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| 1 | Early infant male circumcision:Systematic review,risk-benefit analysis,and progress in policy显示文摘AIM To determine whether recent evidence-based United States polices on male circumcision(MC) apply to comparable Anglophone countries,Australia and New Zealand.METHODS Articles in 2005 through 2015 were retrieved from PubM ed using the keyword 'circumcision' together with 36 relevant subtopics.A further PubM ed search was performed for articles published in 2016.Searches of the EMBASE and Cochrane databases did not yield additional citable articles.Articles were assessed for quality and those rated 2+ and above according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Grading System were studied further.The most relevant andrepresentative of the topic were included.Bibliographies were examined to retrieve further key references.Randomized controlled trials,recent high quality systematic reviews or meta-analyses(level 1++ or 1+ evidence) were prioritized for inclusion.A risk-benefit analysis of articles rated for quality was performed.For efficiency and reliability,recent randomized controlled trials,metaanalyses,high quality systematic reviews and large welldesigned studies were used if available.Internet searches were conducted for other relevant information,including policies and Australian data on claims under Medicare for MC.RESULTS Evidence-based policy statements by the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) support infant and later age male circumcision(MC) as a desirable public health measure.Our systematic review of relevant literature over the past decade yielded 140 journal articles that met our inclusion criteria.Together,these showed that early infant MC confers immediate and lifelong benefits by protecting against urinary tract infections having potential adverse long-term renal effects,phimosis that causes difficult and painful erections and 'ballooning' during urination,inflammatory skin conditions,inferior penile hygiene,candidiasis,various sexually transmissible infections in both sexes,genital ulcers,and penile,prostate and cervical cancer.Our risk-benefit analysis showed that benefits exceeded procedural risks,which are predominantly minor,by up to 200 to 1.We estimated that more than 1 in 2 uncircumcised males will experience an adverse foreskin-related medical condition over their lifetime.Wide-ranging evidence from surveys,physiological measurements,and the anatomical location of penile sensory receptors responsible for sexual sensation strongly and consistently suggested that MC has no detrimental effect on sexual function,sensitivity or pleasure.United States studies showed that early infant MC is cost saving.The evidence supporting early infant MC has further strengthened since the positive AAP and CDC reviews.CONCLUSION Affirmative MC policies are needed in Australia and New Zealand.Routine provision of accurate,unbiased education,and access in public hospitals,will maximize health and financial benefits. | Brian J Morris Sean E Kennedy Alex D Wodak Adrian Mindel David Golovsky Leslie Schrieber Eugenie R Lumbers David J Handelsman John B Ziegler | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Hyperspectral versus multispectral data for estimating leaf area index in four different biomes显示文摘 | Kyu-Sung Lee Warren B Cohen Robert E Kennedy Thomas K Maiersperger Stith T Gower | 2004 | Remote Sensing of Environment2004，，3： | 2 |
| 3 | High-temperature phases of SrRuO3 显示文摘 | Kennedy B J Hunter B A | 1997 | Phys Rev B1997，58，2： | 2 |
| 4 | Sclerosing of recurrent lymphangioma using OK-432显示文摘 | Mikhail M Kennedy R Cramer B | 1995 | J Pediatr Surg1995，30，8： | 1 |
| 5 | Geochemistry of reduced gas related to serpentinization of the Zambales ophiolite, Philippines 显示文摘 | Abrajano T A Sturchio N C Kennedy B M et ol | 1990 | Application Geochemistry1990，5，： | 1 |
| 6 | Early and persistent alterations in prefrontal cortex MAO A and B in Alzheimer's disease 显示文摘 | KENNEDY B P ZIEGLER M G ALFORD M | 2003 | J Neural Transm2003，110，7： | 1 |
| 7 | The American Red Cross Donor Hemovigilance Program, complications of donation显示文摘 | Eder A F Dy B A Kennedy J A | 2006 | Transfusion2006，46，9： | 1 |
| 8 | Campath- 1H and fludarabine in combination are highly active in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia显示文摘 | Kennedy B Rawstron A Carter C | 2002 | Blood2002，99，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Leaf surface chemicals from Nicotiana affecting germination of Peronospora tabacina (Adam) sporangia 显示文摘 | Kennedy B S Nielsen M T Severson R F | 1992 | J Chem Ecol1992，18，： | 1 |
| 10 | Influence of transglutaminase treatment on properties of micellar casein and products made therefrom 显示文摘 | Mounsey J S O ' Kennedy B T Kelly P M | 2005 | Lait2005，85，： | 1 |
| 11 | Production of ammonia by tobacco and soybean inoculated with baeteria显示文摘 | Hurst C Kennedy B W Olson L | 1973 | Phytopathololgy1973，63，： | 1 |
| 12 | Characters of rice starch gel modified by gellan, carrageenan, and glueomannan: A texture profile analysis study显示文摘 | Huang M Kennedy J F Li B | 2007 | Carbohydrate Polymers2007，69，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Scope of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of potas- sium heteroaryltrifluoroborates 显示文摘 | Molander G A Canturk B Kennedy L K | 2009 | Journal of Organic Chemistry2009，74，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Generalizing from the Use of Earlier Examples in Problem Solving显示文摘 | Ross B H Kennedy P T | 1990 | Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory and Cognition1990，16，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Yield criterion for reinforced concrete slabs 显示文摘 | JAIN S C KENNEDY J B | 1974 | Journal of Structural Division ASCE1974，100，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Air-Xe enrichments in Elk Hills oil field gases: role of water in migration and storage显示文摘 | Torgersen T Kennedy B M | 1999 | Earth and Planetary Science Letters1999，167，34： | 1 |
| 17 | The relationshipamong diet,alimentary tract morphology, and life history forfive species of rodents from the central Argentine pampa显示文摘 | ELLIS B A MILLS J N KENNEDY E J T | 1994 | Acta Theriol1994，39，： | 1 |
| 18 | Use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles显示文摘 | PATTERSON D CAMILLERI S | 2000 | Journal of Power Sources2000，90，： | 1 |
| 19 | Heritability of somatic cell count and its relationship with milk yield and composition in Holsteins 显示文摘 | Kennedy B W Sethar M S Moxley J E | 1982 | J Dairy Sci1982，65，： | 1 |
| 20 | Adaptive ordering for imperfect successive decision feedback multiuser detection显示文摘 | Trajkovic V D Rapajic P B Kennedy R A | 2008 | IEEE Transactions on Communications2008，56，2： | 1 |
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