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| 1 | QTL IciMapping:Integrated software for genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus mapping in biparental populations显示文摘QTL Ici Mapping is freely available public software capable of building high-density linkage maps and mapping quantitative trait loci(QTL) in biparental populations. Eight functionalities are integrated in this software package:(1) BIN: binning of redundant markers;(2) MAP: construction of linkage maps in biparental populations;(3) CMP: consensus map construction from multiple linkage maps sharing common markers;(4) SDL: mapping of segregation distortion loci;(5) BIP: mapping of additive, dominant, and digenic epistasis genes;(6) MET: QTL-by-environment interaction analysis;(7) CSL: mapping of additive and digenic epistasis genes with chromosome segment substitution lines; and(8) NAM: QTL mapping in NAM populations. Input files can be arranged in plain text, MS Excel 2003, or MS Excel 2007 formats. Output files have the same prefix name as the input but with different extensions. As examples, there are two output files in BIN, one for summarizing the identified bin groups and deleted markers in each bin, and the other for using the MAP functionality. Eight output files are generated by MAP, including summary of the completed linkage maps, Mendelian ratio test of individual markers, estimates of recombination frequencies, LOD scores, and genetic distances, and the input files for using the BIP, SDL,and MET functionalities. More than 30 output files are generated by BIP, including results at all scanning positions, identified QTL, permutation tests, and detection powers for up to six mapping methods. Three supplementary tools have also been developed to display completed genetic linkage maps, to estimate recombination frequency between two loci,and to perform analysis of variance for multi-environmental trials. | Lei Meng Huihui Li Luyan Zhang Jiankang Wang | 2015 | The Crop Journal2015，3，3： | 174 |
| 2 | Anatomical and chemical characteristics associated with lodging resistance in wheat显示文摘Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diameter, and stem diameter, were extensively investigated in earlier studies. However, the solid stem trait was rarely considered. In this study, we measured a range of anatomical and chemical characteristics on solid and hollow stemmed wheat cultivars. Significant correlations were detected between resistance to lodging and several anatomical features, including width of mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls. Morphological features that gave the best indication of improved lodging resistance were increased stem width, width of mechanical tissue layer, and stem density. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 99% of the variation in lodging resistance could be explained by the width of the mechanical tissue layer, suggesting that solid stemmed wheat has several anatomical features for increasing resistance to lodging. In addition, microsatellite markers GWM247 and GWM340 were linked to a single solid stem QTL on chromosome 3BL in a population derived from the cross Xinongshixin(solid stem)/Line 3159(hollow stem). These markers should be valuable in breeding wheat for solid stem. | Eryan Kong Dongcheng Liu Xiaoli Guo Wenlong Yang Jiazhu Sun Xin Li Kehui Zhan Dangqun Cui Jinxing Lin Aimin Zhang | 2013 | The Crop Journal2013，1，1： | 43 |
| 3 | Effect of subsoil tillage depth on nutrient accumulation, root distribution, and grain yield in spring maize显示文摘A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments. | Hongguang Cai Wei Ma Xiuzhi Zhang Jieqing Ping Xiaogong Yan Jianzhao Liu Jingchao Yuan Lichun Wang Jun Ren | 2014 | The Crop Journal2014，2，5： | 42 |
| 4 | Production and genetic improvement of minor cereals in China显示文摘China is a leading country in the production of several minor cereals such as foxtail millet,Job's tears,naked oat,and naked barley.Sorghum and proso millet have also contributed greatly to Chinese agriculture.Foxtail millet,sorghum,barley,and proso millet were widely grown as major crops 60 years ago,and the reduction in their cultivation area reflects historical changes in Chinese agriculture over the past decades.Systematic germplasm collections from the 1950 s to the 1990 s gathered more than 66,690 accessions of these minor cereals,and for some of them,the Chinese germplasm collections are the largest in the world;for example,the 27,700 accessions of foxtail millet.Germplasm evaluations of each cereal species have focused mainly on drought tolerance,nutritional quality,and resistance to their main diseases.Comparisons among lines and selection of those with desirable traits were the main breeding methods for minor cereals in the 1950 s and 1960 s,but these methods were replaced by crossbreeding in the 1970 s.Newly developed cultivars have greatly changed the production situation,and many super cultivars have become milestones in crop breeding history.In this review,we describe the distribution and ecoregions,origin and domestication,and landmark varieties of several minor cereals in China.Nearly all of the minor cereals are drought-tolerant and fertilizer-efficient.The requirements for environmentally friendly crops and a more diverse food supply for humans and animals provide new opportunities to cultivate minor cereals in the drier and warmer environmental conditions that are predicted in the future. | Xianmin Diao | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，2： | 38 |
| 5 | Magnesium deficiency in plants:An urgent problem显示文摘Although magnesium(Mg) is one of the most important nutrients, involved in many enzyme activities and the structural stabilization of tissues, its importance as a macronutrient ion has been overlooked in recent decades by botanists and agriculturists, who did not regard Mg deficiency(MGD) in plants as a severe health problem. However, recent studies have shown,surprisingly, that Mg contents in historical cereal seeds have markedly declined over time, and two thirds of people surveyed in developed countries received less than their minimum daily Mg requirement. Thus, the mechanisms of response to MGD and ways to increase Mg contents in plants are two urgent practical problems. In this review, we discuss several aspects of MGD in plants, including phenotypic and physiological changes, cell Mg2+homeostasis control by Mg2+transporters, MGD signaling, interactions between Mg2+and other ions, and roles of Mg2+in plant secondary metabolism. Our aim is to improve understanding of the influence of MGD on plant growth and development and to advance crop breeding for Mg enrichment. | Wanli Guo Hussain Nazim Zongsuo Liang Dongfeng Yang | 2016 | The Crop Journal2016，4，2： | 39 |
| 6 | Estimation of biomass in wheat using random forest regression algorithm and remote sensing data显示文摘Wheat biomass can be estimated using appropriate spectral vegetation indices.However,the accuracy of estimation should be further improved for on-farm crop management.Previous studies focused on developing vegetation indices,however limited research exists on modeling algorithms.The emerging Random Forest(RF) machine-learning algorithm is regarded as one of the most precise prediction methods for regression modeling.The objectives of this study were to(1) investigate the applicability of the RF regression algorithm for remotely estimating wheat biomass,(2) test the performance of the RF regression model,and(3) compare the performance of the RF algorithm with support vector regression(SVR) and artificial neural network(ANN) machine-learning algorithms for wheat biomass estimation.Single HJ-CCD images of wheat from test sites in Jiangsu province were obtained during the jointing,booting,and anthesis stages of growth.Fifteen vegetation indices were calculated based on these images.In-situ wheat above-ground dry biomass was measured during the HJ-CCD data acquisition.The results showed that the RF model produced more accurate estimates of wheat biomass than the SVR and ANN models at each stage,and its robustness is as good as SVR but better than ANN.The RF algorithm provides a useful exploratory and predictive tool for estimating wheat biomass on a large scale in Southern China. | Li'ai Wang Xudong Zhou Xinkai Zhu Zhaodi Dong Wenshan Guo | 2016 | The Crop Journal2016，4，3： | 30 |
| 7 | Feeding of Riptortus pedestris on soybean plants, the primary cause of soybean staygreen syndrome in the Huang-Huai-Hai river basin显示文摘Staygreen syndrome or Zhengqing in soybean has recently become a major issue for Chinese growers in the Huang-Huai-Hai river basin.Although previous studies revealed that staygreen can be induced when pods/seeds are damaged, it is unknown whether virus infection or insect infestation causes staygreen.To determine whether viral infection causes staygreen, a survey of soybean staygreen incidence in the Huang-Huai-Hai river basin was conducted in 2016 and 2017.Diseased samples were collected and analyzed using DAS-ELISA for Soybean mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Bean common mosaic virus.The survey showed that the severity of soybean staygreen syndrome was most prevalent in Beijing, Henan, Shaanxi, and some parts of Shandong provinces, with yield losses from 0 to nearly 100%, but only a small fraction of samples were positive for the tested viruses.A field cage experiment and an insecticide treatment field trial were conducted to determine the contribution of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, to staygreen incidence.The field cage experiment showed that R.pedestris treatment resulted in shorter plants, more empty pods, increased numbers of abnormal seeds, and decreased yields.The field experiment showed that there were fewer R.pedestris and less soybean staygreen incidence in fields treated with insecticide than in untreated control fields.Together, these results suggest that R.pedestris infestation rather than virus infection induces staygreen syndrome and that growers in this region can mitigate staygreen syndrome via bean bug control. | Kai Li Xinxin Zhang Jianqiu Guo Hannah Penn Tingting Wu Lin Li Hong Jiang Lidan Chang Cunxiang Wu Tianfu Han | 2019 | The Crop Journal2019，7，3： | 30 |
| 8 | Rapeseed research and production in China显示文摘Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is the largest oilseed crop in China and accounts for about 20% of world production.For the last 10 years,the production,planting area,and yield of rapeseed have been stable,with improvement of seed quality and especially seed oil content.China is among the leading countries in rapeseed genomic research internationally,having jointly with other countries accomplished the whole genome sequencing of rapeseed and its two parental species,Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa.Progress on functional genomics including the identification of QTL governing important agronomic traits such as yield,seed oil content,fertility regulation,disease and insect resistance,abiotic stress,nutrition use efficiency,and pod shattering resistance has been achieved.As a consequence,molecular markers have been developed and used in breeding programs.During 2005–2014,215 rapeseed varieties were registered nationally,including 210 winter-and 5 spring-type varieties.Mechanization across the whole process of rapeseed production was investigated and operating instructions for all relevant techniques were published.Modern techniques for rapeseed field management such as high-density planting,controlled-release fertilizer,and biocontrol of disease and pests combined with precision tools such as drones have been developed and are being adopted in China.With the application of advanced breeding and production technologies,in the near future,the oil yield and quality of rapeseed varieties will be greatly increased,and more varieties with desirable traits,especially early maturation,high yield,high resistance to biotic and abiotic stress,and suitability for mechanized harvesting will be developed.Application of modern technologies on the mechanized management of rapeseed will greatly increase grower profit. | Qiong Hu Wei Hua Yan Yin Xuekun Zhang Lijiang Liu Jiaqin Shi Yongguo Zhao Lu Qin Chang Chen Hanzhong Wang | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，2： | 25 |
| 9 | Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s显示文摘While the yield potential of rice has increased but little is known about the impact of breeding on grain quality, especially under different levels of N availability. In order to investigate the integrated effects of breeding and N levels on rice quality 12 japonica rice cultivars bred in the past60 years in the Yangtze River Basin were used with three levels of N: 0 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1,and 360 kg N ha-1. During the period, milling quality(brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage), appearance quality(chalky kernels percentage, chalky size, and chalkiness), and eating and cooking quality(amylose content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback) were significantly improved, but the nutritive value of the grain has declined due to a reduction in protein content. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Mg, and S contents, were decreased, and Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Ca, K, P, B contents were increased. These changes in grain quality imply that simultaneous improvements in grain yield and grain quality are possible through selection. Overall, application of N fertilizer decreased grain quality, especially in terms of eating and cooking quality. Under higher N levels, higher protein content was the main reason for deterioration of grain quality, although lower amylose content might contribute to improving starch pasting properties. These results suggest that further improvement in grain quality will depend on both breeding and cultivation practices, especially in regard to nitrogen and water management. | Junfei Gu Jing Chen Lu Chen Zhiqin Wang Hao Zhang Jianchang Yang | 2015 | The Crop Journal2015，3，4： | 25 |
| 10 | Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley显示文摘A two-year field experiment(2012–2013) was conducted to investigate the effects of two tillage methods and five maize straw mulching patterns on the yield, water consumption,and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring maize(Zea mays L.) in the northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley of China. Compared to rotary tillage, subsoil tillage resulted in decreases in water consumption by 6.3–7.8% and increases in maize yield by 644.5–673.9 kg ha-1, soil water content by 2.9–3.0%, and WUE by 12.7–15.2%. Chopped straw mulching led to higher yield,soil water content, and WUE as well as lower water consumption than prostrate whole straw mulching. Mulching with 50% chopped straw had the largest positive effects on maize yield, soil water content, and WUE among the five mulching treatments. Tillage had greater influence on maize yield than straw mulching, whereas straw mulching had greater influence on soil water content, water consumption, and WUE than tillage. These results suggest that 50% chopped straw mulching with subsoil tillage is beneficial in spring maize production aiming at high yield and high WUE in the Huang–Huai–Hai valley. | Zhiqiang Tao Congfeng Li Jingjing Li Zaisong Ding Jie Xu Xuefang Sun Peilu Zhou Ming Zhao | 2015 | The Crop Journal2015，3，5： | 26 |
| 11 | Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants显示文摘Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance.However,the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities.Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance.Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones,including the classical auxins,cytokinins,ethylene,and gibberellins,and newer members including brassinosteroids,jasmonates,and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.In this review,we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance,besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops.We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions.We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. | Shabir H.Wani Vinay Kumar Varsha Shriram Saroj Kumar Sah | 2016 | The Crop Journal2016，4，3： | 25 |
| 12 | A journey to understand wheat Fusarium head blight resistance in the Chinese wheat landrace Wangshuibai显示文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB) or scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major threat to wheat production in China as well as in the world. To combat this disease, multiple efforts have been carried out internationally. In this article, we review our long-time effort in identifying the resistance genes and dissecting the resistance mechanisms by both forward and reverse genetics approaches in the last two decades. We present recent progress in resistance QTL identification, candidate functional gene discovery, marker-assisted improvement of FHB resistant varieties, and findings in investigating association of signal molecules, such as Ca^(++),SA, JA, and ET, with FHB response, with the assistance from rapidly growing genomics platforms. The information will be helpful for designing novel and efficient approaches to curb FHB. | Haiyan Jia Jiyang Zhou Shulin Xue Guoqiang Li Haisheng Yan Congfu Ran Yiduo Zhang Jinxing Shi Li Jia Xin Wang Jing Luo Zhengqiang Ma | 2018 | The Crop Journal2018，6，1： | 24 |
| 13 | Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY transcription factor gene family in Gossypium raimondii and the expression of orthologs in cultivated tetraploid cotton显示文摘WRKY proteins are members of a family of transcription factors in higher plants that function in plant responses to various physiological processes.We identified 120 candidate WRKY genes from Gossypium raimondii with corresponding expressed sequence tags in at least one of four cotton species,Gossypium hirsutum,Gossypium barbadense,Gossypium arboreum,and G.raimondii.These WRKY members were anchored on 13 chromosomes in G.raimondii with uneven distribution.Phylogenetic analysis showed that WRKY candidate genes can be classified into three groups,with 20 members in group I,88 in group II,and 12 in group III.The88 genes in group II were further classified into five subgroups,groups IIa–e,containing 7,16,37,15,and 13 members,respectively.We characterized diversity in amino acid residues in the WRKY domain and/or other zinc finger motif regions in the WRKY proteins.The expression patterns of WRKY genes revealed their important roles in diverse functions in cotton developmental stages of vegetative and reproductive growth and stress response.Structural and expression analyses show that WRKY proteins are a class of important regulators of growth and development and play key roles in response to stresses in cotton. | Caiping Cai Erli Niu Hao Du Liang Zhao Yue Feng Wangzhen Guo | 2014 | The Crop Journal2014，2，Z1： | 23 |
| 14 | Physiological and molecular studies of staygreen caused by pod removal and seed injury in soybean显示文摘Leaves provide substances and signals for pod and seed development in soybean.However,the regulatory feedbacks of pod and seed to leaf development remain unclear.We investigated the effects of pod and seed on leaf senescence by conducting pod removal and seed injury experiments.Pod removal and seed injury delayed leaf senescence and caused the staygreen phenotype of leaves.There were dosage effects of pod number on the extent of staygreen in depodded plants.The concentrations of chlorophyll(SPAD value,an index of relative chlorophyll content),soluble protein,and soluble sugar in the leaves of depodded plants were higher than those of intact plants.During seed development,the content of IAA decreased,while that of ABA increased.This trend was more pronounced in intact than in depodded and seed-injured plants.The GA3/ABA ratio decreased gradually in all treatments.The content of GA3 was relatively stable and was higher in intact than in depodded plants.The expression levels of four senescence-related genes,Gm SARK,Gm SGR1,Gm CYN1,and Gm NAC,declined in depodded or seed-injured treatments and were positively correlated with the number of leaves retained on plants.Gm FT2 a,the major flowering-promoting gene,was expressed at a higher level while E1,a key flowering inhibitory gene,was expressed at a lower level in depodded than in intact plants.We propose that the pod or seed can regulate leaf development.When the seed is aborted owing to disease infection or pest attack,the leaves stay green because of the absence of the seed signals for senescence. | Xinxin Zhang Min Wang Tingting Wu Cunxiang Wu Bingjun Jiang Changhong Guo Tianfu Han | 2016 | The Crop Journal2016，4，6： | 23 |
| 15 | Current research on soybean pest management in China显示文摘Pest is one of the important factors affecting soybean yield and quality. Until now, 404 species on soybean have been known based on literature review and a large scale survey. More than 20 key pests occur every year and are causing serious damage. In 3 different ecoregions(Northern ecoregion, Huang-Huai-Hai ecoregion and Central south ecoregion), pests occurrence and damage styles show a variety of regional characteristics. Soybean pests occurrence from north to south were shown as follow: from large pests to small pests, from chewing pests to sucking pests, from low reproductive rate and less generation pests to high reproductive rate and more generation pests. Soybean pest management is mainly based on resistant breeding, combining with monitoring, plant quarantine, cultural, biological, physical, mechanical and chemical controls in China. Although pesticides play an important role in practice, the absence of reasonable use has threatened sustainability of China's soybean production. Soybean integrated pest management is not the only strategy, and it still needs improvement and development, but it's the best alternative for pest control. It can be expected that integrated pest management will remain as the main strategy for soybean pest control in future. Further innovation of green prevention and control technology will also become a focus of future research in view of new pest problems brought about by crop restructuring, agricultural system change and global climate change. Integration of above technologies will reduce the harm of pests and production costs as well as improving soybean production capacity. In this review, research progress of Chinese soybean pest and its management was summarized and some suggestions were provided to adapt for soybean pest management under current situation. | Yu Gao Shusen Shi Menglei Xu Juan Cui | 2018 | Oil Crop Science2018，3，4： | 22 |
| 16 | Delayed sowing can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat显示文摘Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates(early sowing on October 1, normal so,wing on October8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield,and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years,postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6%compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency(UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively,owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency(UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE. | Xinglong Dai Yuechao Wang Xiuchun Dong Taifeng Qian Lijun Yin Shuxin Dong Jinpeng Chu Mingrong He | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，6： | 21 |
| 17 | Plant salt tolerance and Na^+ sensing and transport显示文摘Salinity is a global challenge to agricultural production. Understanding Na^+ sensing and transport in plants under salt stress will be of benefit for breeding robustly salt-tolerant crop species. In this review, first, possible salt stress sensor candidates and the root meristem zone as a tissue harboring salt stress-sensing components are proposed. Then,the importance of Na^+ exclusion and vacuolar Na^+ sequestration in plant overall salt tolerance is highlighted. Other Na^+ regulation processes, including xylem Na^+ loading and unloading, phloem Na^+ recirculation, and Na^+ secretion, are discussed and summarized.Along with a summary of Na^+ transporters and channels, the molecular regulation of Na^+ transporters and channels in response to salt stress is discussed. Finally, some largely neglected issues in plant salt stress tolerance, including Na^+ concentration in cytosol and the role of Na^+ as a nutrient, are reviewed and discussed. | Honghong Wu | 2018 | The Crop Journal2018，6，3： | 20 |
| 18 | Determination of rice panicle numbers during heading by multi-angle imaging显示文摘Plant phenomics has the potential to accelerate progress in understanding gene functions and environmental responses. Progress has been made in automating high-throughput plant phenotyping. However, few studies have investigated automated rice panicle counting. This paper describes a novel method for automatically and nonintrusively determining rice panicle numbers during the full heading stage by analyzing color images of rice plants taken from multiple angles. Pot-grown rice plants were transferred via an industrial conveyer to an imaging chamber. Color images from different angles were automatically acquired as a turntable rotated the plant. The images were then analyzed and the panicle number of each plant was determined. The image analysis pipeline consisted of extracting the i2 plane from the original color image, segmenting the image, discriminating the panicles from the rest of the plant using an artificial neural network, and calculating the panicle number in the current image. The panicle number of the plant was taken as the maximum of the panicle numbers extracted from all 12 multi-angle images. A total of 105 rice plants during the full heading stage were examined to test the performance of the method. The mean absolute error of the manual and automatic count was 0.5, with 95.3% of the plants yielding absolute errors within ± 1. The method will be useful for evaluating rice panicles and will serve as an important supplementary method for high-throughput rice phenotyping. | Lingfeng Duan Chenglong Huang Guoxing Chen Lizhong Xiong Qian Liu Wanneng Yang | 2015 | The Crop Journal2015，3，3： | 18 |
| 19 | Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat显示文摘In wheat, the ear is one of the main photosynthetic contributors to grain filling under drought stress conditions. In order to determine the relationship between stomatal characteristics and plant drought resistance, photosynthetic and stomatal characteristics and water use efficiency(WUE) were studied in two wheat cultivars: the drought-resistant cultivar ‘Changhan 58' and the drought-sensitive cultivar ‘Xinong 9871'. Plants of both cultivars were grown in pot conditions under well-watered(WW) and water-stressed(WS) conditions. In both water regimes,‘Changhan 58' showed a significantly higher ear photosynthetic rate with a lower rate of variation and a significantly higher percentage variation of transpiration compared to control plants at the heading stage under WS conditions than did ‘Xinong 9871' plants. Moreover,‘Changhan 58' showed lower stomatal density(SD) and higher stomatal area per unit organ area(A) under both water conditions. Water stress decreased SD, A, and stomatal width(SW), and increased stomatal length in flag leaves(upper and lower surfaces) and ear organs(awn, glume,lemma, and palea), with the changes more pronounced in ear organs than in flag leaves.Instantaneous WUE increased slightly, while integral WUE improved significantly in both cultivars. Integral WUE was higher in ‘Changhan 58', and increased by a greater amount, than in‘Xinong 9871'. These results suggest that drought resistance in ‘Changhan 58' is regulated by stomatal characteristics through a decrease in transpiration rate in order to improve integral WUE and photosynthetic performance, and through sustaining a higher ear photosynthetic rate, therefore enhancing overall drought-resistance. | Yuping Li Hongbing Li Yuanyuan Li Suiqi Zhang | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，3： | 18 |
| 20 | Progress in super-hybrid rice breeding显示文摘1.Introduction To meet the food demand of the Chinese people in the 21st century,a super-rice breeding program aimed at increasing rice yield was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture of China in 1996.It is divided into four phases,with the following yield targets:10.5 t ha^(-1)(phase I,1996–2000),12 t ha^(-1)(phase II,2001–2005),13.5 t ha^(-1)(phase III,2006–2015),and 15 t ha^(-1)(phase IV,2016–2020)~[1].The average yield of super-rice should be verified in two locations of 6.7 ha each in two consecutive years. | Longping Yuan | 2017 | The Crop Journal2017，5，2： | 17 |
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