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| 1 | Electroconvulsive therapy and/or plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis?显示文摘Autoimmune encephalitis is a poorly understood condition that can present with a combination of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, either of which may predominate. There are many autoantibodies associated with a variety of clinical syndromes-anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor(NMDAR) is the commonest. Currently, the most widely used therapy is prompt plasmapheresis and steroid treatment(and tumour resection if indicated), followed by second line immunosuppression if this fails. Given the growing awareness of autoimmune encephalitis as an entity, it is increasingly important that we consider it as a potential diagnosis in order to provide timely, effective treatment. We discuss several previously published case reports and one new case. These reports examined the effects of electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) on patients with autoimmune encephalitis, particularly those in whom psychiatric symptoms are especially debilitating and refractory to standard treatment. We also discuss factors predicting good outcome and possible mechanisms by which ECT may be effective. Numerous cases, such as those presented by Wingfield, Tsutsui, Florance, Sansing, Braakman and Matsumoto, demonstrate effective use of ECT in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients with severe psychiatric symptoms such as catatonia, psychosis, narcolepsy and stupor who had failed to respond to standard treatments alone. We also present a new case of a 71-year-old female who presented to a psychiatric unit initially with depression, which escalated to catatonia, delusions, nihilism and auditory hallucinations. After anti-NMDAR antibodies were isolated, she was treated by the neurology team with plasmapheresis and steroids, with a partial response. She received multiple sessions of ECT and her psychiatric symptoms completely resolved and she returned to her premorbid state. For this reason, we suggest that ECT should be considered, particularly in those patients who are non-responders to standard therapies. | Jessica L Gough Jan Coebergh Brunda Chandra Ramin Nilforooshan | 2016 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2016，4，8： | 8 |
| 2 | Randomized Controlled Trial of Danoprevir Plus Peginterferon Alfa-2a and Ribavirin in Treatment-Naive Patients with HCV Genotype 1 Infection显示文摘 | P. Marcellin C. Cooper L. Balart D. Larrey T. Box E. Yoshida E. Lawitz P. Buggisch P. Ferenci M. Weltman E. Labriola-Tompkins S. Le Pogam I. Nájera D. Thomas G. Hooper N.S. Shulman Y. Zhang M.T. Navarro C.Y. Lim M. Brunda N.A. Terrault E.S. Yetzer | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 2 |
| 3 | Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors显示文摘 | Brunda MJ Luistro R Warrier RB | 1993 | J Exp Med1993，178，： | 1 |
| 4 | Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of IL - 2 against routine tumors显示文摘 | Brunda MJ Luistro L Warrier RR | 1993 | J EXP Med1993，178，： | 1 |
| 5 | Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interlcukin 12 against murine tumoru显示文摘 | Brunda MJ Luistro L Warrier RR | 1993 | J Exp Med1993，178，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Relative contribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons to the total biogenic VOC emissions of selected mid-European agricultural and natural plant species 显示文摘 | Ktinig G Brunda M Puxbaum H | 1995 | Atmospheric Environment1995，29，8： | 1 |
| 7 | Use of egg yolk antibody (IgY) as an immunoanalytical tool in the detection of Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom in biological samples of forensic origin 显示文摘 | Brunda G Sashidhar RB Sarin RK | 2006 | Toxieon2006，48，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin-12 against murine tumors显示文摘 | Brunda M J Luistro L Warrier R R | 1993 | J Exp Med1993，178，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Interleukin-12:Biologic activity,thorapeutic utility and role in disease显示文摘 | Hendrzak J A Brunda M J | 1995 | Lab Investig1995，72，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Interleukin-12 a cytokine with therapeutic potential in oncology and infection diseese 显示文摘 | Cately M K Guble U Brunda M J | 1994 | Therapeutic Inmmnol1994，1，： | 1 |
| 11 | Interleukin 12:a cytokine with therapeutic potential in oncology and infection disease显示文摘 | Cately MK Gubler U Brunda MJ | 1994 | Therapeutic Immunol1994，1，： | 1 |
| 12 | Interleukin-12:a pivotal regulator of cell-mediated immunity显示文摘 | Gately M K Brunda M J | 1995 | Cancer Treat Res1995，80，： | 1 |
| 13 | Biology of discase Interleukin 12:biologic activity,thorapeutic utility and role in disease显示文摘 | Brunda MJ | 1995 | Lab Investig1995，72，： | 1 |
| 14 | Augmenta-tion of metastasis formation by thioglycollate-elicited mac-rophages显示文摘 | Gorelik E Wiltrout R H Brunda M J | 1982 | Int J Cancer1982，29，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Use of egg yolk antibody (IgY) as an immunoanalytical tool in the detection of Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom in biological samples of forensic origin显示文摘 | Brunda G Sashidhar RB Sarin RK | 2006 | Toxicon2006，48，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Interleukin- 12, biologic activity, therapeutic utility, and role in disease 显示文摘 | Brunda MJ | 1995 | Lab Invest1995，69，： | 1 |
| 17 | Interleukin-12: biologic activity, therapeutic utility, and role in disease 显示文摘 | Brunda MJ | 1995 | Lab Invest1995，72，： | 1 |
| 18 | Interleukin-12显示文摘 | Brunda M J | 2000 | J Leuk Biol2000，55，： | 1 |
| 19 | Relative contribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons to the total biogenic VOC emissions of selected mid-European agricultural and natural plant species显示文摘 | Ksnig G Brunda M Puxbaum H | 1995 | Atmospheric Environment1995，29，8： | 1 |
| 20 | Inter leucin-12:a cytokine with therapeutic potential in oncology and infectious diseases显示文摘 | Gately MK Gubler U Brunda MJ | 1994 | Ther Immunol1994，1，： | 1 |
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