| 1 | The wonders of BMP9:From mesenchymal stem cell differentiation,angiogenesis,neurogenesis,tumorigenesis,and metabolism to regenerative medicine显示文摘Although bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)initially showed effective induction of ectopic bone growth in muscle,it has since been determined that these proteins,as members of the TGF-b superfamily,play a diverse and critical array of biological roles.These roles include regulating skeletal and bone formation,angiogenesis,and development and homeostasis of multiple organ systems.Disruptions of the members of the TGF-b/BMP superfamily result in severe skeletal and extra-skeletal irregularities,suggesting high therapeutic potential from understanding this family of BMP proteins.Although it was once one of the least characterized BMPs,BMP9 has revealed itself to have the highest osteogenic potential across numerous experiments both in vitro and in vivo,with recent studies suggesting that the exceptional potency of BMP9 may result from unique signaling pathways that differentiate it from other BMPs.The effectiveness of BMP9 in inducing bone formation was recently revealed in promising experiments that demonstrated efficacy in the repair of critical sized cranial defects as well as compatibility with bone-inducing bio-implants,revealing the great translational promise of BMP9.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that,besides its osteogenic activity,BMP9 exerts a broad range of biological functions,including stem cell differentiation,angiogenesis,neurogenesis,tumorigenesis,and metabolism.This review aims to summarize our current understanding of BMP9 across biology and the body. | Sami Mostafa Mikhail Pakvasa Elam Coalson Allen Zhu Alex Alverdy Hector Castillo Jiaming Fan Alex Li Yixiao Feng Di Wu Elliott Bishop Scott Du Mia Spezia Alissa Li Ofir Hagag Alison Deng Winny Liu Mingyang Li Sherwin S·Ho Aravind Athiviraham Michael J·Lee Jennifer Moriatis Wolf Guillermo A·Ameer Hue H·Luu Rex C·Haydon Jason Strelzow Kelly Hynes Tong-Chuan He Russell R·Reid | 2019 | Genes & Diseases2019，6，3： | 15 |
| 5 | Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer:A systematic review显示文摘AIM:To review evidence relating passive smoking to lung cancer risk in never smokers,considering various major sources of bias.METHODS:Epidemiological prospective or case-control studies were identified which provide estimates of relative risk(RR) and 95% CI for never smokers for one or more of seven different indices of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS):The spouse; household; workplace; childhood; travel; social and other; and total.A wide range of study details were entered into a database,and the RRs for each study,including descriptions of the comparisons made,were entered into a linked database.RRs were derived where necessary.Results were entered,where available,for all lung cancer,and for squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma.'Most adjusted' results were entered based on results available,adjusted for the greatest number of potential confounding variables.'Least adjusted' results were also entered,with a preference for results adjusted at least for age for prospective studies.A pre-planned series of fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.Overall analyses and analyses by continent were run for each exposure index,with results for spousal smoking given by sex,and results for childhood exposure given by source of ETS exposure.For spousal exposure,more extensive analyses provide results by various aspects of study design and definition of the RR.For smoking by the husband(or nearest equivalent),additional analyses were carried out both for overall risk,and for risk per 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband.These adjusted for uncontrolled confounding by four factors(fruit,vegetable and dietary fat consumption,and education),and corrected for misclassification of smoking status of the wife.For the confounding adjustment,estimates for never smoking women were derived from publications on the relationship of the four factors to both lung cancer risk and at home ETS exposure,and on the correlations between the factors.The bias due to misclassification was calculated on the basis that the proportion of ever smokers denying smoking is 10% in Asian studies and 2.5% elsewhere,and that those who deny smoking have the same risk as those who admit it.This approach,justified in previous work,balances higher true denial rates and lower risk in deniers compared to non-deniers.RESULTS:One hundred and two studies were identified for inclusion,published in 1981 onwards,45 in Asia,31 in North America,21 in Europe,and five elsewhere.Eightyfive were of case-control design and 17 were prospective.Significant(P < 0.05) associations were noted,with random-effects of(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.14-1.31,n=93) for smoking by the husband(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.01-1.29,n=45) for smoking by the wife(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.15-1.30,n=47) for workplace exposure(RR=1.15,95%CI:1.02-1.29,n=41) for childhood exposure,and(RR=1.31,95%CI:1.19-1.45,n=48) for total exposure.No significant association was seen for ETS exposure in travel(RR=1.34,95%CI:0.94-1.93,n=8) or in social situations(RR=1.01,95%CI:0.82-1.24,n=15).A significant negative association(RR=0.78,95%CI:0.64-0.94,n=8) was seen for ETS exposure in childhood,specifically from the parents.Significant associations were also seen for spousal smoking for both squamous cell carcinoma(RR=1.44,95%CI:1.15-1.80,n=24) and adenocarcinoma(RR=1.33,95%CI:1.17-1.51,n=30).Results generally showed marked heterogeneity between studies.For smoking by either the husband or wife,where 119 RR estimates gave an overall estimate of(RR=1.21,95%CI:1.14-1.29),the heterogeneity was highly significant(P < 0.001),with evidence that the largest RRs were seen in studies published in 1981-89,in small studies(1-49 cases),and for estimates unadjusted by age.For smoking by the husband,the additional analyses showed that adjustment for the four factors reduced the overall(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.14-1.31) based on 93 estimates to(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.06-1.22),implying bias due to uncontrolled confounding of 7%.Further correction for misclassification reduced the estimate to a marginally non-significant(RR=1.08,95%CI:0.999-1.16).In the fully adjusted and corrected analyses,there was evidence of an increase in Asia(RR=1.18,95%CI:1.07-1.30,n=44),but not in other regions(RR=0.96,95%CI:0.86-1.07,n=49).Studies published in the 1980's,studies providing dose-response data,and studies only providing results unadjusted for age showed elevated RRs,but later published studies,studies not providing dose-response data,and studies adjusting for age did not.The pattern of results for RRs per 10 cigs/d was similar,with no significant association in the adjusted and corrected results(RR=1.03,95%CI:0.994-1.07).CONCLUSION:Most,if not all,of the ETS/lung cancer association can be explained by confounding adjustment and misclassification correction.Any causal relationship is not convincingly demonstrated. | Peter N Lee John S Fry Barbara A Forey Jan S Hamling Alison J Thornton | 2016 | World Journal of Meta-Analysis2016，4，2： | 1 |
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