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| 1 | 当创客遇上STEAM教育显示文摘创客教育与STEAM教育的融合,为K12教育的综合实践课程和信息技术课程带来时代性的变革。对创客教育和STEAM教育的起源到发展进行文献调研,发现创客对STEAM教育起到优化的作用,为STEAM教育的实施提供工程案例和创新思想。对二者结合对中小学教育的作用以及遇到的困难进行分析,发现目前中小学缺乏健全的创客教育教学设计模式、校内创客空间建设有待完善、创客教育人才、资金等资源的不足。其未来发展和研究方向有认知学徒式培养、去精英化培养、创客教育教学设计模式、空间设计及平台建设等。 | 傅骞 王辞晓 | 2014 | 现代教育技术2014，24，10： | 211 |
| 2 | “科学、技术、工程与数学”教育运动的本质反思与实践问题——对话加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学Nashon教授显示文摘'科学、技术、工程与数学'(Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics,简称STEM)教育是由美国发起、主导并正在兴盛于世界各国的一场教育运动。它的提出,主要因应于国际竞争、社会高科技的发展等对人才的需求。这决定了其功利主义特点。因此,当我们思考STEM的教育价值时,必须将其功利主义框架转化为知识创造框架,追寻STEM的知识价值和教育内在价值。在此意义上,先于STEM而产生的科学、技术与社会(Science,Technology and Society,简称STS)教育,更具学术的背景和基础,可以作为改造STEM教育的合理框架。此外,我们还应深入探究STEM各相关学科自身的价值,并在此基础上寻求它们之间相互融合的价值和可能。 | 李雁冰 | 2014 | 全球教育展望2014，43，11： | 85 |
| 3 | STEM教育的五大争议及回应显示文摘STEM教育对推动信息技术与教育融合创新,促进学生的全面发展具有重要的作用。该文针对当前STEM教育的研究和应用现状,认为STEM教育面临着本质、本地化、与创客的关系、人才培养和课程等五个方面的争议,并分别进行了分析及回应,这有利于逐步完善对STEM教育的认知和理解,以期其在服务育人的全过程中发挥更大的作用。 | 赵兴龙 许林 | 2016 | 中国电化教育2016，，10： | 102 |
| 4 | Current concepts on osteonecrosis of the femoral head显示文摘It is estimated that 20000 to 30000 new patients are diagnosed with osteonecrosis annually accounting for approximately 10% of the 250000 total hip arthroplasties done annually in the United States. Thelack of level 1 evidence in the literature makes it difficult to identify optimal treatment protocols to manage patients with pre-collapse avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and early intervention prior to collapse is critical to successful outcomes in joint preserving procedures. There have been a variety of traumatic and atraumatic factors that have been identified as risk factors for osteonecrosis, but the etiology and pathogenesis still remains unclear. Current osteonecrosis diagnosis is dependent upon plain anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral radiographs of the hip, followed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Generally, the first radiographic changes seen by radiograph will be cystic and sclerotic changes in the femoral head. Although the diagnosis may be made by radiograph, plain radiographs are generally insufficient for early diagnosis, therefore MRI is considered the most accurate benchmark. Treatment options include pharmacologic agents such as bisphosphonates and statins, biophysical treatments, as well as joint-preserving and joint-replacing surgeries. the surgical treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be divided into two major branches: femoral head sparing procedures(FHSP) and femoral head replacement procedures(FHRP). In general, FHSP are indicated at pre-collapse stages with minimal symptoms whereas FHRP are preferred at post-collapse symptomatic stages. It is difficult to know whether any treatment modality changes the natural history of core decompression since the true natural history of core decompression has not been delineated. | Joaquin Moya-Angeler Arianna L Gianakos Jordan C Villa Amelia Ni Joseph M Lane | 2015 | World Journal of Orthopedics2015，6，8： | 94 |
| 5 | Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction显示文摘The Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction(MI) requires cardiac myocyte necrosis with an increase and/or a decrease in a patient's plasma of cardiac troponin(cT n) with at least one cT n measurement greater than the 99 th percentile of the upper normal reference limit during:(1) symptoms of myocardialischemia;(2) new significant electrocardiogram(ECG) ST-segment/T-wave changes or left bundle branch block;(3) the development of pathological ECG Q waves;(4) new loss of viable myocardium or regional wall motion abnormality identified by an imaging procedure; or(5) identification of intracoronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy.Myocardial infarction,when diagnosed,is now classified into five types.Detection of a rise and a fall of troponin are essential to the diagnosis of acute MI.However,high sensitivity troponin assays can increase the sensitivity but decrease the specificity of MI diagnosis.The ECG remains a cornerstone in the diagnosis of MI and should be frequently repeated,especially if the initial ECG is not diagnostic of MI.There have been significant advances in adjunctive pharmacotherapy,procedural techniques and stent technology in the treatment of patients with MIs.The routine use of antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel,prasugrel or ticagrelor,in addition to aspirin,reduces patient morbidity and mortality.Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) in a timely manner is the primary treatment of patients with acute ST segment elevation MI.Drug eluting coronary stents are safe and beneficial with primary coronary intervention.Treatment with direct thrombin inhibitors during PCI is non-inferior to unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa receptor antagonists and is associated with a significant reduction in bleeding.The intra-coronary use of a glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa antagonist can reduce infarct size.Pre- and post-conditioning techniques can provide additional cardioprotection.However,the incidence and mortality due to MI continues to be high despite all these recent advances.The initial ten year experience with autologous human bone marrow mononuclear cells(BMCs) in patients with MI showed modest but significant increases in left ventricular(LV) ejection fraction,decreases in LV endsystolic volume and reductions in MI size.These studies established that the intramyocardial or intracoronary administration of stem cells is safe.However,many of these studies consisted of small numbers of patients who were not randomized to BMCs or placebo.The recent LateT ime,Time,and Swiss Multicenter Trials in patientswith MI did not demonstrate significant improvement in patient LV ejection fraction with BMCs in comparison with placebo.Possible explanations include the early use of PCI in these patients,heterogeneous BMC populations which died prematurely from patients with chronic ischemic disease,red blood cell contamination which decreases BMC renewal,and heparin which decreases BMC migration.In contrast,cardiac stem cells from the right atrial appendage and ventricular septum and apex in the SCIPIO and CADUCEUS Trials appear to reduce patient MI size and increase viable myocardium.Additional clinical studies with cardiac stem cells are in progress. | Koushik Reddy Asma Khaliq Robert J Henning | 2015 | World Journal of Cardiology2015，7，5： | 107 |
| 6 | Detection of tumor stem cell markers in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines显示文摘BACKGROUND: Cancer of the pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in industrialized countries. In malignancy, actively proliferating cells may be effectively targeted and killed by anti-cancer therapies, but stem cells may survive and support re-growth of the tumor. Thus, new strategies for the treatment of cancer clearly will also have to target cancer stem cells. The goal of the present study was to determine whether pancreatic carcinoma cell growth may be driven by a subpopulation of cancer stem cells. Because previous data implicated ABCG2 and CD133 as stem cell markers in hematopoietic and neural stem/progenitor cells, we analyzed the expression of these two proteins in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. METHODS: Five established pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines were analyzed. Total RNA was isolated and real- time RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of ABCG2 and CD133. Surface expression of ABCG2 and CD133 was analyzed by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: All pancreatic carcinoma cell lines tested expressed significantly higher levels of ABCG2 than non-malignant fibroblasts or two other malignant non- pancreatic cell lines, i.e., SaOS2 osteosarcoma and SKOV3 ovarian cancer. Elevated CD133 expression was found in two out of five pancreatic carcinoma cell lines tested. Using flow cytometric analysis we confirmed surface expression of ABCG2 in all five lines. Yet, CD133 surface expression was detectable in the two cell lines, A818-6 and PancTu1, which exhibited higher mRNA levels.CONCLUSIONS: Two stem cell markers, ABCG2 and CD133 are expressed in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. ABCG2 and/or CD133 positive cells may represent subpopulation of putative cancer stem cells also in this malignancy. Because cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation and its recurrence after an initial response to chemotherapy, they may be a very promising target for new drug developments. | Monika Olempska Patricia Alice Eisenach Ole Ammerpohl Hendrik Ungefroren Fred Fandrich Holger Kalthoff | 2007 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2007，6，1： | 69 |
| 7 | 科技人力资源开发探究--美国STEM学科集成战略解读显示文摘20世纪80年代以来,STEM学科集成战略已逐渐成为美国科技人力资源开发的重要内容,为美国构筑可持续的竞争力奠定了基础。本文试图梳理美国STEM战略的发展脉络,并解读该战略的组织保障与投入机制等方面的具体实施。美国科技人力资源开发的这一重大举措应该能够给我国科学与工程教育创新带来有益的启示。 | 朱学彦 孔寒冰 | 2008 | 高等工程教育研究2008，56，2： | 80 |
| 8 | 促进跨学科学习的产生式学习(DoPBL)模式研究——基于问题式PBL和项目式PBL的整合视角显示文摘问题式PBL和项目式PBL两种教学方法 ,因其关注学生在学习中的主体性角色,通过让学生围绕问题进行合作探究来发展学生21世纪的学习力,而得到广泛青睐。然而,在实际教学应用中,这两种模式经常被混淆。在当今强调知识整合、跨学科学习、技术融入的时代背景下,厘清两者之间的差异,整合两种PBL的优势,可以促进学习者的跨学科学习,并提升其跨学科素养和综合问题解决能力。由此,产生了面向设计的产生式学习(DoPBL)。面向设计的产生式学习作为一种新的教学模式,可整合问题式和项目式PBL的优势,破解教师对两种模式的混淆。但仍需要对其做进一步探究,如其运行机制、技术支持、教师角色等。 | 董艳 孙巍 | 2019 | 远程教育杂志2019，37，2： | 66 |
| 9 | Targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hepatocellularcarcinoma treatment显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Liver cancer is generally related to hepatitis B or Cinfection and cirrhosis. Usually, patients with HCC are asymptomatic and are diagnosed at late stages when surgical treatment is no longer suitable. Limited treatment options for patients with advanced HCC are a major concern. Therefore, there is an urge for finding novel therapies to treat HCC. Liver cancer is highly heterogeneous and involved deregulation of several signaling pathways. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is frequently upregulated in HCC and it is implicated in maintenance of tumor initiating cells, drug resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. A great effort in developing selective drugs to target components of the β-catenin pathway with anticancer activity is underway but only a few of them have reached phase Ⅰ clinical trials. We aim to review the role of β-catenin pathway on hepatocarcinogenesis and liver cancer stem cell maintenance. We also evaluated the use of small molecules targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with potential application for treatment of HCC. | valery vilchez lilia turcios francesc marti roberto gedaly | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，2： | 51 |
| 10 | 从STEM教育走向STEAM教育:艺术(Arts)的角色分析显示文摘21世纪迅速变化的知识和信息社会正在迫使STEM教育转向STEAM教育,社会期望艺术的深度融合能够平衡仅仅围绕科学技术进行教育的诸多弊端。然而,STEAM教育目前面临着艺术如何对接以及如何融入STEM教育这一巨大挑战。从STEM教育走向STEAM教育的过程是艰辛的,化解STEM教育弊端及STEAM教育挑战需要从艺术角色本身进行深度分析。事实上,STEAM教育中的'A'包含精致艺术等五种内容,传递着大艺术视角等六维理念,发挥着提升创造力等四度功能。Hetland等人以工作室思维为艺术和STEM教育的成功对接提供了模型,Bresler则为艺术融入STEM教育提供了必要的支持和结构。STEAM教育运动将是未来很长一段时期教育领域关注的热点问题,助推STEAM教育深入发展的建议有三个方面,一是重视跨学科大概念,二是强调基于艺术的实践,三是挖掘适切教育资源。 | 李刚 吕立杰 | 2018 | 中国电化教育2018，，9： | 54 |
| 11 | 证据导向的STEM教学模式研究显示文摘当前我国STEM教育存在一些典型问题:过分关注技术而不遵循教育规律;学生只会模仿教师的操作,没有真正体验知识获得的过程;缺乏基于证据进行推理的过程导致学生科学意识不强;缺少过程性数据来验证学生的创新学习能力提升以及创新学习发生;缺少对学生知识掌握水平和能力素养评估导致STEM教育沦为一种职业技术培训。基于证据的学习理论为解决STEM教育问题提供了思路。它是为解决特定学习问题而运用一些证据验证假设、发现并得出解决问题方案的一种学习范式;强调关注学生的学习过程,基于证据来呈现学习结果并由此证明学习活动及学习成效已经发生。基于该理念构建的证据导向的STEM教学模式,强调在设计问题或项目时注重知识的内在逻辑以及跨学科整合性;强调要以发展学生关键能力和核心素养为目标,积极开展形成性评价和表现性评价;强调要充分发挥大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术的作用,创设良好的学习证据生成、采集、分析、利用的数据驱动的教学环境。实践案例表明:基于证据的学习有助于推进跨学科知识融合的STEM教育,帮助学生夯实科学、技术、工程和数学等知识基础,提升其创新精神与实践能力,实现创新型、创业型人才的培养。 | 余胜泉 吴斓 | 2019 | 现代远程教育研究2019，31，5： | 51 |
| 12 | Mesenchymal stem cells: Emerging mechanisms of immunomodulation and therapy显示文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are a pleiotropic population of cells that are self-renewing and capable of differentiating into canonical cells of the mesenchyme, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. They employ multi-faceted approaches to maintain bone marrow niche homeostasis and promote wound healing during injury. Biomedical research has long sought to exploit their pleiotropic properties as a basis for cell therapy for a variety of diseases and to facilitate hematopoietic stem cell establishment and stromal reconstruction in bone marrow transplantation. Early results demonstrated their usage as safe, and there was little host response to these cells. The discovery of their immunosuppressive functions ushered in a new interest in MSCs as a promising therapeutic tool to suppress inflammation and down-regulate pathogenic immune responses in graft-versus-host and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. MSCs produce a large number of soluble and membrane-bound factors, some of which inhibit immune responses. However, the full range of MSC-mediated immune-modulation remains incompletely understood, as emerging reports also reveal that MSCs can adopt an immunogenic phenotype, stimulate immune cells, and yield seemingly contradictory results in experimental animal models of inflammatory disease. The present review describes the large body of literature that has been accumulated on the fascinating biology of MSCs and their complex effects on immune responses. | Justin D Glenn Katharine A Whartenby | 2014 | World Journal of Stem Cells2014，6，5： | 55 |
| 13 | WJSC 6^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2):Mesenchymal stem cells Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells:Their advantages and potential clinical utility显示文摘Human umbilical cord(UC)is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).Apart from their prominent advantages,such as a painless collection procedure and faster self-renewal,UC-MSCs have shown the ability to differentiate into three germ layers,to accumulate in damaged tissue or inflamed regions,to promote tissue repair,and to modulate immune response.There are diverse protocols and culture methods for the isolation of MSCs from the various compartments of UC,such as Wharton’s jelly,vein,arteries,UC lining and subamnion and perivascular regions.In this review,we give a brief introduction to various compartments of UC as a source of MSCs and emphasize the potential clinical utility of UC-MSCs for regenerative medicine and immunotherapy. | Tokiko Nagamura-Inoue Haiping He | 2014 | World Journal of Stem Cells2014，6，2： | 46 |
| 14 | Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissues in a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model显示文摘BACKGROUND: Acute rejection after liver transplantation is usually treated with large doses of immunosuppressants with severe toxic and side-effects, so it is imperative to find a safe and effective method for preventing and treating rejection. This study was designed to confirm the immunomodulatory effects of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and investigate the tolerogenic features in a rat model of allogeneic liver transplantation. METHODS: MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cultured. In vitro, MSCs were added into a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) system to study the inhibitory effects of MSCs on the proliferation of T lymphocytes in Wistar rats. By using SD and Wistar rats as liver donors and recipients, an orthotopic liver transplantation model was established and the rats were divided into a MSC-treated group and a blank control group. On postoperative day 7, all rats were sacrificed, and the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured. The pathological changes of liver tissue and apoptosis of hepatocytes were also assessed. RESULTS: In in vitro MLC, T lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats was significantly inhibited by 48.44%. In the MSC-treated group, the levels of ALT, AST, TBIL, IL-2 and IL-10 were 134.2±45.0 U/L, 162.5±30.5 U/L, 30.6± 5.4 μmol/L, 187.35±18.26 μg/L and 193.95±37.62 μg/L, and those in the blank control group were 355.6±54.3 U/L, 296.4±71.2 U/L, 145.7±28.6 μmol/L, 295.73±57.15 μg/L and 75.12±11.23 μg/L, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Pathological examinationrevealed that the rejection in the MSC-treated group was clearly alleviated compared with that in the blank control group. TUNEL indicated that the apoptosis of hepatocytes in the MSC-treated group was milder than that in the blank control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adipose-derived MSCs clearly inhibit recipient-derived T lymphocyte proliferation in MLC and significantly alleviate acute rejection following orthotopic liver transplantation in rats. | Wan, Chi-Dan Cheng, Rui Wang, Hong-Bo Liu, Tao | 2008 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2008，7，1： | 41 |
| 15 | Research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis显示文摘Etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS),a complicated three-dimensional spinal deformity with early-onset,receives continuous attention but remains unclear.To gain an insight into AIS pathogenesis,this review searched PubMed database up to June 2019,using key words or medical subject headings terms including'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,''scoliosis,''pathogenesis,''etiology,''genetics,''mesenchymal stem cells,'and their combinations,summarized existing literatures and categorized the theories or hypothesis into nine aspects.These aspects include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell studies,genetic studies,tissue analysis,spine biomechanics measurements,neurologic analysis,hormone studies,biochemical analysis,environmental factor analysis,and lifestyle explorations.These categories could be a guidance for further etiology or treatment researches to gain inspiration. | Yue Peng Sheng-Ru Wang Gui-Xing Qiu Jian-Guo Zhang Qian-Yu Zhuang | 2020 | Chinese Medical Journal2020，，4： | 45 |
| 16 | 北极星计划:以STEM教育为核心的全球创新人才培养——《制定成功路线:美国STEM教育战略》(2019-2023)解析显示文摘随着全球经济、科学技术、地缘政治等的快速变化与发展,科技创新越来越成为引领世界格局变化的重要因素之一,创新成为世界各国的核心竞争力之一。美国一直致力于维护其全球科技创新的霸主地位,先后发布了多个STEM教育相关政策,意在加强科技创新领域的人才培养,保持其在全球科技创新领域的核心位置。2018年12月3日,美国白宫发布了STEM教育新的五年战略计划——'北极星计划',它将成为美国创新人才培养的驱动力量。该报告以'所有美国公民都将终身受益于高质量的STEM教育'为愿景,从广度和深度上提出了:未来五年,每个美国人都应掌握基本的STEM概念、弥补以往欠缺的学生进行STEM有效学习、鼓励学生从事STEM职业这三大战略目标;并从发展和丰富战略伙伴关系、促进跨学科交叉融合、推进信息素养和计算思维教育、建立透明和问责的管理机制四条路径,指导政策制定者、研究人员、教育者、行业领导者等,开展STEM教育实践。通过分析该报告内容,结合我国STEM教育现状和发展诉求,提出以下建议:构建符合中国特色的STEM教育生态系统;成立国家STEM教育委员会;鼓励跨学科交叉融合,培养全面发展的4C人才;以STEM教育培育跨界思维和促进知识应用与融通;加强计算机科学教育,培养计算思维;建立STEM教育监管和评价机制。 | 陈鹏 田阳 刘文龙 | 2019 | 远程教育杂志2019，37，2： | 50 |
| 17 | Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications显示文摘Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders. | Farbod Rastegar Deana Shenaq Eric R Wagner Stephanie H Kim Russell R Reid Hue H Luu Rex C Haydon | 2010 | World Journal of Stem Cells2010，2，4： | 35 |
| 18 | 中国理工科STEM教育发展探究显示文摘随着信息时代的到来,STEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Maths)教育成为了技术创新的理论基础和实践手段。但就现阶段而言,我国理工科STEM教育存在诸多问题。鉴于此,文章指出STEM教育具有跨学科性、实践性和情境性等特点,分析了STEM教育的国内外发展现状,提出了适合中国理工科STEM教育的发展取向:设计基于认知学习理论的'项目等级学习塔';借鉴相关课程融合模式和广域课程融合模式,逐渐完善理工科STEM教育融合课程体系;加强技术在STEM教育中的作用。 | 董宏建 白敏 | 2016 | 现代教育技术2016，26，7： | 36 |
| 19 | 国外STEM教育研究的热题表征与进路预判——基于ERIC(2005-2015)的量化考察显示文摘STEM教育是当今最具基础性、综合性、创造性和经济性的教育,是各国教育竞争力、改革力和发展力的劲爆点。国外STEM教育研究已产生了一些具有理论和实践价值的成果。国内对于STEM教育研究仍处于萌芽期,通过探讨国外STEM教育的发展现状和研究热点以及未来的发展趋势,为我国高起点研究和发展STEM教育提供可资借鉴的经验和蓝本。基于ERIC数据库,该文对国外近10年有关STEM Education的相关文献进行量化分析。通过对高频关键词的共现分析、因子分析、聚类分析、多维尺度分析,发现STEM教育研究的热点主题是STEM教育相关理论、STEM教育研究方法运用、STEM教育学校变革、STEM教育课程连贯性、STEM教育代表性不足的群体等。未来的STEM教育研究将聚焦课程整合一体化、学校伙伴化、对象低龄化和评价多面化。 | 詹青龙 许瑞 | 2016 | 中国电化教育2016，，10： | 36 |
| 20 | STEM教育的核心精神显示文摘科学理解STEM教育,应该着眼于STEM教育的目标、课程和教学策略的三位一体。从教学目标来看,STEM教育是培养学生的STEM综合素养;从课程上看,STEM教育是一种综合性课程,但综合的程度不同,有相关课程、融合课程和核心课程,笔者更倾向于以社会为取向的核心课程;从教学策略看,它更强调科学探究和项目设计,包括发现问题、提出假设、科学求证、得出结论、分享反思等环节。 | 吕延会 | 2017 | 当代教育科学2017，，5： | 38 |
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