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| 1 | Research progress on reduced lodging of high-yield and-density maize显示文摘Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars. | XUE Jun XIE Rui-zhi ZHANG Wang-feng WANG Ke-ru HOU Peng MING Bo GOU Ling LI Shao-kun | 2017 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2017，16，12： | 42 |
| 2 | Effect of subsoil tillage depth on nutrient accumulation, root distribution, and grain yield in spring maize显示文摘A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments. | Hongguang Cai Wei Ma Xiuzhi Zhang Jieqing Ping Xiaogong Yan Jianzhao Liu Jingchao Yuan Lichun Wang Jun Ren | 2014 | The Crop Journal2014，2，5： | 42 |
| 3 | Ideotype root architecture for efficient nitrogen acquisition by maize in intensive cropping systems显示文摘The use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers has contributed to the production of a food supply sufficient for both animals and humans despite some negative environmental impact.Sustaining food production by increasing N use efficiency in intensive cropping systems has become a major concern for scientists,environmental groups,and agricultural policymakers worldwide.In high-yielding maize systems the major method of N loss is nitrate leaching.In this review paper,the characteristic of nitrate movement in the soil,N uptake by maize as well as the regulation of root growth by soil N availability are discussed.We suggest that an ideotype root architecture for efficient N acquisition in maize should include(i) deeper roots with high activity that are able to uptake nitrate before it moves downward into deep soil;(ii) vigorous lateral root growth under high N input conditions so as to increase spatial N availability in the soil;and(iii) strong response of lateral root growth to localized nitrogen supply so as to utilize unevenly distributed nitrate especially under limited N conditions. | MI GuoHua,CHEN FanJun,WU QiuPing,LAI NingWei,YUAN LiXing & ZHANG FuSuo* Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition,MOA Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interaction,MOE College of Resources and Environmental Science,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，12： | 35 |
| 4 | Maize-soybean strip intercropping: Achieved a balance between high productivity and sustainability显示文摘Intercropping is one of the most vital practice to improve land utilization rate in China that has limited arable land resource. However, the traditional intercropping systems have many disadvantages including illogical field lay-out of crops, low economic value, and labor deficiency, which cannot balance the crop production and agricultural sustainability. In view of this, we developed a novel soybean strip intercropping model using maize as the partner, the regular maize-soybean strip intercropping mainly popularized in northern China and maize-soybean relay-strip intercropping principally extended in southwestern China. Compared to the traditional maize-soybean intercropping systems, the main innovation of field lay-out style in our present intercropping systems is that the distance of two adjacent maize rows are shrunk as a narrow strip, and a strip called wide strip between two adjacent narrow strips is expanded reserving for the growth of two or three rows of soybean plants. The distance between outer rows of maize and soybean strips are expanded enough for light use efficiency improvement and tractors working in the soybean strips. Importantly, optimal cultivar screening and increase of plant density achieved a high yield of both the two crops in the intercropping systems and increased land equivalent ratio as high as 2.2. Annually alternative rotation of the adjacent maize-and soybean-strips increased the grain yield of next seasonal maize, improved the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium of maize, while prevented the continuous cropping obstacles. Extra soybean production was obtained without affecting maize yield in our strip intercropping systems, which balanced the high crop production and agricultural sustainability. | DU Jun-bo HAN Tian-fu GAI Jun-yi YONG Tai-wen SUN Xin WANG Xiao-chun YANG Feng LIU Jiang SHU Kai LIU Wei-guo YANG Wen-yu | 2018 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2018，17，4： | 34 |
| 5 | Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley显示文摘A two-year field experiment(2012–2013) was conducted to investigate the effects of two tillage methods and five maize straw mulching patterns on the yield, water consumption,and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring maize(Zea mays L.) in the northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley of China. Compared to rotary tillage, subsoil tillage resulted in decreases in water consumption by 6.3–7.8% and increases in maize yield by 644.5–673.9 kg ha-1, soil water content by 2.9–3.0%, and WUE by 12.7–15.2%. Chopped straw mulching led to higher yield,soil water content, and WUE as well as lower water consumption than prostrate whole straw mulching. Mulching with 50% chopped straw had the largest positive effects on maize yield, soil water content, and WUE among the five mulching treatments. Tillage had greater influence on maize yield than straw mulching, whereas straw mulching had greater influence on soil water content, water consumption, and WUE than tillage. These results suggest that 50% chopped straw mulching with subsoil tillage is beneficial in spring maize production aiming at high yield and high WUE in the Huang–Huai–Hai valley. | Zhiqiang Tao Congfeng Li Jingjing Li Zaisong Ding Jie Xu Xuefang Sun Peilu Zhou Ming Zhao | 2015 | The Crop Journal2015，3，5： | 26 |
| 6 | Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances显示文摘Nitrogen(N)is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence.We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels.The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials.A field experiment(with three N levels:N0,0 kg ha–1;N1,150 kg ha–1;N2,300 kg ha–1)in Jiyanyang,Sichuan Province,China,and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels:CK,4 mmol L–1;LN,0.04 mmol L–1)in Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China were conducted.Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′),fluorescence instable state(Fs),non-photochemical quenching(qN),the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm),potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo),and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII)of leaves.Further,it increased the chlorophyll(Chl)a/Chl b values and so on.The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased,while that of XY508 increased.The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars,especially at the seedling stage.Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b,apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress.Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars,low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity,which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light.This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress. | WU Ya-wei LI Qiang JIN Rong CHEN Wei LIU Xiao-lin KONG Fan-lei KE Yong-pei SHI Haichun YUAN Ji-chao | 2019 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2019，18，6： | 25 |
| 7 | Maize Genic Male-Sterility Genes and Their Applications in Hybrid Breeding: Progress and Perspectives显示文摘As one of the most important crops, maize not only has been a source of the food, feed, and industrial feedstock for biofuel and bioproducts, but also became a model plant system for addressing fundamental questions in genetics. Male sterility is a very useful trait for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production. The identification and characterization of genic male-sterility (GMS) genes in maize and other plants have deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling anther and pollen development, and enabled the development and efficient use of many biotechnology-based male-sterility (BMS) systems for crop hybrid breeding. In this review, we summarize main advances on the identification and characterization of GMS genes in maize, and con struct a putative regulatory network controlling maize anther and pollen development by comparative genomic analysis of GMS genes in maize, Arabidopsis, and rice. Furthermore, we discuss and appraise the features of more than a dozen BMS systems for propagating male-sterile lines and producing hybrid seeds in maize and other plants. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the studies of GMS genes and the development of novel BMS systems in maize and other plants. The continuous exploration of GMS genes and BMS systems will enhance our understanding of molecular regulatory networks controlling male fertility and greatly facilitate hybrid vigor utilization in breeding and field production of maize and other crops. | Xiangyuan Wan Suowei Wu Ziwen Li Zhenying Dong Xueli An Biao Ma Youhui Tian Jinping Li | 2019 | Molecular Plant2019，12，3： | 24 |
| 8 | The Auxin-Regulated Protein ZmAuxRPI Coordinates the Balance between Root Growth and Stalk Rot Disease Resistance in Maize显示文摘To optimize fitness, plants must efficiently allocate their resources between growth and defense. Although phytohormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in balancing growth and defense, the genetic basis by which plants man age this balance remai ns elusive. We previously ide ntified a quantitative disease . resistance locus, qRfg2, in maize (Zea mays) that protects against the fungal disease Gibberella stalk rot. Here, through map-based cloning, we demonstrate that the causal gene at qRfg2 is ZmAuxRPI, which encodes a plastid stroma-localized auxin-regulated protein. ZmAuxRPI responded quickly to pathogen challenge with a rapid yet transient reduction in expression that led to arrested root growth but enhanced resista nee to Gibberella stalk rot and Fusarium ear rot. ZmAuxRPI was show n to promote the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), while suppressing the formation of benzoxazinoid defense compounds. ZmAuxRPI presumably acts as a resource regulator modulating indole-3-glycerol phosphate and/or indole flux at the branch point between the IAA and benzoxazinoid biosynthetic pathways. The concerted interplay between IAA and benzoxazinoids can regulate the growth-defense balance in a timely and efficient manner to optimize plant fitness. | Jianrong Ye Tao Zhong Dongfeng Zhang Chuanyu Ma Lina Wang Lishan Yao Qianqian Zhang Mang Zhu Mingliang Xu | 2019 | Molecular Plant2019，12，3： | 19 |
| 9 | Genome-wide identification, expression analysis of auxin-responsive GH_3 family genes in maize(Zea mays L.) under abiotic stresses显示文摘Auxin is involved in different aspects of plant growth and development by regulating the expression of auxinresponsive family genes. As one of the three major auxinresponsive families, GH3(Gretchen Hagen3) genes participate in auxin homeostasis by catalyzing auxin conjugation and bounding free indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) to amino acids.However, how GH3 genes function in responses to abiotic stresses and various hormones in maize is largely unknown.Here, the latest updated maize(Zea mays L.) reference genome sequence was used to characterize and analyze the Zm GH3 family genes from maize. The results showed that 13 Zm GH3 genes were mapped on fi ve maize chromosomes(total10 chromosomes). Highly diversi fi ed gene structures and tissue-speci fi c expression patterns suggested the possibility of function diversi fi cation for these genes in response to environmental stresses and hormone stimuli. The expression patterns of Zm GH3 genes are responsive to several abiotic stresses(salt, drought and cadmium) and major stress-relatedhormones(abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid)Various environmental factors suppress auxin free IAA contents in maize roots suggesting that these abiotic stresses and hormones might alter GH3-mediated auxin levels. The respon siveness of Zm GH3 genes to a wide range of abiotic stresses and stress-related hormones suggested that Zm GH3 s are involved in maize tolerance to environmental stresses. | Shangguo Feng Runqing Yue Sun Tao Yanjun Yang Lei Zhang Mingfeng Xu Huizhong Wang Chenjia Shen | 2015 | Journal of Integrative Plant Biology2015，57，9： | 17 |
| 10 | Piriformospora indica confers drought tolerance on Zea mays L.through enhancement of antioxidant activity and expression of drought-related genes显示文摘Drought stress is one of the most severe environmental constraints to plant growth and crop productivity. Plant growth is greatly affected by drought stress, and plants, to survive,adapt to this stress by invoking different pathways. Piriformospora indica, a root-colonizing endophytic fungus of Sebacinales, promotes plant growth and confers resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought stress, by affecting the physiological properties of the host plant. The fungus strongly colonizes the roots of maize(Zea mays L.) and promotes shoot and root growth under both normal growth conditions and drought stress. We used polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000) to mimic drought stress and found that root fresh and dry weight, leaf area, SPAD value, and leaf number were increased in P. indica-colonized plants.The antioxidative activities of catalases and superoxide dismutases were upregulated within 24h in the leaves of P. indica-colonized plants. Drought-related genes DREB2A, CBL1,ANAC072, and RD29A were upregulated in drought-stressed leaves of P. indica-colonized plants. Furthermore, after drought treatment, proline content increased, whereas accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA), an indicator of membrane damage, decreased in P. indica-colonized maize. We conclude that P. indica-mediated plant protection against the detrimental effects of drought may result from enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity,proline accumulation, and expression of drought-related genes and lower membrane damage in maize plants. | Le Xu Aiai Wang Jun Wang Qiao Wei Wenying Zhang | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，3： | 17 |
| 11 | Global overview of research progress and development of precision maize planters显示文摘Maize is the most important crop for food and widely used for industrial materials,leading to its increasing demand all over the world.Precision planting is the effective method to increase maize yield.To meet the agronomic requirement of precision planting,different kinds of precision maize planters were developed.However,because of the difference of geographical environment,cropping system,farm scale and economic status among different countries,types of maize planters are various and the technologies involved are at different levels.This paper summarizes the precision maize planters currently available in the world and classifies them into four types:precision planters for tilled-land,minimum/no tilled-land,hilly&small land,and cold&arid land.Detailed characteristics have been provided for some typical precision planters and comparisons were made as to their suitability under particular working conditions.High-efficiency and high-accuracy are the main features of precision planters for tilled-land,while the ability to clean residue from seed rows and prevent planters to be blocked are the important function of precision planters for minimum/no tilled-land.To fit for hilly&small land,planters should be light-weighted and small-sized,and to warm up soil and keep moisture,planters for cold&arid land should be equipped with plastic-film mulching mechanism.Finally,developing trend of precision planting technology was analyzed and suggestions,including policy support and technical improvement,were made for developing countries to make suitable precision maize planters according to the local geographical conditions and cropping systems. | Yang Li Yan Bingxin Cui Tao Yu Yiming He Xiantao Liu Quanwei Liang Zhijie Yin Xiaowei Zhang Dongxing | 2016 | International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering2016，9，1： | 17 |
| 12 | 玉米不同基因型双列杂交后代抽丝后氮素代谢特性显示文摘【目的】阐明保绿型玉米和非保绿型玉米双列杂交后代抽丝后氮素代谢特征。【方法】选育氮高效品种是实现玉米高产高效生产的根本途径。为明确不同基因型玉米双列杂交后代的氮代谢和利用特征,筛选出保绿型玉米氮高效品种,采用大田试验的方法,选择保绿型(SG,stay-green)玉米自交系Q319、CZ01、VA91和非保绿型(NSG,non-stay-green)玉米自交系BM、B73、MO17,以此组配6×6完全双列杂交,以双列杂交后代为材料,系统研究不同玉米品种主要生育时期叶片、茎鞘、籽粒氮含量和粗蛋白质含量的变化,抽丝前后氮素积累、分配和氮收获指数,叶片氮代谢关键酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性等的影响,并对叶片氮代谢酶活性与保绿性的相关性进行了分析。【结果】不同基因型双列杂交后代抽丝后叶片氮含量呈倒'V'型变化特性,高峰期在灌浆期前后。茎鞘和籽粒氮含量均随生育期推进呈逐渐降低的变化趋势。保绿型(SG)玉米叶片、茎鞘、籽粒氮含量均显著高于非保绿型(NSG)玉米。抽丝前保绿型玉米自交后代氮积累、抽丝后氮积累、氮积累总量分别比NSG高20.00%、82.30%和45.23%;其转移量、转移率和氮素收获指数则分别比NSG低51.28%、66.59%和14.32%,抽丝后保绿型玉米的氮积累量约占50%,而非保绿型玉米仅为40%左右。保绿型玉米自交后代叶片和茎鞘粗蛋白质含量分别比非保绿型高108.23%和33.63%。抽丝至成熟期叶片硝酸还原酶活性的变化呈单峰曲线,高峰期在灌浆期前后,不同基因型玉米间变化趋势一致。抽丝后叶片GS活性、GOGAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量变化均呈单峰曲线,高峰期在抽丝后15 d左右。保绿型玉米NR活性、GS活性、GOGAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量在各时期均高于非保绿型。相关分析表明,叶片保绿度与叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、GOGAT活性呈极显著的正相关,与GS活性呈显著正相关,与NR呈正相关,但不显著。叶片氮含量与可溶性蛋白、GOGAT活性、GS活性呈极显著的正相关。氮素的同化与相关的酶活性关系极为密切。【结论】较高的氮代谢水平是叶片保绿的营养生理基础之一,保绿型玉米有较高的氮代谢酶活性,在后期有较强的氮素吸收和同化能力,保绿性可作为筛选氮高效玉米品种的一个重要农艺性状。 | 刘春晓 赵海军 董树亭 王庆成 李宗新 刘开昌 | 2014 | 中国农业科学2014，47，1： | 15 |
| 13 | Maize kernel weight responses to sowing dateassociated variation in weather conditions显示文摘Variation in weather conditions during grain filling has substantial effects on maize kernel weight(KW). The objective of this work was to characterize variation in KW with sowing date-associated weather conditions and examine the relationship between KW, grain filling parameters, and weather factors. Maize was sown on eight sowing dates(SD) at 15–20-day intervals from mid-March to mid-July during 2012 and 2013 in the North China Plain. With sowing date delay, KW increased initially and later declined, and the greatest KW was obtained at SD6 in both years. The increased KW at SD6 was attributed mainly to kernel growth rate(Gmean), and effective grain-filling period(P). Variations in temperature and radiation were the primary factors that influenced KW and grain-filling parameters. When the effective cumulative temperature(AT) and radiation(Ra)during grain filling were 950 °C and 1005.4 MJ m-2, respectively, P and KW were greatest. High temperatures(daily maximum temperature [Tmax] > 30.2 °C) during grain filling under early sowing conditions, or low temperatures(daily minimum temperature [Tmin] < 20.7 °C) under late sowing conditions combined with high diurnal temperature range(Tmax-min> 7.1 °C) decreased kernel growth rate and ultimately final KW. When sowing was performed from May 25 through June 27, higher KW and yield of maize were obtained. We conclude that variations in environmental conditions(temperature and radiation) during grain filling markedly affect growth rate and duration of grain filling and eventually affect kernel weight and yield of maize. | Baoyuan Zhou Yang Yue Xuefang Sun Zaisong Ding Wei Ma Ming Zhao | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，1： | 15 |
| 14 | ZmMs30 Encoding a Novel GDSL Lipase Is Essential for Male Fertility and Valuable for Hybrid Breeding in Maize显示文摘Genic male sterility (GMS) is very useful for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production. Although a large number of GMS genes have been identified in plants, little is known about the roles of GDSL lipase members in anther and pollen development. Here, we report a maize GMS gene, ZmMs30, which encodes a novel type of GDSL lipase with diverged catalytic residues. Enzyme kinetics and activity assays show that ZmMs30 has lipase activity and prefers to substrates with a short carbon chain. ZmMs30 is specifically expressed in maize anthers during stages 7-9. Loss of ZmMs30 function resulted in defective anther cuticle, irregular foot layer of pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Cytological and lipidomics analyses demonstrate that ZmMs30 is crucial for the aliphatic metabolic pathway required for pollen exine formation and anther cuticle development. Furthermore, we found that male sterility caused by loss of ZmMs30 function was stable in various inbred lines with different genetic background, and that it didn't show any negative effect on maize heterosis and production, suggesting that ZmMs30 is valuable for crossbreeding and hybrid seed production. We then developed a new multi-control sterility system using ZmMs30 and its mutant line, and demonstrated it is feasible for generating desirable GMS lines and valu. able for hybrid maize seed production. Taken together, our study sheds new light on the mechanisms of anther and pollen development, and provides a valuable male-sterility system for hybrid breeding maize. | Xueli An Zhenying Dong Youhui Tian Ke Xie Suowei Wu Taotao Zhu Danfeng Zhang Van Zhou Canfang Niu Biao Ma Quancan Hou Jianxi Bao Simiao Zhang Ziwen Li Yanbo Wang Tingwei Yan Xiaojing Sun Yuwen Zhang Jinping Li Xiangyuan Wan | 2019 | Molecular Plant2019，12，3： | 15 |
| 15 | Gene cloning and function analysis of ABP9 protein which specifically binds to ABRE2 motif of maize Cat1 gene显示文摘A cDNA library was constructed using mRNA extracted from 17 days post-pollination (dpp) maize embryos and was screened by employing a yeast one-hybrid system for proteins specifically interacting with ABRE2 motif of maize Call gene. Three truncated overlapping positive clones designated ABP9 were obtained and the full-length cDNA was isolated by 5’ RACE. Searching the database revealed that ABP9 protein belongs to a bZIP-type transcription factor family. ABP9 protein speciflcally binds to ABRE2 motif and activates the expression of downstream reporter gene in yeast cells. Our results strongly suggest that the ABP9 protein functions as a transcription activator. | Lei Wang Jun Zhao Yunliu Fan | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，22： | 14 |
| 16 | Development and application of mechanized maize harvesters显示文摘Maize harvesting is one of the most important filed operations of maize production.As the accelerating development of maize industry,mechanized maize harvesting is widely accepted and used by farmers in the world.According to the harvesting methods,maize harvesters could be classified into two types,one is maize-for-grain harvesters,including pickers and grain harvesters,the other is whole plant harvesters,including forage harvesters and combined grain-stover harvesters.Structure characteristics,appropriate areas and relative technologies of those harvesters are described in this paper,i.e.,pickers are suitable for multi-crop areas,Grain harvesters are mainly for one-crop areas when grain moisture content is lower than 25%,combined grain-stover harvesters are applicable in agro-pastoral ecotone,and forage harvesters are capable in large-scaled animal husbandry farming areas where large amount of silage are required.Meanwhile,the future development trend of the different harvesters is predicted.Big horsepower engines,enhanced working efficiency,automation and intelligence are required by large scaled farms.As maize breeding development,more varieties that are suitable for grain harvesting are put into practice,so grain combine harvesters will be popular in future. | Yang Li Cui Tao Qu Zhe Li Kehong Yin Xiaowei Han Dandan Yan Bingxin Zhao Dongyue Zhang Dongxing | 2016 | International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering2016，9，3： | 13 |
| 17 | Key indicators affecting maize stalk lodging resistance of different growth periods under different sowing dates显示文摘The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields.Here,we established five diferent sowing dates to create diferent conditions for maize growth.We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology,moisture content,mechanical strength and dry matter,and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1),milk stage(R3),physiological maturity stage(R6),and 20 days after R6.Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force.At R3,the cofficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance.At R6,the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight.After R6,the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height.The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significanty and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6,which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength.These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height beneft lodging resistance prior to R6.During and after R6,the cofficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk. | WANG Qun XUE Jun CHEN Jiang-lu FAN Ying-hu ZHANG Guo-qiang XIE Rui-zhi MING Bo HOU Peng WANG Ke-ru LI Shao-kun | 2020 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2020，19，10： | 13 |
| 18 | 气候变化背景下1981-2010年中国玉米物候变化时空分异(英文)显示文摘Spatio-temporal changes in the differentiation characteristics of eight consecutive phenological periods and their corresponding lengths were quantitatively analyzed based on long-term phenological observation data from 114 agro-meteorological stations in four maize growing zones in China. Results showed that average air temperature and growing degree-days (GDD) during maize growing seasons showed an increasing trend from 1981 to 2010, while precipitation and sunshine duration showed a decreasing trend. Maize phenology has significantly changed under climate change: spring maize phenology was mainly advanced, especially in northwest and southwest maize zones, while summer and spring-summer maize phenology was delayed. The delay trend observed for summer maize in the northwest maize zone was more pronounced than in the Huang-Huai spring-summer maize zone. Variations in maize phenology changed the corresponding growth stages length: the vegetative growth period (days from sowing date to tasseling date) was generally shortened in spring, summer, and spring-summer maize, although to different degrees, while the reproductive growth period (days from tasseling date to mature date) showed an extension trend. The entire growth period(days from sowing date to mature date) of spring maize was extended, but the entire growth periods of summer and spring-summer maize were shortened. | 刘玉洁 秦雅 葛全胜 | 2019 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2019，29，3： | 12 |
| 19 | Influence of plant architecture on maize physiology and yield in the Heilonggang River valley显示文摘The size and distribution of leaf area determine light interception in a crop canopy and influence overall photosynthesis and yield. Optimized plant architecture renders modern maize hybrids(Zea mays L.) more productive, owing to their tolerance of high plant densities. To determine physiological and yield response to maize plant architecture, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011. With the modern maize hybrid ZD958, three plant architectures, namely triangle, diamond and original plants, were included at two plant densities, 60,000 and 90,000 plants ha-1. Triangle and diamond plants were derived from the original plant by spraying the chemical regulator Jindele(active ingredients,ethephon, and cycocel) at different vegetative stages. To assess the effects of plant architecture, a light interception model was developed. Plant height, ear height, leaf size,and leaf orientation of the two regulated plant architectures were significantly reduced or altered compared with those of the original plants. On average across both plant densities and years, the original plants showed higher yield than the triangle and diamond plants,probably because of larger leaf area. The two-year mean grain yield of the original and diamond plants were almost the same at 90,000 plants ha-1(8714 vs. 8798 kg ha-1). The yield increase(up to 5%) of the diamonds plant at high plant densities was a result of increased kernel number per ear, which was likely a consequence of improved plant architecture in the top and middle canopy layers. The optimized light distribution within the canopy can delay leaf senescence, especially for triangle plants. The fraction of incident radiation simulated by the interception model successfully reflected plant architecture traits. Integration of canopy openness is expected to increase the simulation accuracy of the present model. Maize plant architecture with increased tolerance of high densities is probably dependent on the smaller but flatter leaves around the ear. | Shoubing Huang Yingbo Gao Yebei Li Lina Xu Hongbin Tao Pu Wang | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，1： | 11 |
| 20 | Effects of urea enhanced with different weathered coal-derived humic acid components on maize yield and fate of fertilizer nitrogen显示文摘Humic acid(HA) is a readily available and low-cost material that is used to enhance crop production and reduce nitrogen(N) loss. However, there is little consensus on the efficacy of different HA components. In the current study, a soil column experiment was conducted using the ^(15)N tracer technique in Dezhou City, Shandong Province, China, to compare the effects of urea with and without the addition of weathered coal-derived HA components on maize yield and the fate of fertilizerderived N(fertilizer N). The HA components were incorporated into urea by blending different HA components into molten urea to obtain the three different types of HA-enhanced urea(HAU). At harvest, the aboveground dry biomass of plants grown with HAU was enhanced by 11.50–21.33% when compared to that of plants grown with U. More significantly, the grain yields under the HAU treatments were 5.58–18.67% higher than the yield under the urea treatment. These higher yields were due to an increase in the number of kernels per plant rather than the weight of individual kernels. The uptake of fertilizer N under the HAU treatments was also higher than that under the urea treatment by 11.49–29.46%, while the unaccounted N loss decreased by 12.37–30.05%. More fertilizer-derived N was retained in the 0–30 cm soil layer under the HAU treatments than that under the urea treatment, while less N was retained in the 30–90 cm soil layer. The total residual amount of fertilizer N in the soil column, however, did not differ significantly between the treatments. Of the three HAU treatments investigated, the one with an HA fraction derived from extraction with pH values ranging from 6 to 7, resulted in the best improvement in all assessment targets. This is likely due to the abundance of the COO/C–N=O group in this HA component. | ZHANG Shui-qin YUAN Liang LI Wei LIN Zhi-an LI Yan-ting HU Shu-wen ZHAO Bing-qiang | 2019 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2019，18，3： | 11 |
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