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| 1 | Defect engineering: A versatile tool for tuning the activation of key molecules in photocatalytic reactions显示文摘Many photocatalytic reactions such as CO2 reduction and N2 fixation are often limited by the activation of some key molecules. Defects in solid materials can robustly introduce coordinately unsaturated sites to serve as highly active sites for molecular chemisorption and activation. As a result, rational defect engineering has endowed a versatile approach to further develop photocatalytic applications beyond water splitting. The subtly designed defects in photocatalysts can play critical and decisive roles in molecular activation as proven in recent years. The defects cannot only serve as active sites for molecular chemisorption, but also spatially supply channels for energy and electron transfer. In this review, we aim to summarize the diversiform photocatalytic applications using defects as active sites, including but not limited to CO2 reduction, O2 activation,H2O dissociation, N2 fixation as well as activation of other molecules. In particular, we emphatically outline how the parameters of defects (e.g.,concentration,location,geometric and electronic structures) can serve as the knobs for maneuvering molecular adsorption and activation as well as altering subsequent reaction pathway. Moreover, we underline the remaining challenges at the current stage and the potential development in the future.It is anticipated that this review consolidates the in-depth understanding towards the structure-activity relationship between defects and related reactions. | Ning Zhang Chao Gao Yujie Xiong | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，10： | 6 |
| 2 | Expression of Transforming Growth Factor β_1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Utility in Molecular Tissue Engineering for Osteochondral Repair显示文摘Summary: The feasibility of using gene therapy to treat full-thickness articular cartilage defects was investigated with respect to the transfection and expression of exogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 genes in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. The full-length rat TGF-β 1 cDNA was transfected to MSCs mediated by lipofectamine and then selected with G418, a synthetic neomycin analog. The transient and stable expression of TGF-β 1 by MSCs was detected by using immunohistochemical staining. The lipofectamine-mediated gene therapy efficiently transfected MSCs in vitro with the TGF-β 1 gene causing a marked up-regulation in TGF-β 1 expression as compared with the vector-transfected control groups, and the increased expression persisted for at least 4 weeks after selected with G418. It was suggested that bone marrow-derived MSCs were susceptible to in vitro lipofectamine mediated TGF-β 1 gene transfer and that transgene expression persisted for at least 4 weeks. Having successfully combined the existing techniques of tissue engineering with the novel possibilities offered by modern gene transfer technology, an innovative concept, i.e. molecular tissue engineering, are put forward for the first time. As a new branch of tissue engineering, it represents both a new area and an important trend in research. Using this technique, we have a new powerful tool with which: (1) to modify the functional biology of articular tissue repair along defined pathways of growth and differentiation and (2) to affect a better repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects that occur as a result of injury and osteoarthritis. | 郭晓东 杜靖远 郑启新 杨述华 刘勇 段德宇 易诚青 | 2002 | Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences)2002，22，2： | 5 |
| 3 | Two-Dimensional Materials in Large-Areas: Synthesis, Properties and Applications显示文摘Large-area and high-quality two-dimensional crystals are the basis for the development of the next-generation electronic and optical devices.The synthesis of two-dimensional materials in wafer scales is the first critical step for future technology uptake by the industries;however,currently presented as a significant challenge.Substantial efforts have been devoted to producing atomically thin two-dimensional materials with large lateral dimensions,controllable and uniform thicknesses,large crystal domains and minimum defects.In this review,recent advances in synthetic routes to obtain high-quality two-dimensional crystals with lateral sizes exceeding a hundred micrometres are outlined.Applications of the achieved large-area two-dimensional crystals in electronics and optoelectronics are summarised,and advantages and disadvantages of each approach considering ease of the synthesis,defects,grain sizes and uniformity are discussed. | Ali Zavabeti Azmira Jannat Li Zhong Azhar Ali Haidry Zhengjun Yao Jian Zhen Ou | 2020 | Nano-Micro Letters2020，12，5： | 4 |
| 4 | The impact of crystal defects towards oxide semiconductor photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting显示文摘Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation for sustainable clean energy and fuel production is a potential solution to the demands of organic pollutant removal and growing energy consumption.Development of high performance photoanodes,which is a key component in the system,is one of the central topics in the area.The crystal defect is an old concept but fruiting new understanding witli promotive impact to the development of high performance photoanodes.In this review,we elucidated the typical defects involved in the photoanode with the position where they play the roles in the structure and how the properties of photoanode are influenced.In addition,we summarized the feasible protocols to maximize the pros but reduce the cons brought by having defects to the photoanode performance based on recent most prominent researcli advancements in the field.Finally,we briefly sketched the future perspective with the challenges of this topic when in the scenario of possible developments into practical applications. | Qi-Tao Liu De-Yu Liu Jian-Ming Li Yong-Bo Kuang | 2019 | Frontiers of physics2019，14，5： | 3 |
| 5 | Contralateral C7 transfer combined with acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells for repairing upper brachial plexus injury in rats显示文摘Nerve grafting has always been necessary when the contralateral C7 nerve root is transferred to treat brachial plexus injury. Acellular nerve allograft is a promising alternative for the treatment of nerve defects, and results were improved by grafts laden with differentiated adipose stem cells. However, use of these tissue-engineered nerve grafts has not been reported for the treatment of brachial plexus injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells to improve nerve regeneration in a rat model in which the contralateral C7 nerve was transferred to repair an upper brachial plexus injury. Differentiated adipose stem cells were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and transdifferentiated into a Schwann cell-like phenotype. Acellular nerve allografts were prepared from 15-mm bilateral sections of rat sciatic nerves. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: acellular nerve allograft, acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells, and autograft. The upper brachial plexus injury model was established by traction applied away from the intervertebral foramen with micro-hemostat forceps. Acellular nerve allografts with or without seeded cells were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and C5–6 nerve. Histological staining, electrophysiology, and neurological function tests were used to evaluate the effect of nerve repair 16 weeks after surgery. Results showed that the onset of discernible functional recovery occurred earlier in the autograft group first, followed by the acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells group, and then the acellular nerve allograft group;moreover, there was a significant difference between autograft and acellular nerve allograft groups. Compared with the acellular nerve allograft group, compound muscle action potential, motor conduction velocity, positivity for neurofilament and S100, diameter of regenerating axons, myelin sheath thickness, and density of myelinated fibers were remarkably increased in autograft and acellular nerve allograft + differentiated adipose stem cells groups. These findings confirm that acellular nerve allografts seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells effectively promoted nerve repair after brachial plexus injuries, and the effect was better than that of acellular nerve repair alone. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University of China(approval No. 2016-150) in June 2016. | Jian-Tao Yang Jin-Tao Fang Liang Li Gang Chen Ben-Gang Qin Li-Qiang Gu | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，11： | 3 |
| 6 | Effect of defects on the electronic structure of a PbI2/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructure: A first-principles study显示文摘PbI2/MoS2,as a typical van der Waals(vdW)heterostructure,has attracted intensive attention owing to its remarkable electronic and optoelectronic properties.In this work,the effect of defects on the electronic structures of a PbI2/MoS2 heterointerface has been systematically investigated.The manner in which the defects modulate the band structure of PbI2/MoS2,including the band gap,band edge,band alignment,and defect energy-level density within the band gap is discussed herein.It is shown that sulfur defects tune the band gaps,iodine defects shift the positions of the band edge and Fermi level,and lead defects realize the conversions between the straddling-gap band alignment and valence-band-aligned gap,thus enhancing the light-absorption ability of the material. | Wen He HuaWei Li HuiQiong Zhou HongKang Zhao Hui Wang XingHua Shi | 2020 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2020，63，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Defect engineering in two-dimensional materials显示文摘Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted worldwide interest. They are proved to be the most promising materials for next generation electronic and optoelectronic devices, including transistor, photodetector, sensor, modulator and light-emitting diode. Defects, e.g. vacancies, adatoms, edges, grain boundaries, and substitutional impurities, are inevitable in 2D materials[1]. They will influence the performance of the materials in many aspects such as mechanical, electrical, optical and optoelectronic properties. For example, the presence of sulfur vacancies (SVs) leads to electron donor states within the electronic bandgap. This increases electron concentration and results in n-type characteristic in as-prepared MoS2. They could also give rise to hopping transport behavior in low carrier density and act as scattering centers to reduce the carrier mobility in MoS2. Thus, defect engineering, namely, eliminating the unfavorable defects and introducing beneficial defects is very meaningful, and would be a promising strategy to realize high performance electronic and optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials. | Jie Jiang Zhenhua Ni | 2019 | Journal of Semiconductors2019，40，7： | 1 |
| 8 | Application of computer simulation in the optimization of plastics processing technology显示文摘The application of proportional integral derivative(PID)and computer aided engineering(CAE)in the optimization and control of plastic processing technology is reviewed.PID method can be used to adjust and optimize the processing technology by stages,so as to obtain the processing technology with good dynamic and steady-state characteristics,and then improve the quality of plastic products.The CAE method is mainly used in the processing of thin-walled products.Through the scientific selection of materials,the rational design of the structure and the effective optimization of the process,the probability and extent of defects in plastic products can be reduced.In the process of process optimization,the use of computer simulation is a highly efficient,reliable and scientific method due to the huge workload. | Morton Veblen Benjamin Ferdinand | 2018 | Computer Simulation in Application2018，1，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Defect engineering on the electronic and transport properties of one-dimensional armchair phosphorene nanoribbons显示文摘We investigate the electronic and transport properties of one-dimensional armchair phosphorene nanoribbons(APNRs) containing atomic vacancies with different distributions and concentrations using ab initio density functional calculations. It is found that the atomic vacancies are easier to form and detain at the edge region rather than a random distribution through analyzing formation energy and diffusion barrier. The highly local defect states are generated at the vicinity of the Fermi level, and emerge a deep-to-shallow transformation as the width increases after introducing vacancies in APNRs.Moreover, the electrical transport of APNRs with vacancies is enhanced compared to that of the perfect counterparts. Our results provide a theoretical guidance for the further research and applications of PNRs through defect engineering. | 许华慨 欧阳钢 | 2020 | Chinese Physics B2020，29，3： | 0 |
| 10 | Ion Beam Defect Engineering——Controlling of Secondary Defect in Ion-implanted Silicon | 卢武星 R.J.Schreutelkamp J.R.Liefting F.W.Saris | 1994 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International1994，4，3： | 0 |
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