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| 1 | Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China显示文摘The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations. | LI Yong YANG Jianghao PAN Zhejun MENG Shangzhi WANG Kai NIU Xinlei | 2019 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2019，93，1： | 32 |
| 2 | Possible link between long-term and short-term water injections and earthquakes in salt mine and shale gas site in Changning,south Sichuan Basin, China显示文摘Late at night on 17 June 2019,a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Shuanghe Town and its surrounding area in Changning County,Sichuan,China,becoming the largest earthquake recorded within the southern Sichuan Basin.A series of earthquakes with magnitudes up to 5.6 occurred during a short period after the mainshock,and we thus refer to these earthquakes as the Changning M6 earthquake sequence(or swarm).The mainshock was located very close to a salt mine,into which for^3 decades fresh water had been extensively injected through several wells at a depth of 2.7–3 km.It was also near(within^15 km)the epicenter of the 18 December 2018 M5.7 Xingwen earthquake,which is thought to have been induced by shale gas hydraulic fracturing(HF),prompting questions about the possible involvement of industrial activities in the M6 sequence.Following previous studies,this paper focuses on the relationship between injection and seismicity in the Shuanghe salt field and its adjacent Shangluo shale gas block.Except for a period of serious water loss after the start of cross-well injection in 2005–2006,the frequency of earthquakes shows a slightly increasing tendency.Overall,there is a good correlation between the event rate in the Shuanghe area and the loss of injected water.More than 400 M≥3 earthquakes,including 40 M≥4 and 5 M≥5 events,had been observed by the end of August 2019.Meanwhile,in the Shangluo area,seismicity has increased during drilling and HF operations(mostly in vertical wells)since about 2009,and dramatically since the end of 2014,coincident with the start of systematic HF in the area.The event rate shows a progressively increasing background with some fluctuations,paralleling the increase in HF operations.More than 700 M≥3 earthquakes,including 10 M≥4 and 3 M≥5 in spatially and temporally clustered seismic events,are correlated closely with active fracturing platforms.Well-resolved centroid moment tensor results for M≥4 earthquakes were shown to occur at very shallow depths around shale formations with active HF,in agreement with some of the clusters,which occurred within the coverage area of temporary or new permanent monitoring stations and thus have been precisely located.After the Xingwen M5.7 earthquake,seismic activity in the salt well area increased significantly.The Xingwen earthquake may have created a unidirectional rupture to the NNW,with an end point close to the NW-trending fault of the Shuanghe earthquake.Thus,a fault in the Changning anticline might have terminated the fault rupture of the Xingwen earthquake,possibly giving the Xingwen earthquake a role in promoting the Changning M6 event. | XingLin Lei ZhiWei Wang JinRong Su | 2019 | Earth and Planetary Physics2019，3，6： | 24 |
| 3 | Source tracing of noble metal elements in Lower Cambrian black rock series of Guizhou-Hunan Provinces, China显示文摘The Lower Cambrian black rock series of South China is abnormally rich in noble metal elements. According to the concentrations, the ratios, the relations, the distribution and partition patterns of noble metal elements, the authors think that the noble metals and other elements are neither directly from extraterrestrial materials, nor from the products of normal marine sedimentation. The abnormal enrichment of noble metal elements is closely related with hydrothermal fluid that flew out on the sea floor through deep cycling and reaction with Proterozoic ultramafic-mafic igneous rocks forming noble metal rich fluid. It is possible to form industrial multiple-element-ore-deposits, especially hydrothermal type platinum-group-element-ore-deposits in the region with strong hydrothermal action. | 李胜荣 高振敏 | 2000 | Science China Earth Sciences2000，43，6： | 23 |
| 4 | Lithofacies and sedimentary characteristics of the Silurian Longmaxi Shale in the southeastern Sichuan Basin,China显示文摘The Silurian Longmaxi Shale (SLS) is the target for shale gas exploration and exploitation in the southeastern Sichuan Basin.Based on detailed description of cores and outcrops,analysis of Gamma Ray (GR) logs,thin sections and mineralogical data,the SLS can be subdivided into six lithofacies:(1) clayey shale,(2) siliceous calcareous shale,(3) siliceous dolomitic shale,(4) silty-clayey interlaminated shale,(5) muddy siltstone,and (6) graptolite shale.Three facies associations are recognized in the study area,i.e.,inner shelf,outer shelf,and bathyal plain (including turbidite) facies.Outer shelf and bathyal plain facies dominate the lower interval of the SLS,while inner shelf facies dominates the upper part of the SLS.The thickness of the black shale in the northern part of the study area is the greatest,where siliceous calcareous shale,siliceous dolomitic shale,and graptolite shale are predominant.These three kinds of shale are rich in total organic carbon (TOC) content and brittle minerals,which is favourable for the accumulation of shale gas and its future exploitation. | Jiang Zaixing Guo Ling Liang Chao | 2013 | Journal of Palaeogeography2013，2，3： | 21 |
| 5 | Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China显示文摘There are three types of shale gas resources in China.The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed.Marine facies,transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third.Based on resource distributions,there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian,Cambrian, Ordovieian,Silurian,Devonian,Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin.Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Siehuan basin.The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang,Hub ei and Zhenba,Shanxi.There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China.The 'two element enrichment theory'has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin.In addition,horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed.Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichnan basin,a preliminary summary of the formation of the 'converse fault syneline control reservoir'and 'paleo uplift control reservoir'model has been constructed.The dominant theory of 'Trinity'shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the 'deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure'is summarized.Guided by the above theories.Anyel well in Guizhou and Eyangyel well in Hubei were drilled.'Four storey'oil and shale 'gas is found in the Permian Qixia group,the Silurian Shiniulan Formation,the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anyel well.Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye lwell.This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress,theoretical technology and problems of shale gas exploration and development in recent years in China,and predicts the future exploration and development direction for shale gas and possible exploration areas. | Gang-yi Zhai Yu-fang Wang Zhi Zhou Shu-fang Yu Xiang-lin Chen Yun-xiao Zhang | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，2： | 15 |
| 6 | Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China显示文摘Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively. | Wei Dang Jin-Chuan Zhang Xuan Tang Xiao-Liang Wei Zhong-Ming Li Cheng-Hu Wang Qian Chen Chong Liu | 2018 | Geoscience Frontiers2018，9，2： | 14 |
| 7 | Chemical Compositions and Distribution Characteristics of Cements in Longmaxi Formation Shales, Southwest China显示文摘Shale gas resources have been regarded as a viable energy source, and it is of great significance to characterize the shale composition of different cements, such as quartz and dolomite. In this research, chemical analysis and the multifractal method have been used to study the mineral compositions and petrophysical structures of cements in shale samples from the Longmaxi Formation, China. X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, field emission scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy and C-O isotope analyses confirmed that cements in the Longmaxi Formation shales are mainly composed of Fe-bearing dolomite and quartz. Fe-bearing dolomite cements concentrate around dolomite as annuli, filling micron-sized inorganic primary pores. Quartz cements in the form of nanoparicles fill primary inter-crystalline pores among clay minerals. Theoretical calculation shows that the Fe-bearing dolomite cements formed slightly earlier than the quartz cements, but both were related to diagenetic illitization of smectite. Moreover, multifractal analysis reveals that the quartz cements are more irregularly distributed in pores than the Fe-bearing dolomite cements. These results suggest that the plugging effect of the quartz cements on the primary inoraganic pore structures is the dominant factor resulting in low interconnected porosity of shales, which are unfavorable for the enrichment of shale gas. | Wenda Zhou Shuyun Xie Zhengyu Bao Emmanuel John M. Carranza Lei Lei Zhenzhen Ma | 2019 | Journal of Earth Science2019，30，5： | 12 |
| 8 | Microfossils and molecular records in oil shales of the Songliao Basin and implications for paleo-depositional environment显示文摘Several oil shale beds, over 10 m thick, occur at the base of the first member of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) in the Songliao Basin. They act both as excellent source rocks for conventional oil and as potential oil deposit for shale oil production. Here we combine micropaleon-tology with organic geochemistry to investigate the paleo-depositional environment and organic source characteristics of the oil shales and black shales. Our results indicate that algal remains are dominant microfossils in K2qn1 oil shales, and their relatively high abundance suggests a major algal thriving event during the oil shale deposition. The presence of fresh water and brackish water species, Sentusidinium, Vesperopsis and Nyktericysta, and marine or brackish water deltaic and lagoonal species such as Kiokansium and Dinogymniopsis demonstrate that this paleo-continental lake was influenced by marine transgressions at the time of K2qn1 oil shale formation. The extremely low pristine/phytane ratios, relatively high abundance of gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes, and low δ 13C values of C14-C37 n-alkanes in the oil shale organic extracts indicate the deposition of oil shales in anoxic and highly stratified water columns and the significant contribution of lacustrine algae to sedimentary organic matter. High molecular-weight paraffinic hydrocarbons with unusually high abundance of nC43, nC45, and nC47 may be related to special algal species associated with marine transgression events. The giant water body of Songliao paleo-lake and the change in the organic and chemical environment (such as nutrition source and water column salinity) associated with seawater transgression into the lake are among the most important reasons for oil shales in the Songliao Basin being different from mudstone and oil shale in other rifted basins. | FENG ZiHui FANG Wei WANG Xue HUANG ChunYan HUO QiuLi ZHANG JuHe HUANG QingHua ZHANG Lei | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，10： | 12 |
| 9 | The Xiamaling oil shale generated through Rhodophyta over 800 Ma ago显示文摘A suit of oil shales, predominated by black argillaceous silicalite and finely laminated black-brown shale, has been discovered in a set of carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone formations (350 m in thickness) in the third member of Xiamaling Formation of the Upper Proterozoic Qingbaikou Series (900―873 MaBP), Xiahuayuan, Hebei Province, China. The oil shale, combustible with strong bitumen odour, has su- per-high TOC contents ranging from 21.4% to 22.9%, bitumen “A” contents from 0.58% to 0.88% and oil length from 5.29% to 10.57%. The ultrathin section observation of the shale and the identification of its kerogen demonstrate that its hydrocarbon-generative parent material is mainly benthonic Rhodophyta whose specific tetrasporangia are legible and abundant. It is rarely reported in the literature that such a hydrocarbon-generative parent material, composed mainly of Rhodophyta and with extraordinarily high contents of TOC and bitumen “A”, developed into a set of high-quality source rocks. The extracts of the oil shale are characteristic of richness in 17α(H)-diahopanes and n-alkyl tricyclic terpenoids but low in steranes. Such a biomarker feature is obviously different from that of the extracts from other Proterozoic marine carbonate source rocks of the studied area. Since the biological constitution of this oil shale is rather simple, it is clear that these biomarkers most likely represent to certain extent the specific mo- lecular constitutions of the benthonic Rhodophyta identified in the ultrathin sections of the samples. Studies on its lithologic association and depositional sequences suggest that this suit of the carbona- ceous-siliceous mudstone formation, which contains oil shales, was probably developed in an under- compensation deep-bay environment when a maximum transgression occurred during the formation of the third member of Xiamaling Formation. The high concentration of SiO2 in this organic-rich rock and the positive correlation between TOC and some trace elements such as P, Cu, Ni, W and Mo indicate that this suit of rocks was affected by activities of bottom thermal currents as deposited. | ZHANG ShuiChang ZHANG BaoMin BIAN LiZeng JIN ZhiJun WANG DaRui CHEN JianFa | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，4： | 12 |
| 10 | 'Source-Diagenesis-Accumulation' enrichment and accumulation regularity of marine shale gas in southern China显示文摘After the breakthrough of shale gas exploration and development in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation (Fm.) and Silurian Longmaxi Fm. of Chongqing Jiaoshiba area,Changning-Weiyuan area,etc. in Sichuan basin,a series of discovery and breakthrough were obtained by China Geological Survey in the Cambrian Niutitang Fm. and Sinian Doushantuo Fm. shale of the areas with complicated structure outside Sichuan basin. Based on the understanding of the law of shale gas enrichment in Longmaxi Fm. in the basin,this paper puts forward three elements of the formation and enrichment of shale gas,which are the “Source”,the “Diagenesis ” and the “Accumulation ”,after deeply studying the law shale gas enrichment and accumulation in Sinian-Cambrian reservoir of the complex structure area outside the basin. The “Source”means the sedimentary environment and petrological characteristics of organic shale.The “Diagenesis ”means the basin tectonic subsidence and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of organic matter.The “Accumulation” means the tectonic uplift and shale gas preservation. It is proposed that the Sinian-Cambrian and Ordovician-Silurian black shale series in the middle and upper Yangtze region of southern China were both formed in the deep-water shelf environment of rift trough and foreland basin respectively.The dessert intervals were formed in the strong reduction environment under transgressive system tract.The shale lithology belongs to calcium-siliceous and charcoal-siliceous respectively. Based on the summary of structural evolution in Yangtze area,the correlation of structural burial depth with shale diagenesis and the coupling evolution of organic matter with pore structure are discussed. Combining with structural styles,the preservation conditions of shale gas are discussed. Five types of shale gas reservoir control models are further described. Two types of future exploration directions,which are reverse fault syncline and paleo-uplift margin in complex structural area outside the basin,are proposed. | Gang-yi Zhai Yu-fang Wang Zhi Zhou Guo-heng Liu Yu-ru Yang Juan Li | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，3： | 12 |
| 11 | Shale characteristics impact on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) fluid typing methods and correlations显示文摘The development of shale reservoirs has brought a paradigm shift in the worldwide energy equation.This entails developing robust techniques to properly evaluate and unlock the potential of those reservoirs.The application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques in fluid typing and properties estimation is well-developed in conventional reservoirs.However,Shale reservoirs characteristics like pore size,organic matter,clay content,wettability,adsorption,and mineralogy would limit the applicability of the used interpretation methods and correlation.Some of these limitations include the inapplicability of the controlling equations that were derived assuming fast relaxation regime,the overlap of different fluids peaks and the lack of robust correlation to estimate fluid properties in shale.This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the main contributions presented on fluid typing methods and correlations in both experimental and theoretical side.The study involves Dual Tw,Dual Te,and doping agent's application,T1-T2,D-T2 and T2sec vs.T1/T2 methods.In addition,fluid properties estimation such as density,viscosity and the gas-oil ratio is discussed.This study investigates the applicability of these methods along with a study of the current fluid properties correlations and their limitations.Moreover,it recommends the appropriate method and correlation which are capable of tackling shale heterogeneity. | Mohamed Mehana Ilham El-monier | 2016 | Petroleum2016，2，2： | 11 |
| 12 | Accumulation of unconventional petroleum resources and their coexistence characteristics in Chang7 shale formations of Ordos Basin in central China显示文摘The Ordos Basin is the largest oil and gas producing basin in China, where tight oil, shale gas, oil shale, and other unconventional oil and gas resources have been found in the Chang7 subsection of the Triassic Yanchang Formation. However, the mechanism of formation and the distribution of unconventional oil and gas resources in the shale layers have not been systematically investigated until now. According to the type of unconventional oil and gas resources, main controlling factors, and the maturity, depth and abundance of organic matters, the shale oil and gas resources from Chang7 region are divided into five zones that include an outcrop-shallow oil shale zone, a middle-matured and medium-burial shale oil zone, a medium-matured and medium-burial in situ conversion process (ICP) shale oil zone, a high-maturity and deep-burial shale gas zone, and an adjacent-interbedded tight sandstone oil zone. By the distribution of resources, orderly evolution of oil and gas resources and coexistences in lacustrine shale formations have been put forward, and also a strategy of integrated exploration and development of resources in the shale formations is proposed. Overall, the outcome of this study may guide on the effective utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources in other shale formations. | Jingwei CUI Rukai ZHU Zhiguo MAO Shixiang LI | 2019 | Frontiers of Earth Science2019，13，3： | 11 |
| 13 | Laboratory study on the mechanical behaviors of an anisotropic shale rock显示文摘Shale gas is becoming an important energy source worldwide.The geomechanical properties of shale rocks can have a major impact on the ef fi ciency of shale gas exploration.This paper studied the mineralogical and mechanical characteristics of a typical gas shale in Ohio,USA.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)analyses was employed to measure the microstructure and material composition of the shale rock.The anisotropic behaviors of shale rock,including compressive and tensile strengths,were experimentally measured.The characteristics of shale rock were also studied by nondestructive wave speed measurements.The shale demonstrated strong anisotropic behaviors with the tensile strengths perpendicular to the bedding plane around 300e360 times of that parallel to bedding plane.Results of ultrasonic tests indicated that both compression and shear wave velocities show strong anisotropic patterns.The compression wave speed was the smallest in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane;while the shear wave speed was the smallest in the direction parallel to the bedding plane.The ratio of wave speed anisotropy is around 1.3e1.4 for compression wave;the ratio of shear wave speed anisotropy is larger and more diverse compared with the compression wave anisotropy.This might be related to the larger variability in the frictional adhesive strength along bedding plane than the compressive adhesive strength. | Quan Gao Junliang Tao Jianying Hu Xiong(Bill) Yu | 2015 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2015，7，2： | 10 |
| 14 | Effect of the layer orientation on mechanics and energy evolution characteristics of shales under uniaxial loading显示文摘The uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the cylindrical shale specimens with bedding plane inclined at 0° and 90° to the axial loading direction, respectively. Effect of the bedding orientation on the mechanical property and energy evolution characteristics of shales was revealed. The failure mechanisms of the specimens with layers in 0° orientation showed splitting failure along weak bedding, while the specimens with layers in 90° orientation were failed by shearing sliding. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and shear modulus of samples at 0° were higher than those of samples at 90°and there was little difference of Poisson's ratio between samples at 0° and 90°. The analysis of the stress–strain energy and acoustic emission(AE) energy indicated that the growth rate of absorbed energy density and elastic energy density at 0° was significantly faster than that at 90°, hence their final values at 0°were relatively larger than the latter. Moreover, higher energy release was observed for specimens at 0°.The energy release and rapid growth of energy dissipation also appeared more early at 0°. The stress ratio63% was a critical point of energy distribution at which differences started to arise between samples at 0°and 90°. These results indicated that the failure of shale at 0° was more violent and devastative than the failure of shale at 90°. | Hou Peng Gao Feng Yang Yugui Zhang Xiangxiang Zhang Zhizhen | 2016 | International Journal of Mining Science and Technology2016，26，5： | 9 |
| 15 | The evolution of the Huangling uplift and its control on the accumulation and preservation of shale gas显示文摘There are plenty of Sinian and Cambrian potential shale gas resources in South China,which is characterized by high thermal evolution degrees,poor drilling performances and only occurs in local areas.Taking the principle “high to find low” is the key issue to achieving a breakthrough in older shale.China Geological Survey drilled in the periphery of the Proterozoic basement,i.e.the Huangling anticline,in the western Hubei,and Hannan paleocontinent in the southern Shanxi.It received high-quality gas-bearing shale with relatively low Ro in the in Lower Cambrian Niutitang formation and Sinian Doushantuo formation.Based on geological conditions of shale gas reservoirs in the Huangling anticline,this paper puts forward the new model named “Control over reservoirs by periphery of basement” about shale gas accumulation,suggesting that the shale deposited in a deepwater continental shelf in the periphery of the basement is characterized by shallow burial,a short burial time,stable tectonics,relatively low thermal evolution degrees,and shale gas reservoirs in a good condition.The shale of the Sinian-Cambrian strata deposited in deepwater continental shelves in the periphery of Chuanzhong paleo-uplift in Sichuan,Hannan paleocontinent in the southern Shanxi,Huangling anticline in western Hubei and Jiangnang-Xuefeng paleo-uplift in Hunan and Guizhou province have good shale gas exploration potential. | Shu-jing Bao Gang-yi Zhai Zhi Zhou Shu-fang Yu Ke Chen Yu-fang Wang Hao Wang Yi-min Liu | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，3： | 9 |
| 16 | Removal of Nitrogen Compounds from Shale Diesel Fraction Using Ionic Liquid [C_4mim]HSO_4显示文摘Ionic liquid(IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulphate([C_4mim]HSO_4) was synthesized and its denitrogenation performance was investigated for diesel fraction with high content of nitride from oil shale. The effects of the temperature, the mass ratio of oil to IL, the mass ratio of water to IL, the extraction time, the settling time and the regeneration of IL on the N-removal efficiency were studied. Experimental results showed that the ionic liquid [C_4mim]HSO_4 exhibited excellent denitrogenation performance, and about a 90% basic N-extraction efficiency and a 71% total N-extraction efficiency were achieved under the conditions covering a temperature of 30 ℃, an oil/IL mass ratio of 7:1, a H_2O/ IL mass ratio of 2:1, an extraction time of 20 min and a settling time of 120 min. In addition, the basic N-removal efficiency can still reach 74% during five recycles of the ionic liquid. | Liu Jie Ma Bo | 2016 | China Petroleum Processing & Petrochemical Technology2016，18，3： | 9 |
| 17 | Burial depth interval of the shale brittle–ductile transition zone and its implications in shale gas exploration and production显示文摘Brittleness and ductility of shale are closely related to shale gas exploration and production. How to predict brittleness and ductility of shale is one of the key issues in the study of shale gas preservation and hydraulic fracturing treatments. The magnitude of shale brittleness was often determined by brittle mineral content(for example, quartz and feldspars) in shale gas exploration.However, the shale brittleness is also controlled by burial depth. Shale brittle/ductile properties such as brittle, semibrittle and ductile can mutually transform with burial depth variation. We established a work flow of determining the burial depth interval of brittle–ductile transition zone for a given shale. Two boundaries were employed to divide the burial depth interval of shale brittle/ductile properties. One is the bottom boundary of the brittle zone(BZ), and the other is the top boundary of the ductile zone(DZ). The brittle–ductile transition zone(BDTZ) is between them.The bottom boundary of BZ was determined by the overconsolidation ratio(OCR) threshold value combined with pre-consolidation stress which the shale experienced over geological time. The top boundary of DZ was determined based on the critical confining pressure of brittle–ductile transition. The OCR threshold value and the critical confining pressure were obtained from uniaxial strain andtriaxial compression tests. The BZ, DZ and BDTZ of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in some representative shale gas exploration wells in eastern Sichuan and western Hubei areas were determined according to the above work flow. The results show that the BZ varies with the maximum burial depth and the DZ varies with the density of the overlying rocks except for the critical confining pressure.Moreover, the BDTZ determined by the above work flow is probably the best burial depth interval for marine shale gas exploration and production in Southern China. Shale located in the BDTZ is semi-brittle and is not prone to be severely naturally fractured but likely to respond well to hydraulic fracturing. The depth interval of BDTZ determined by our work flow could be a valuable parameter of shale gas estimation in geology and engineering. | Yu-Song Yuan Zhi-Jun Jin Yan Zhou Jun-Xin Liu Shuang-Jian Li Quan-You Liu | 2017 | Petroleum Science2017，14，4： | 9 |
| 18 | Differential Characteristics of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale Reservoir and its Implications for Exploration and Development of Shale Gas in/around the Sichuan Basin显示文摘The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(E&D)in China.Based on sedimentary environment,material basis,storage space,fracability and reservoir evolution data,the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas E&D are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper.The results show that(1)the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM)shale gradually migrates from east to west.The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales,which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5.The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales,which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2)Deep shale gas(the burial depth>3500 m)in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties.The organic-rich siliceous,calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties.The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief,which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3)Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies,depth,pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties,it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200~4000 m under current technical conditions.(4)Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,several suggestions for future research directions and E&D of shale gas are formulated. | WANG Ruyue HU Zongquan LONG Shengxiang LIU Guangxiang ZHAO Jianhua DONG Li DU Wei WANG Pengwei YIN Shuai | 2019 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2019，93，3： | 8 |
| 19 | Geological cycling of potassium and the K isotopic response:insights from loess and shales显示文摘Shales are a major sink for K into seawater delivered from continental weathering,and are potential recorders of K cycling.High precision K isotope analyses reveal a[0.6%variation in δ^41K values(41K/39K relative to NIST SRM 3141a)from a set of well characterized postArchean Australian shale(PAAS)samples.By contrast,loess samples have relatively homogenous δ^41K values(-0.5±0.1%),which may represent the average K composition of upper continental crust.Most of the shales analyzed in this study have experienced K enrichment relative to average continental crust,and the majority of them define a trend of decreasing δ^41K value(from-0.5to-0.7%)with increasing K content and K/Na ratio,indicating cation exchange in clays minerals is accompanied by K isotope fractionation.Several shale samples do not follow the trend and have elevated δ^41K values up to-0.1%,and these samples are characterized by variable Fe isotope compositions,which reflect post-depositional processes.The K isotope variability observed in shales,in combination with recent findings about K isotope fractionation during continental weathering,indicates that K isotopes fractionate during cycling of K between different reservoirs,and K isotopes in sediments may be used to trace geological cycling of K. | Weiqiang Li Shilei Li Brian L.Beard | 2019 | Acta Geochimica2019，38，4： | 8 |
| 20 | Geological characteristics of shale rock system and shale oil exploration breakthrough in a lacustrine basin:A case study from the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member in Cangdong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China显示文摘A deep understanding of the basic geologic characteristics of the fine-grained shale layers in the Paleogene 1 st sub-member of Kong 2 Member(Ek_2~1) in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is achieved through observation of 140 m continuous cores and systematic analysis of over 1 000 core samples from two wells. Basic geological conditions for shale oil accumulation are proposed based on the unconventional geological theory of oil and gas. The shale rock system mainly developed interbedded formation of felsic shale, calcareous and dolomitic shale and carbonates; high quality hydrocarbon source rock formed in the stable and closed environment is the material base for shale oil enrichment; intergranular pores in analcite, intercrystalline pores in dolomite and interlayer micro-fractures make tight carbonate, calcareous and dolomitic shale and felsic shale effective reservoirs, with brittle mineral content of more than 70%; high abundance laminated shale rock in the lower section of Ek_2~1 is rich in shale oil, with a total thickness of 70 m, burial depth between 2 800 to 4 200 m, an average oil saturation of 50%, a sweet spot area of 260 km^2 and predicted resources of over 5×10~8 t. Therefore, this area is a key replacement domain for oil exploration in the Kongdian Formation of the Cangdong sag. At present, the KN9 vertical well has a daily oil production of 29.6 t after fracturing with a 2 mm choke. A breakthrough of continental shale oil exploration in a lacustrine basin is expected to be achieved by volume fracturing in horizontal wells. | ZHAO Xianzheng ZHOU Lihong PU Xiugang JIN Fengming HAN Wenzhong XIAO Dunqing CHEN Shiyue SHI Zhannan ZHANG Wei YANG Fei | 2018 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2018，45，3： | 8 |
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