origins of the typical marine natural gases in the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, China.And the maturities of natural gases were estimated by using the statistical relationships between the gaseous molecular carbon isotopic data and maturities(δ13C-R 0 %)with different origins.The results indicate that the molecular and isotopic compositions of simulated gases from different precursors are different from each other.For example,the dryness index of the oil-cracking gas is the lowest;the dryness indices of gases from DLH and kerogen in closed system are almost the same;and the dryness index of gases from residual kerogen is extremely high,indicating that the kerogen gases are very dry;the contents of non-hydrocarbon gases in kerogen-cracking gases are far higher than those in oil-cracking and DLH-cracking gases.The molecular carbon isotopes of oil-cracking gases are the lightest,those of kerogen in closed system and GLH-cracking gases are the second lightest,and those of cracking gases from residual kerogen are the heaviest.The calibration results indicate that the diagrams of ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3)andδ13C2-δ13C3-ln(C2/C3)can discriminate primary and secondary cracking gases,but cannot be used to identify gas origin sources,while the diagram of i/nC4-i/nC5 can differentiate the gases from different precursors.The application results of these diagrams show that gas mixtures extensively exist in China,which involved the gases from multiple precursors and those from different maturity stages.For example,marine gases in the Sichuan Basin involve the mixture of oil-cracking gases and high-over-maturated kerogen gases,while those in the Tarim Basin involve not only the mixture of gases from multiple precursors,but also those from different maturity gases and post-reservoir alternations such as oxidized degradation and gas intrusion processes. | WANG YunPeng 1 ,ZHAO ChangYi 2 ,WANG ZhaoYun 2 ,WANG HongJun 2 ,TIAN Jin 1 ,ZOU YanRong 1 &LIU JinZhong1 1State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China 2Institute of Geology,Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，S1： | 4 |
| 4 | Geochemical study on oil-cracked gases and kerogencracked gases (I)——Experimental simulation and products analysis显示文摘Eight types of samples:crude oil,chloroform bitumen A,oil fractions(saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon,resin and asphaltene) ,source rock and kerogen,have been pyrolyzed in laboratory. The products have also been systematically analyzed. The results indicate that gaseous hydrocarbons yields for different types of samples at various temperatures are different,especially for different fractions of crude oil. There is difference for molecular compositions. The C2/C3 ratios of cracking gases in different types of samples have positive relationships with C2/iC4 as well as pyrolysis temperatures. Moreover,the ratios of C2/C3 and C2/iC4 are about 2 and 10,respectively,at the temperature of 500℃― 550℃. However,when the temperature is higher than 500℃,the ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3 and dryness index for gases cracking from source rock and kerogen are higher than those from oil and bitumen,indicating an important different feature between oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases at the high or over-mature stage. The ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3 vary more than 10% at 500℃―800℃. In this paper,experimental results can provide important academic foundation and useful geochemical parameters for distinguishing of oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases. | ZHANG Min1,2,HUANG GuangHui1,2,HU GuoYi3 & ZHAO HongJing1,2 1 Department of Geochemistry,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434023,China 2 Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Resources and Exploration Technology,Ministry of Education,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434023,China 3 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Beijing 10083,China | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，S1： | 4 |
| 5 | Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of CO_2 Transport in Kerogen Nanopores——An Evaluation of CO_2 Sequestration in Organic-Rich Shales显示文摘Organic-rich shale resources remain an important source of hydrocarbons considering their substantial contribution to crude oil and natural gas production around the world. Moreover, as part of mitigating the greenhouse gas effects due to the emissions of carbon dioxide(CO_2) gas, organic-rich shales are considered a possible alternate geologic storage. This is due to the adsorptive properties of organic kerogen and clay minerals within the shale matrix. Therefore, this research looks at evaluating the sequestration potential of carbon dioxide(CO_2) gas in kerogen nanopores with the use of the lattice Boltzmann method under varying experimental pressures and different pore sizes. Gas flow in micro/nano pores differ in hydrodynamics due to the dominant pore wall effects, as the mean free path(λ) of the gas molecules become comparable to the characteristic length(H) of the pores. In so doing, the traditional computational methods break down beyond the continuum region, and the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) is employed. The lattice Boltzmann method is a mesoscopic numerical method for fluid system, where a unit of gas particles is assigned a discrete distribution function(f). The particles stream along defined lattice links and collide locally at the lattice sites to conserve mass and momentum. The effects of gas-wall collisions(Knudsen layer effects) is incorporated into the LBM through an effective-relaxationtime model, and the discontinuous velocity at the pore walls is resolved with a slip boundary condition. Above all, the time lag(slip effect) created by CO_2 gas molecules due to adsorption and desorption over a time period, and the surface diffusion as a result of the adsorption-gradient are captured by an adsorption isotherm and included in our LBM. Implementing the Langmuir adsorption isotherm at the pore walls for both CO_2 gas revealed the underlying flow mechanism for CO_2 gas in a typical kerogen nano-pore is dominated by the slip flow regime. Increasing the equilibrium pressure, increases the mass flux due to adsorption. On the other hand, an increase in the nano-pore size caused further increase in the mass flux due to free gas and that due to adsorbed gas. Thus, in the kerogen nano-pores, CO_2 gas molecules are more adsorptive indicating a possible multi-layer adsorption. Therefore, this study not only provides a clear understanding of the underlying flow mechanism of CO_2 in kerogen nano-pores, but also provides a potential alternative means to mitigate the greenhouse gas effect(GHG) by sequestering CO_2 in organic-rich shales. | Sherifa Cudjoe Reza Barati | 2017 | Journal of Earth Science2017，28，5： | 3 |
| 6 | Characterization and origin types of immature and low-mature amorphous kerogen in terrestrial source rocks显示文摘The microfluorescent technique was applied to investigate the fluorescence alteration patterns of amorphous kerogen of the terrestrial source rocks of China. Two fluorescence parameters, I 20 546 and R were suggested, which can be taken to divide the amorphous kerogen into five types: algae amorphinite, biodegraded amorphinite A, B, C, and humic amorphous. On the basis of this, the Rock_Eval analysis results of source rocks were used to investigate the hydrocarbon generating potential of these amorphinite. | Xianming Xiao Zufa Liu Jiagui Shen | 1998 | Chinese Science Bulletin1998，43，3： | 3 |
| 7 | Comparison of pyrolysis characteristics of two Chinese oil shales based onthe migration and conversion of organic carbon显示文摘In this study,the Huadian oil shale(HD-R)and Balikun oil shale(BLK-R)were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed pyrolyzer at 360–530℃.Based on the migration and conversion of organic carbon,their pyrolysis characteristics were investigated and compared.The aliphaticity of Huadian kerogen(HD-K)and Balikun kerogen(BLK-K)are 80.53%and 52.83%,respectively.The HD-K contains more C=O,which will render the depolymerization and decomposition of kerogen to occur at low temperatures to produce volatile matters.Thus,the cumulative conversion of the Huadian shale oil is greater than the Balikun shale oil at 390–435℃.The aliphatic carbons of the BLK-K are mainly present as short methylene chains attached to aromatic rings.They will leave the kerogen matrix with the breakage of relatively weaker CeC bonds at β-sites from aromatic rings at medium temperatures.By contrast,aliphatic carbons of the HD-K are dominated by long aliphatic chains.High temperature is necessary to break other stronger CeC to form shale oil and gaseous species,which appears to make the oil accumulation conversion of BLK-R exceed that of HD-R at 450–510℃. | Zhi-bing Chang Mo Chu Chao Zhang Shu-xia Bai Sheng-tao Wang Bao-man Liu | 2018 | Carbon Resources Conversion2018，1，3： | 3 |
| 8 | Pb, Sr isotopes in organic matter of Lower Tertiary hydrocarbon source rocks in Liaohe Fault Depression显示文摘The Pb, Sr isotopic compositions in organic matters (kerogen and soluble organic matter) of Lower Tertiary hydrocarbon source rock in Liaohe Fault Depression is first reported. There is a great variable rang of Pb isotopic compositions in kerogen, 206Pb/204Pb = 17.488-18.656, 207Pb/204Pb= 15.388-15.692, 208Pb/204Pb = 37.656-37.484. And soluble | Jinglian Zhang Bingquan Zhu Yixian Cheng Xianglin Tu Zhengling Chao Chengjun Zhang Qianhua Xiao Jingyou Li Mingzhi Piao | 1999 | Chinese Science Bulletin1999，44，23： | 3 |
| 9 | Genesis and organic geochemical characteristics of the carbonaceous rock stratabound gold deposits, South China显示文摘The organic matter of three different chronological major carbonaceous rock gold-bearing formations of South China (Middle Proterozoic Shangqiaoshan group of northeastern Jiangxi, Lower Cambrian Shuikou group of northern Guangxi and Devonian Shetianqiao group of eastern Hunan) and related carbonaceous stratabound gold deposits such as Jinshan, Longshui and Shixia deposits, respectively, has been characterized by organic geochemical techniques. These organic geochemical results show that the average total organic carbon (TOC) content of the three chronological carbonaceous rock gold-bearing formations of South China ranges from 0.15% to 1.56%. The thermal maturity of the organic matter of host rocks in the three gold-bearing formations is high. The micro-component of the organic matter of the host rocks consists primarily of solid bitumen and graphite. The organic carbon and gold of the host rocks appear to syndeposit in situ during the formation of the gold-bearing formations. The organic carbon | 胡凯 翟建平 刘英俊 王鹤年 张景荣 贾蓉芬 | 2000 | Science China Earth Sciences2000，43，5： | 2 |
| 10 | Precambrian organic matter显示文摘The late progress of the research on Precambrian organic matter in biomarkers, isotopes and relative analytical techniques is reviewed. The key problems in the research of Precambrian organic matter, such as indigenous test of soluble organic matter, are also discussed. At the end, the further work upon Precambrian organic matter is suggested. | Chao Li Ping’an Peng Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，4： | 2 |
| 11 | Origin of immature sulfur-rich oil in Jianghan oil field显示文摘Chemical structure of immature sulfur_rich kerogen and composition of immature sulfur_rich crude oil in Jianghan oil field have been studied. In molecular level, crude oil differs from thermolysed and chemolysed products of kerogen but does resemble the bitumen in immature sulfur_rich source rock. Therefore, immature sulfur_rich oil may be derived from the expelling of bitumen rather than from thermal cracking of kerogen. | Ping’an Peng Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Zhijun Wu Jigang Jiang | 1998 | Chinese Science Bulletin1998，43，8： | 1 |
| 12 | The role of sulfur in the pyrolysis of kerogen显示文摘Sulfur plays an important role in the generation and evolution of hydrocarbon from organic matter. Here, a pyrolysis experiment in closed system was performed on Maoming oil shales kerogen (Type Ⅰ), Maoming oil shales kerogen added with sulfur ether and Maoming oil shales kerogen added with sulphur. The results suggest that the existence of sulfur can result in: (i) higher yield of hydrocarbons generated from the kerogen; (ii) decrease of the temperature for the maximum generation of heavy hydrocarbons (the C15+ fraction) by 20℃; (iii) decrease of the temperature for the maximum generation of the aromatics fraction by 40℃, and (iv) acceleration of the aromatization process. The pyrolysates from kerogen added with sulfur are similar to the heating products of the sulfur-rich kerogen as reported in the literatures. It seems that the sulfur catalysis is also an important factor that can make the sulfur-rich kerogen generate low-mature oil at the earlier diagenesis stage, except for the weakness of the C- | Qin Yan Peng Ping’an Yu Chiling Liu Jinzhong | 2004 | Chinese Science Bulletin2004，49，S1： | 1 |
| 13 | Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens显示文摘There is a dearth of information about the distribution of trace elements in kerogen from shale rocks despite several reports on trace element composition in many shale samples. In this study, trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The results from this study show redox-sensitive elements relatively concentrated in the kerogens as compared to the shales. This may be primarily due to the adsorption and complexation ability of kerogen, which enables enrichment in Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn. For the rare earth elements(REEs),distinct distribution characteristics were observed for shales dominated by terrigenous minerals and their kerogen counterparts. However, shales with less input of terrigenous minerals showed similar REE distribution patterns to their residual kerogen. It is speculated that the distribution patterns of the REEs in shales and kerogens may be sourcerelated. | Jian-bing Xu Bin Cheng Qian Deng Yun-gan Liang Oluwabamise Lekan Faboya Ze-wen Liao | 2018 | Acta Geochimica2018，37，6： | 1 |
| 14 | Pore evolution in hydrocarbon-generation simulation of organic matter-rich muddy shale显示文摘For exploration and potential evaluation of deep shale reservoirs with high maturity,hydrocarbon generation and pore evolution of muddy shale in deep high evolution stage were investigated by the high-temperature high-pressure simulation experiment.Results indicated that under high pressure condition,nano-scale micropores in organic matter-rich muddy shale constantly increased as rise of temperature and pressure,leading to increase of shale porosity.However,in the high mature-overmature stage,shale porosity decreased with further increase of temperature and pressure.In contrast to micropores,micro-scale capillary pores and megapores in shale constantly decreased as rise of simulation temperature or pressure,indicating that deep-burial reservoirs was not favorable for free-gas storage;but significant increase of micropores and surface area during this stage could make up for a loss of adsorbed natural gas in shale due to decrease of adsorption capacity which was induced by increase of temperature and pressure,thus leading to high shale gas potential in deep layers.A large number of secondary micropores were developed in the simulated samples such as pyrite and dolomite,demonstrating that shale clasts and mineral matrix could also form abundant secondary micropores during the deep evolution stage;during the evolution process,shale as hydrocarbon source rock could generate a large amount of acidic fluid which was favorable for development of secondary porosity. | Liming Ji Long Su Yuandong Wu Cong He | 2017 | Petroleum Research2017，2，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Kerogen——as a sort of organic bearer of gold in gold-bearing formations显示文摘Organic component, organic carbon and gold content analyses were used to study the relationship between gold mineralization and organic matter in major host rocks of three different chronological gold-bearing formations of South China. The results show that the organic matter of host rocks in various chronological major gold-bearing formations of South China has associated with gold mineralization in genesis. There is a positive correlation between gold and organic carbon in the host rocks of gold-bearing formations. Gold element was mainly enriched in insoluble organic matter——kerogen. Gold content of the kerogen is commonly higher from a few tens to several hundred times than that of the whole rocks, up to 5%—40% gold of the whole rocks. Gold remaining in the kerogen was considered an organic group of the kerogen to combine with ionic gold in solution through surface absorption, ion exchange complex reaction and chelation so that the kerogen could have become an important sort of organic bearer | Kai Hu Jianping Zhai Yingjun Liu Henian Wang | 1999 | Chinese Science Bulletin1999，44，11： | 1 |
| 16 | The Original Organism Assemblages and Kerogen Carbon Isotopic Compositions of the Early Paleozoic Source Rocks in the Tarim Basin, China显示文摘Original organisms are the biological precursors of organic matter in source rocks. Original organisms in source rocks are informative for oil-source rock correlation and hydrocarbon potential evaluation, especially for source rocks which have high-over level of thermal maturity. Systematic identification of original organism assemblages of the Lower Paleozoic potential source rocks and detailed carbon isotopic composition of kerogen analyses were conducted for four outcrop sections in the Tarim basin. Results indicated that the original organism assemblages of the lower part of the Lower Cambrian were composed mainly of benthic algae, whereas those of the Upper Cambrian and the Ordovician were characterized by planktonic algae. Kerogen carbon isotopic data demonstrated that the δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks dominated by benthic algae are lower than-34‰, whereas the δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks dominated by planktonic algae are higher than-30‰ in general. We tentatively suggested that the carbon species those are utilized by algae and the carbon isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis are the major controls for the δ13 Ckerogen values in the Lower Paleozoic source rocks in the Tarim basin. Correlating the δ13 C values of oils exploited in the Tarim basin, the original organism assemblages, and δ13 Ckerogen values of source rocks, it implied that the Lower Paleozoic oils exploited in the Tarim basin should be sourced from the source rocks with original organism assemblages dominated by planktonic algae, and the hydrocarbon sourced from the Cambrian benthic algae should be of great exploration potential in future. Original organism assemblages in source rocks can provide important clues for oil-source rocks correlation, especially for the source rocks with high thermal maturity. | HU Guang MENG Qingqiang WANG Jie Tengger XIE Xiaomin LU Longfei LUO Houyong LIU Wenhui | 2018 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2018，92，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Influence of sulfate on the generation of bitumen components from kerogen decomposition during catagenesis显示文摘High-quality source rocks in saline lacustrine or marine sedimentary environments often show early peak petroleum generation and enhanced hydrocarbon yields,which have conventionally been attributed to organosulfur-enhanced thermal decomposition of kero gen.However,there is increasing awareness that the coexisting inorganic salts,particularly sulfates,might also contribute to the acceleration of petroleum generation.In this study,we investigated the influence of sulfates on the thermal decomposition of kerogen sampled from the Pingliang Formation in the Ordos Basin.Our results demonstrate that the kerogen samples mixed with sulfate generate more hydrocarbons with a lower peak production temperature than their sulfate-free counterparts.Detailed chemical analysis revealed that the presence of sulfates significantly facilitated the generation of resins and asphaltenes at temperatures below 350℃,corresponding in our simulations to the early stage of petroleum generation(Easy%R_o <1.0%).We hypothesize that sulfates can promote the fragmentation of kerogen via direct thermochemical oxidation into a complex mixture of bitumen components that consist mostly of compounds typically encountered in the classical resin and asphaltene fractions.The findings reveal a new reaction paradigm between sulfates and organic macromolecules that could offer useful guidance in the exploration for low-maturity oils. | Jia Wu Wen Qi Fu-Jie Jiang Qing-Yong Luo Chun-Lin Zhang Huan-Zhen Hu Zi Wang Qi-Sheng Ma Yong-Chun Tang | 2021 | Petroleum Science2021，18，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Geochemical record for the depositional condition and petroleum potential of the Late Cretaceous Mamu Formation in the western flank of Anambra Basin, Nigeria显示文摘Carbonaceous shale exposures of the Late Cretaceous Mamu Formation along Ifon-Uzebba road in western arm(Benin Flank) of Anambra Basin, southwestern Nigeria, were analyzed for bulk organic geochemical, molecular biological and poly-aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) compositions to investigate the organic matter source, paleo-depositional condition, thermal maturity and petroleum potential of the unit. The bulk organic geochemistry was determined using Leco and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses while the biomarkers and PAH compositions were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).The bulk organic geochemical parameters of the shale samples showed total organic carbon(TOC)(1.11-6.03 wt%), S2(0.49-11.73 mg HC/g Rock), HI(38-242 mg HC/g TOC) and Tmax(425-435 C) indicating good to excellent hydrocarbon source-rock. Typical HI-Tmax diagram revealed the shale samples mostly in the gas-prone Type Ⅲ kerogen region with few gas and oil-prone Type Ⅱ-Ⅲ kerogen. The investigated biomarkers(n-alkane, isoprenoid, terpane, hopane, sterane) and PAH(alkylnaphthalene, methylphenanthrene and dibenzothiophene) indicated that the carbonaceous shales contain mix contributions of terrestrial and marine organic matter inputs that were deposited in a deltaic to shallow marine settings and preserved under relatively anoxic to suboxic conditions.Thermal maturity parameters computed from Rock-Eval pyrolysis, biomarkers(hopane, sterane) and PAH(alkylnaphthalene, alkylphenanthrene, alkyldibenzothiophene) suggested that these carbonaceous shales in Anambra Basin have entered an early-mature stage for hydrocarbon generation. This is also supported by fluoranthene/pyrene(0.27-1.12), fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene)(0.21-0.53) ratios and calculated vitrinite reflectance values(0.49-0.63% Ro) indicative that these shales have mostly reached early oil window maturity, thereby having low hydrocarbon source potential. | Gbenga O.Ogungbesan Taofik AAdedosu | 2020 | Green Energy & Environment2020，5，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Stable isotope(δ^(13)C_(ker),δ^(13)C_(carb),δ^(18)O_(carb)) distribution along a Cambrian outcrop section in the eastern Tarim Basin,NW China and its geochemical significance显示文摘This study investigated the geochemical features of the lower Paleozoic strata of Yaerdang Mountain outcrop along with the core samples from well TD2∈ in the eastern Tarim Basin,NW China.The total organic carbon abundance,hydrocarbon-generating precursor biospecies,and stable isotope ratios of organics and carbonate(δ^(13)C_(ker),δ^(13)C_(carb) and δ^(18)O_(carb)) were comprehensively studied for their possible correlative constraints during sedimentary evolution.The results revealed that the δ^(13)C_(ker)(VPDB) of Cambrian kerogens along the outcrop section varied from-34.6‰ to-28.4‰,indicating an increasing tendency from the lower Cambrian to the upper Cambrian.This was on the whole accompanied by the variation in the δ^(13)C_(carb) and δ^(18)O_(carb) along the profile,which might be associated with the changes in the sea level and also in the compositional variation of benthic and planktonic biomass.The large variation in the stable carbon isotope ratios up to 6‰ along the outcrop section reflected the heterogeneity of the Cambrian source rocks from the eastern Tarim Basin.Hence,the ^(13)C-enriched crude oils from well TD2∈might have been derived from a localized stratum of Cambrian source rocks.The results from this study showed the possibility of multiple source kitchens in the Cambrian-lower Ordovician portion of Tarim Basin. | Hu Liu Zewen Liao Haizu Zhang Yankuan Tian Bin Cheng Shan Yang | 2017 | Geoscience Frontiers2017，8，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Nanoscale mechanical property of marine and continental organic kerogen in shale显示文摘Kerogen is known as an important organic part for absorbing and forming shale gas whose absorption function,especially mechanical and tribological properties,has not been fully revealed.Here,we use Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis to reveal the chemical structure of kerogen.We report the first study of the adhesion and friction behavior of kerogen using atomic force microscope(AFM) Nanoman technology.Our finding reveals the friction of kerogen is decreased at higher pressure while is inhibited at increased temperature,and friction decreases logarithmically as the sliding speed increases.The weakened of Al-O linkage at high temperature have great influence on the decrease of friction forces between kerogen and alumina pellet.This finding lays the mechanism for understanding the dynamic adhesion behavior of kerogen in frictions,therefore attracting increasing interests from scientists,researchers,petroleum engineers and investors. | Quan Xu Rui Zhang Mao Sheng Shouceng Tian Wuguang Li Tianyu Wang Yilin Zhang | 2020 | Chinese Chemical Letters2020，31，2： | 1 |
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