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| 1 | Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention显示文摘Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only 20 per cent. Stomach cancer can be classified into intestinal and diffuse types based on epidemiological and clinicopathological features. The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes both dietary and nondietary factors. The major diet-related risk factors implicated in stomach cancer development include high content of nitrates and high salt intake. Accumulating evidence has implicated the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The development of gastric cancer is a complex, multistep process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules. A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitationand hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions. The fact that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer offers scope for nutritional chemoprevention. Animal models have been extensively used to analyze the stepwise evolution of gastric carcinogenesis and to test dietary chemopreventive agents. Development of multitargeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer is a major challenge for the future. | Siddavaram Nagini | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2012，4，7： | 87 |
| 2 | Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities显示文摘Esophageal cancer is a serious malignancy with regards to mortality and prognosis. It is a growing health concern that is expected to increase in incidence over the next 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide, with a higher incidence in developing nations. With the increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity in developed nations, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in the past 40 years. Esophageal cancer is staged according to the widely accepted TNM system. Staging plays an integral part in guiding stage specific treatment protocols and has a great impact on overall survival. Common imaging modalities used in staging include computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography scans. Current treatment options include multimodality therapy mainstaysof current treatment include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis as well as playing a part in assessing tumor response to therapy. | Kyle J Napier Mary Scheerer Subhasis Misra | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2014，6，5： | 92 |
| 3 | Different strategies of treatment for uterine cervical carcinoma stage ⅠB2-ⅡB显示文摘Uterine cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy. It is estimated that over 35% of tumors are diagnosed at locally advanced disease, stage ⅠB2-ⅡB with an estimated 5-year overall survival of 60%. During the last decades, the initial treatment for these women has been debated and largely varies through different countries. Thus, radical concurrent chemoradiation is the standard of care in United Sated and Canada, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery is the first line of treatment in some institutions of Europe, Asia and Latin America. Until today, there is no evidence of which strategy is better over the other. This article describe the evidence as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the main strategies of treatment for women affected by uterine cervical cancer stage ⅠB2-ⅡB. | Lucas Minig María Guadalupe Patrono Nuria Romero Juan Francisco Rodríguez Moreno Jesús Garcia-Donas | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 46 |
| 4 | Clinical application of DNA ploidy to cervical cancer screening: A review显示文摘Screening for cervical cancer with DNA ploidy assessment by automated quantitative image cytometry has spread throughout China over the past decade and now an estimated 1 million tests per year are done there. Compared to conventional liquid based cytology, DNA ploidy has competitive accuracy with much higher throughput per technician. DNA ploidy has the enormous advantage that it is an objective technology that can be taught in typically 2 or 3 wk, unlike qualitative cytology, and so it can enable screening in places that lack sufficient qualified cytotechnologists and cytopathologists for conventional cytology. Most papers on experience with application of the technology to cervical cancer screening over the past decade were published in the Chinese language. This review aims to provide a consistent framework for analysis of screening data and to summarize some of the work published from 2005 to the end of 2013. Of particular interest are a few studies comparing DNA ploidy with testing for high risk human papilloma virus(hrH PV) which suggest that DNA ploidy is at least equivalent, easier and less expensive than hrH PV testing. There may also be patient management benefits to combining hr HPV testing with DNA ploidy. Some knowledge gaps are identified and some suggestions are made for future research directions. | David Garner | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，5： | 43 |
| 5 | Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Study in China(中国人大肠癌的流行病学研究)显示文摘大肠癌是我国常见肿瘤,其发病率已位居恶性肿瘤谱的第3—5位,且呈继续上升趋势。我国20多年大肠癌的流行病学研究明确了中国人大肠癌的危险因素为肠息肉史、慢性腹泻、慢性便秘、粘液血便、精神刺激史、饮不洁水史、阑尾手术史和家族肿瘤史等,并在此基础上建立了数量化的评价模式AD值,结合RPHA-FOB为初筛,肠镜为精筛,建立并优化了大肠癌的序贯筛检方案,在人群中应用取得了较好的结果,适合全国推广。同时,以人群为基础,以队列研究和整群随机对照试验的方法,对两个大肠癌现场进行群体防治,从普通人群中检出大肠癌高危人群或癌前病变,对癌前病变腺瘤和息肉进行摘除(即对高危人群进行干预),有效预防了大肠癌的发生并大幅度降低全人群大肠癌死亡率与发病率。 Summary Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the most common causes of death from cancer in China. During the past twenty years, several case-control studies revealed the high risk factors of CRC in China, which were personal history of intestinal polyp,chronic diarrhea, feces with mucin and blood, psychic attack, drinking of unclear water, operation on appendix, history of chronic constipation and family history of cancer. From these factors, a risk-asessment mode (AD value) was constructed, combined with RPHA-FOB, a mass screening mode was established and applied into common people, awarded with a good result. The populationbased CRC prevention including randomized trial has been conducted in two fields( Haining city and Jiashan city in Zhejiang province), which demonstrated that removal of CRC pre-cancer lesions such as adenomas and polyps could reduce CRC incidence and mortalitv remarkablv. | ZHENGShu CAIShanrong | 2003 | The Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology2003，2，2： | 45 |
| 6 | Current oncologic applications of radiofrequency ablation therapies显示文摘Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses high frequency alternating current to heat a volume of tissue around a needle electrode to induce focal coagulative necrosis with minimal injury to surrounding tissues. RFA can be performed via an open, laparoscopic, or image guided percutaneous approach and be performed under general or local anesthesia. Advances in delivery mechanisms, electrode designs, and higher power generators have increased the maximum volume that can be ablated, while maximizing oncological outcomes. In general, RFA is used to control local tumor growth, prevent recurrence, palliate symptoms, and improve survival in a subset of patients that are not candidates for surgical resection. It's equivalence to surgical resection has yet to be proven in large randomized control trials. Currently, the use of RFA has been well described as a primary or adjuvant treatment modality of limited but unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, liver metastasis, especially colorectal cancer metastases, primary lung tumors, renal cell carcinoma, boney metastasis and osteoid osteomas. The role of RFA in the primary treatment of early stage breast cancer is still evolving. This review will discuss the general features of RFA and outline its role in commonly encountered solid tumors. | Dhruvil R Shah Sari Green Angelina Elliot John P McGahan Vijay P Khatri | 2013 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2013，5，4： | 33 |
| 7 | The Inhibitory Effect of Oridonin on the Growth of Fifteen Human Cancer Cell Lines显示文摘OBJECTIVE To study the inhibitory effect of oridonin on the growth of cancer cells. METHODS Fifteen human cancer cell lines were subjected to various concentrations of oridonin in culture medium. The inhibitory rate of cell growth was measured by the MTT assay, and compared with a negative con- trol and 5-Fu-positive control. RESULTS The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) and maximal inhibition (Imax) of oridonin shown by studying the growth of the cancer cell lines were as follows: leukemias (HL60 cells: 3.9 μg/ml and 73.8%, K562 cells: 4.3 μg/ml and 76.2%); esophageal cancers(SHEEC cells: 15.4 μg/ml and 99.2%, Eca109 cells: 15.1 μg/ml and 84.6%, TE1 cells: 4.0 μg/ml and 70.2%); gastric cancers (BGC823 cells: 7.6 μg/ml and 98.7%, SGC7901 cells: 12.3 μg/ml and 85.7%); colon cancers (HT29 cells: 13.6 μg/ml and 97.2%, HCT cells: 14.5 μg/ml and 96.5%); liver cancers (Bel7402 cells: 15.2 μg/ml and 89.2%, HepG2 cells: 7.1 μg/ml and 88.3%); pancreatic cancer (PC3 cells: 11.3 μg/ml and 68.4%); lung cancer (A549 cells: 18.6 μg/ml and 98.0% ); breast cancer (MCF7 cells: 18.4 μg/ml and 84.7%); uterine cervix cancer (Hela cells: 13.7 μg/ml and 98.5%). CONCLUSION Oridonin had a relatively wide anti-tumor spectrum, and a relatively strong inhibitory effect on the growth of the 15 human cancer cells. Inhibitory effects were concentration dependent. | Junhui Chen Shaobin Wang Dongyang Chen Guisheng Chang Qingfeng Xin Shoujun Yuan Zhongying Shen | 2007 | Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology2007，4，1： | 32 |
| 8 | Therapeutic management options for stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer显示文摘Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide.Majority of newly diagnosed lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), of which up to half are considered locally advanced at the time of diagnosis.Patients with locally advanced stage Ⅲ NSCLC consists of a heterogeneous population, making management for these patients complex.Surgery has long been the preferred local treatment for patients with resectable disease.For select patients, multimodality therapy involving systemic and radiation therapies in addition to surgery improves treatment outcomes compared to surgery alone.For patients with unresectable disease, concurrent chemoradiation is the preferred treatment.More recently, research into different chemotherapy agents, targeted therapies, radiation fractionation schedules, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and proton therapy have shown promise to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.The array of treatment approaches for locally advanced NSCLC is large and constantly evolving.An updated review of past and current literature for the roles of surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy for stage Ⅲ NSCLC patients are presented. | Stephanie M Yoon Talha Shaikh Mark Hallman | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2017，8，1： | 32 |
| 9 | High intensity focused ultrasound in clinical tumor ablation显示文摘Recent advances in high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),which was developed in the 1940s as a viable thermal tissue ablation approach,have increased its popularity.In clinics,HIFU has been applied to treat a variety of solid malignant tumors in a well-defined volume,including the pancreas,liver,prostate,breast,uterine fibroids,and soft-tissue sarcomas.In comparison to conventional tumor/cancer treatment modalities,such as open surgery,radio-and chemo-therapy,HIFU has the advantages of non-invasion,non-ionization,and fewer complications after treatment.Over 100 000 cases have been treated throughout the world with great success.The fundamental principles of HIFU ablation are coagulative thermal necrosis due to the absorption of ultrasound energy during transmission in tissue and the induced cavitation damage.This paper reviews the clinical outcomes of HIFU ablation for applicable cancers,and then summarizes the recommendations for a satisfactory HIFU treatment according to clinical experience.In addition,the current challenges in HIFU for engineers and physicians are also included.More recent horizons have broadened the application of HIFU in tumor treatment,such as HIFU-mediated drug delivery,vessel occlusion,and soft tissue erosion(“histotripsy”).In summary,HIFU is likely to play a significant role in the future oncology practice. | Yu-Feng Zhou | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，1： | 33 |
| 10 | Prognostic value of preoperative serum tumor markers in gastric cancer显示文摘AIM:To evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9, and CA50 in patients undergoing D2 resection.METHODS:We evaluated 363 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy at our hospital from January 2006 to December 2009. Blood samples were obtained from each patient within 1 wk before surgery. The cut-off values for serum CEA, CA19-9,and CA50 were 5 ng/mL, 37 U/mL, and 20 U/mL, respectively. The correlation between preoperative tumor marker levels and prognosis was studied by means of univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTS:The preoperative serum positive rates of CEA, CA19-9 and CA50 were 24.0%, 18.9% and24.5%, respectively. The positivity rate of serum CEA was significantly correlated with age(P < 0.001), sex(P = 0.022), tumor size(P = 0.007) and depth of invasion(P = 0.018); CA19-9 with tumor size(P = 0.042)and lymph node metastasis(P < 0.001); and CA50 onlywith lymph node metastasis(P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, tumor size, T category, N category, vascular or neural invasion, and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CA19-9 had an independent prognostic significance in patients without adjuvant chemotherapy(P = 0.027).CONCLUSION:Preoperative serum CEA, CA19-9 and CA50 are prognostic in patients with gastric cancer. Only CA19-9 is an independent prognostic factor after surgery without adjuvant chemotherapy. | Ze-Bo Huang Xin Zhou Jun Xu Yi-Ping Du Wei Zhu Jian Wang Yong-Qian Shu Ping Liu | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 30 |
| 11 | Multidisciplinary therapy for treatment of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer显示文摘There is no standard treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from gastric cancer.A novel multidisciplinary treatment combining bidirectional chemotherapy [neoadjuvant intraperitoneal-systemic chemotherapy protocol (NIPS)],peritonectomy,hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) and early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been developed.In this article,we assess the indications,safety and eff icacy of this treatment,review the relevant studies and introduce our experiences.The aims of NIPS are stage reduction,the eradication of peritoneal free cancer cells,and an increased incidence of complete cytoreduction (CC-0) for PC.A complete response after NIPS was ob-tained in 15 (50%) out of 30 patients with PC.Thus,a signif icantly high incidence of CC-0 can be obtained in patients with a peritoneal cancer index (PCI) ≤ 6.Using a multivariate analysis to examine the survival benef it,CC-0 and NIPS are identified as significant indicators of a good outcome.However,the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with peritonectomy and perioperative chemotherapy make stringent patient selection important.The best indications for multidisciplinary therapy are localized PC (PCI≤6) from resectable gastric cancer that can be completely removed during a peritonectomy.NIPS and complete cytoreduction are essential treatment modalities for improving the survival of patients with PC from gastric cancer. | Yutaka Yonemura Ayman Elnemr Yoshio Endou Mitsumasa Hirano Akiyoshi Mizumoto Nobuyuki Takao Masumi Ichinose Masahiro Miura | 2010 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2010，2，2： | 27 |
| 12 | A gist of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A review显示文摘Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have been recognized as a biologically distinctive tumor type, different from smooth muscle and neural tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). They constitute the majority of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors of the GIT and are known to be refractory to conventional chemotherapy or radiation. They are defined and diagnosed by the expression of a proto-oncogene protein detected by immunohistochemistry which serves as a crucial diagnostic and therapeutic target. The identification of these mutations has resulted in a better understanding of their oncogenic mechanisms. The remarkable antitumor effects of the molecular inhibitor imatinib have necessitated accurate diagnosis of GIST and their distinction from other gastrointestinal mes-enchymal tumors. Both traditional and minimally invasive surgery are used to remove these tumors with minimal morbidity and excellent perioperative outcomes. The revolutionary use of specific, molecularlytargeted therapies, such as imatinib mesylate, reduces the frequency of disease recurrence when used as an adjuvant following complete resection. Neoadjuvant treatment with these agents appears to stabilize disease in the majority of patients and may reduce the extent of surgical resection required for subsequent complete tumor removal. The important interplay between the molecular genetics of GIST and responses to targeted therapeutics serves as a model for the study of targeted therapies in other solid tumors. This review summarizes our current knowledge and recent advances regarding the histogenesis, pathology, molecular biology, the basis for the novel targeted cancer therapy and current evidence based management of these unique tumors. | Ashwin Rammohan Jeswanth Sathyanesan Kamalakannan Rajendran Anbalagan Pitchaimuthu Senthil-Kumar Perumal UP Srinivasan Ravi Ramasamy Ravichandran Palaniappan Manoharan Govindan | 2013 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2013，5，6： | 27 |
| 13 | Surgical strategy for bile duct cancer:Advances and current limitations显示文摘The aim of this review is to describe recent advances and topics in the surgical management of bile duct cancer.Radical resection with a microscopically negative margin(R0)is the only way to cure cholangiocarcinoma and is associated with marked survival advantages compared to margin-positive resections.Complete resection of the tumor is the surgeon’s ultimate aim,and several advances in the surgical treatment for bile duct cancer have been made within the last two decades.Multidetector row computed tomography has emerged as an indispensable diagnostic modality for the precise preoperative evaluation of bile duct cancer,in terms of both longitudinal and vertical tumor invasion.Many meticulous operative procedures have been established,especially extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma,to achieve a negative resection margin,which is the only prognostic factor under the control of the surgeon.A complete caudate lobectomy and resection of the inferior part of Couinaud’s segmentⅣcoupled with right or left hemihepatectomy has become the standard surgical procedure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma,and pyloruspreserving pancreaticoduodenectomy is the first choice for distal bile duct cancer.Limited resection for middle bile duct cancer is indicated for only strictly selected cases.Preoperative treatments including biliary drainage and portal vein embolization are also indicated for only selected patients,especially jaundiced patients anticipating major hepatectomy.Liver transplantation seems ideal for complete resection of bile duct cancer,but the high recurrence rate and decreased patient survival after liver transplant preclude it from being considered standard treatment.Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have a potentially crucial role in prolonging survival and controlling local recurrence,but no definite regimen has been established to date.Further evidence is needed to fully define the role of liver transplantation and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. | Nobuhisa Akamatsu Yasuhiko Sugawara Daijo Hashimoto | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，2： | 27 |
| 14 | Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why显示文摘Gastric cancer remains the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Screening programs in some Asian countries are impractical in the majority of other countries worldwide. Therefore, follow-up of precancerous lesions is advisable for secondary gastric cancer prevention. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is recognized as a precancerous lesion for gastric cancer, increasing the risk by 6-fold. IM is highly prevalent in the general population, being detected in nearly 1 of every 4 patients undergoing upper endoscopy. The IM prevalence rate is significantly higher in patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, in smokers and it increases with patient age. IM is the 'breaking point' in the gastric carcinogenesis cascade and does not appear to regress following H. pylori eradication, although the cure of infection may slow its progression. Gastric cancer risk is higher in patients with incomplete-type IM, in those with both antral and gastric body involvement, and the risk significantly increases with IM extension over 20% of the gastric mucosa. Scheduled endoscopic control could be cost-effective in IM patients, depending on the yearly incidence of gastric cancer in IM patients, the stage of gastric cancer at diagnosis discovered at surveillance, and the cost of endoscopy. As a pragmatic behavior, yearly endoscopic control would appear justified in all IM patients with at least one of these conditions: (1) IM extension > 20%; (2) the presence of incomplete type IM; (3) first-degree relative of gastric cancer patients; and (4) smokers. In the remaining IM patients, a less intensive (2-3 years) could be proposed. | Angelo Zullo Cesare Hassan Adriana Romiti Michela Giusto Carmine Guerriero Roberto Lorenzetti Salvatore MA Campo Silverio Tomao | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2012，4，3： | 25 |
| 15 | Endoscopic diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma:Advances and current limitations显示文摘The accurate diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma is difficult,even now.When ultrasonography(US)shows dilatation of the bile duct,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography followed by endoscopic US(EUS)is the next step.When US or EUS shows localized bile duct wall thickening,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be conducted with intraductal US(IDUS)and forceps biopsy.Fluorescence in situ hybridization increases the sensitivity of brush cytology with similar specificity.In patients with papillary type bile duct carcinoma,three biopsies are sufficient.In patients with nodular or infiltrating-type bile duct carcinoma,multiple biopsies are warranted,and IDUS can compensate for the limitations of biopsies.In preoperative staging,the combination of dynamic multidetector low computed tomography(MDCT)and IDUS is useful for evaluating vascular invasion and cancer depth infiltration.However,assessment of lymph nodes metastases is difficult.In resectable cases,assessment of longitudinal cancer spread is important.The combination of IDUS and MDCT is useful for revealing submucosal cancer extension,which is common in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.To estimate the mucosal extenextension,which is common in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma,the combination of IDUS and cholangioscopy is required.The utility of current peroral cholangioscopy is limited by the maneuverability of the“baby scope”.A new baby scope(10 Fr),called“SpyGlass”has potential,if the image quality can be improved.Since extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma is common in the Far East,many researchers in Japan and Korea contributed these studies,especially,in the evaluation of longitudinal cancer extension. | Kiichi Tamada Jun Ushio Kentaro Sugano | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，5： | 26 |
| 16 | Magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer:A literature review and future perspectives显示文摘Early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer are essential for successful treatment. Currently mammography and ultrasound are the basic imaging techniques for the detection and localization of breast tumors. The low sensitivity and specificity of these imaging tools resulted in a demand for new imaging modalities and breast magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has become increasingly important in the detection and delineation of breast cancer in daily practice. However, the clinical benefits of the use of pre-operative MRI in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer is still a matter of debate. The main additional diagnostic value of MRI relies on specific situations such as detecting multifocal, multicentric or contralateral disease unrecognized on conventional assessment(particularly in patients diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma), assessing the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, detection of cancer in dense breast tissue, recognition of an occult primary breast cancer in patients presenting with cancer metastasis in axillary lymph nodes, among others. Nevertheless, the development of new MRI technolo-gies such as diffusion-weighted imaging, proton spectroscopy and higher field strength 7.0 T imaging offer a new perspective in providing additional information in breast abnormalities. We conducted an expert literature review on the value of breast MRI in diagnosing and staging breast cancer, as well as the future potentials of new MRI technologies. | Gisela LG Menezes Floor M Knuttel Bertine L Stehouwer Ruud M Pijnappel Maurice AAJ van den Bosch | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 25 |
| 17 | Locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma:Current and emerging treatment strategies显示文摘Although nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)is a widespread malignant tumor,it is particularly frequent in Southeast Asia.Although T1 tumors can be effectively controlled with exclusive radiotherapy,this treatment modality is insufficient for most NPC patients,who present with locally advanced disease at diagnosis.In fact,for stages ranging from T2b N0 to T4 N3,definitive scientific evidence supports the use of concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy with standard external beam radiotherapy.This treatment approach has shown a statistically significant advantage in terms of overall survival,with respect to radiotherapy alone.Several trials have also investigated the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy.Platinum compounds,anthracyclines and taxanes are among the chemotherapy agents employed.This review focuses on the clinical results obtained in the field of adjuvant/concurrent/neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced NPC,for which exclusive concurrent chemo-radiotherapy currently represents the standard treatment approach. | Francesco Perri Davide Bosso Carlo Buonerba Giuseppe Di Lorenzo Giuseppina Della Vittoria Scarpati | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，12： | 24 |
| 18 | Malignant biliary obstruction:From palliation to treatment显示文摘Malignant obstruction of the bile duct from cholan-giocarcinoma,pancreatic adenocarcinoma,or other tumors is a common problem which may cause debilitating symptoms and increase the risk of subsequent surgery.The optimal treatment-including the decision whether to treat prior to resection-depends on the type of malignancy,as well as the stage of disease.Preoperative biliary drainage is generally discouraged due to the risk of infectious complications,though some situations may benefit.Patients who require neoadjuvant therapy will require decompression for the prolonged period until attempted surgical cure.For pancreatic cancer patients,self-expanding metallic stents are superior to plastic stents for achieving lasting decompression without stent occlusion.For cholangiocarcinoma patients,treatment with percutaneous methods or nasobiliary drainage may be superior to endoscopic stent placement,with less risk of infectious complications or failure.For patients of either malignancy who have advanced disease with palliative goals only,the choice of stent for endoscopic decompression depends on estimated survival,with plastic stents favored for survival of < 4 mo.New endoscopic techniques may actually extend stent patency and patient survival for these patients by achieving local control of the obstructing tumor.Both photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation may play a role in extending survival of patients with malignant biliary obstruction. | Brian R Boulay Aleksandr Birg | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2016，8，6： | 24 |
| 19 | Early postoperative feeding in resectional gastrointestinal surgical cancer patients显示文摘Malnutrition is present in the majority of patients presenting for surgical management of gastrointestinal malignancies,due to the effects of the tumour and preoperative anti-neoplastic treatments.The traditional practice of fasting patients until the resumption of bowel function threatens to further contribute to the malnutrition experienced by these patients.Furthermore,the rationale behind this traditional practice has been rendered obsolete through developments in anaesthetic agents and changes to postoperative analgesia practices.Conversely,there is a growing body of literature that consistently demonstrates that providing oral or tube feeding proximal to the anastomosis within 24 h postoperatively,is not only safe,but might be associated with significant benefits to the postoperative course.Early post operative feeding should therefore be adopted as a standard of care in oncology patients undergoing gastrointestinal resections. | Emma J Osland Muhammed Ashraf Memon | 2010 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2010，2，4： | 22 |
| 20 | Risk factors and classifications of hilar cholangiocarcinoma显示文摘Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary malignant tumor of the liver.Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumor represents more than 50% of all biliary tract cholangiocarcinomas.A wide range of risk factors have been identified among patients with Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma including advanced age,male gender,primary sclerosing cholangitis,choledochal cysts,cholelithiasis,cholecystitis,parasitic infection(Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis),inflammatory bowel disease,alcoholic cirrhosis,nonalcoholic cirrhosis,chronic pancreatitis and metabolic syndrome.Various classifications have been used to describe the pathologic and radiologic appearance of cholangiocarcinoma.The three systems most commonly used to evaluate Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma are the Bismuth-Corlette(BC) system,the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the TNM classification.The BC classification provides preoperative assessment of local spread.The Memorial Sloan-Kettering cancer center proposes a staging system according to three factors related to local tumor extent:the location and extent of bile duct involvement,the presence or absence of portal venous invasion,and the presence or absence of hepatic lobar atrophy.The TNM classification,besides the usual descriptors,tumor,node and metastases,provides additional information concerning the possibility for the residual tumor(R) and the histological grade(G).Recently,in 2011,a new consensus classification for the Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma had been published.The consensus was organised by the European Hepato-PancreatoBiliary Association which identified the need for a new staging system for this type of tumors.The classification includes information concerning biliary or vascular(portal or arterial) involvement,lymph node status or metastases,but also other essential aspects related to the surgical risk,such as remnant hepatic volume or the possibility of underlying disease. | Miguel Angel Suarez-Munoz Jose Luis Fernandez-Aguilar Belinda Sanchez-Perez Jose Antonio Perez-Daga Beatriz Garcia-Albiach Ysabel Pulido-Roa Naiara Marin-Camero Julio Santoyo-Santoyo | 2013 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2013，5，7： | 23 |
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