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| 1 | Recognition on the forming-vanishing process and underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary显示文摘On the basis of compiled multidisciplinary historical data in 2006–2007 and incorporation of relevant simulation results and remote sensing data, we performed an in-depth study of the generation and dissipation process of the hypoxic zone and its distribution morphology and structure off the Yangtze River estuary. Based on the hydrological circulation dynamics, reproduction of phytoplankton(leading to the decomposition of organic matter), and other factors, we comprehensively and systematically investigated the generation and dissipation of the hypoxic zone and underlying mechanisms for the seasonal variation in its position, explored the multi-factorial synergistic reactions during the generation and dissipation process of the hypoxic zone, and revealed the controlled mechanism for the morphology and structure of the hypoxic zone's distribution. Our studies indicate that in the winter and spring seasons, the hydrological environment off the Yangtze River estuary provides a water body with relatively low contents of dissolved oxygen(DO), which is the background for the formation of a hypoxic zone. After entering into the summer season, the hypoxic zone gradually develops towards the north and becomes mature. Because of the impact of the terrain, local decomposition of organic matter, and upwelling of the Kuroshio subsurface water in July–August, the hypoxic zone off the Yangtze River estuary exhibits the characteristics of discontinuous distribution in space and has a south and north 'dual-core' structure in the inner continental shelf. In addition, there is a hypoxic core in the eastern outer continental shelf. The degrees of hypoxia vary for different areas; they are strongest overall in the north, next strongest in the south; they are weakest on the outer continental shelf. In summer, the hypoxic zone in the north is related to the northward differentiation of the southern hypoxic zone and results from local development and intensification. In August, the hypoxic zone in the north reaches its peak, and after September, it rapidly retreats southward and disappears because of weakening stratification. In the fall, there is hypoxic zone along the coast of Zhejiang in the south, and there is also a low-DO area to the southwest of Jeju Island, with both zones disappearing rapidly. In addition, the change of dynamic environment also causes the low-DO area of the outer continental shelf to move outward in the fall. The variation in the intensity of the stratification and its cumulative effects as a barrier of vertical DO transportation over long periods of time have a significant impact on the degree of hypoxia in the hypoxic zone. In addition, the seasonal variations in the size of the stratified region, intensity of each current system/water mass, upwelling, front, and high-value area of phytoplankton biomass jointly restrict the extension of the hypoxic zone in the inner continental shelf and latitudinal(south-north direction) movement of its location off the Yangtze River estuary. The combined effect of dynamic factors, such as that of the Kuroshio subsurface water, causes a low-DO core in the outer continental shelf. The bottom cold water to the north of the East China Sea is the dynamic basis for the formation of the low-DO area to the southwest of Jeju Island during the fall season. The special seabed topography and mud area distribution off the Yangtze River estuary have a certain degree of influence on the development of the hypoxic zone. The generation and dissipation of the hypoxic zone and its distribution morphology off the Yangtze River estuary, and seasonal variation of its structure and position are a result of the synergistic effects of various factors. | WEI QinSheng WANG BaoDong CHEN JianFang XIA ChangShui QU DaPeng XIE LinPing | 2015 | Science China Earth Sciences2015，58，4： | 15 |
| 2 | Influences of the surface wave-induced mixing and tidal mixing on the vertical temperature structure of the Yellow and East China Seas in summer显示文摘在影响垂直混合的物理过程的一个分类以后,扩散性由表面波浪动量和潮汐的水流导致了,它对垂直温度结构的影响被讨论。在三上基于混合计划黄和华东海(YECS ) 的垂直温度结构被模仿。结果在夏天显示出那,导致波浪的混合玩的表面处于良好的竟技状态在 YECS 的上面的混合的层的一个关键角色。潮汐的混合在底部上面在 30 m 以内控制更低的层,它是处于良好的竟技状态在南部的黄海(YS ) 的塑造站台的温度结构的主要因素。和强壮的表面导致波浪的混合,潮汐的混合让 thermocline 在南部的 YS 的东方海岸附近通气。在东方脊骨海的更深的层的双冷核心有不同原因。西方的是冬季寒冷水的维护,当东方的被循环设置时。有表面的 YECS 的模仿的垂直温度结构导致波浪的混合并且潮汐的混合有类似的特征到观察,它显示这些混合过程是在模仿沿海的海洋的 thermocline 和 pycnocline 的关键因素。 | QIAO Fangli MA Jian XIA Changshui YANG Yongzeng YUAN Yeli | 2006 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2006，16，7： | 14 |
| 3 | The role of surface waves in the ocean mixed layer显示文摘Previously,most ocean circulation models have overlooked the role of the surface waves.As a result,these models have produced insufficient vertical mixing,with an under-prediction of the mixing layer(ML)depth and an over-prediction of the sea surface temperature(SST),particularly during the summer season.As the ocean surface layer determines the lower boundary conditions of the atmosphere,this deficiency has severely limited the performance of the coupled ocean-atmospheric models and hence the climate studies.To overcome this shortcoming,a new parameterization for the wave effects in the ML model that will correct this systematic error of insufficient mixing.The new scheme has enabled the mixing layer to deepen,the surface excessive heating to be corrected,and an excellent agreement with observed global climatologic data.The study indicates that the surface waves are essential for ML formation,and that they are the primer drivers of the upper ocean dynamics;therefore,they are critical for climate studies. | QIAO Fangli YANG Yongzeng XIA Changshui YUAN Yeli | 2008 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2008，27，3： | 13 |
| 4 | A numerical study of summertime expansion pattern of Changjiang (Yangtze) River diluted water显示文摘Observations show that during summer especially in August, the northward expansion of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River diluted water (CRDW) is blocked in the vicinity of the Changjiang Estuary. To explain this phenomenon, Princeton ocean model (POM) is applied to simulate the summertime expansion pattern of CRDW. Numerical experiments show that to the north of the Changjiang Estuary, a tide-induced temperature front of a cold water centered at (34°N,122.5°E) plays the key role in determining the expansion pattern of CRDW. This front splits the CRDW into two parts: the main part expands northeastward, and the other small part expands northwestward off the coast of Jiangsu Province, China. | SHAN Feng QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui | 2009 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2009，28，3： | 6 |
| 5 | The numerical investigation of seasonal variation of the cold water mass in the Beibu Gulf and its mechanisms显示文摘A wave-tide-circulation coupled model based on the Princeton Ocean Model is established to explore the seasonal variation of the cold water mass in the Beibu Gulf and its mechanisms. The results show that the cold water mass starts forming in March, reaches the maximum strength during June and July, and fades away since October. Strong mixing in winter transports the cold water from sea surface to bottom. The cold water mass remains in the bottom layer as the thermocline strengthens during spring, except for the shallow water where the themocline is broken by strong tidal mixing, which gradually separate the cold water mass from its surrounding warm water. Further analysis on the ocean current and stream function confirms that the cold water mass in the Beibu Gulf is locally developed, with an anticlockwise circulation caused by a strong temperature gradient. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the cold water mass is controlled by the sea surface heat flux, while the terrain and tidal mixing also play important roles. | CHEN Zhenhua QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui WANG Gang | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，1： | 5 |
| 6 | Verification of an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the China's seas显示文摘An operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas(OCFS-C) is developed based on parallelized circulation and wave models. It has been in operation since November 1, 2007. In this paper we comprehensively present the simulation and verification of the system, whose distinguishing feature is that the wave-induced mixing is coupled in the circulation model. In particular, with nested technique the resolution in the China's seas has been updated to(1/24)° from the global model with(1/2)°resolution. Besides, daily remote sensing sea surface temperature(SST) data have been assimilated into the model to generate a hot restart field for OCFS-C. Moreover, inter-comparisons between forecasting and independent observational data are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of OCFS-C in upper-ocean quantities predictions, including SST, mixed layer depth(MLD) and subsurface temperature. Except in conventional statistical metrics, non-dimensional skill scores(SS) is also used to evaluate forecast skill. Observations from buoys and Argo profiles are used for lead time and real time validations, which give a large SS value(more than 0.90). Besides, prediction skill for the seasonal variation of SST is confirmed. Comparisons of subsurface temperatures with Argo profiles data indicate that OCFS-C has low skill in predicting subsurface temperatures between 100 m and 150 m. Nevertheless, inter-comparisons of MLD reveal that the MLD from model is shallower than that from Argo profiles by about 12 m, i.e., OCFS-C is successful and steady in MLD predictions. Validation of 1-d, 2-d and 3-d forecasting SST shows that our operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting model has reasonable accuracy in the upper ocean. | WANG Guansuo ZHAO Chang XU Jiangling QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui | 2016 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2016，35，2： | 5 |
| 7 | A numerical investigation into the long-term behaviors of Fukushima-derived ^(137)Cs in the ocean显示文摘The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 released large amounts of radionuclides, including ^(137)Cs, into the Pacific Ocean. A quasi-global ocean radioactive transport model with horizontal grid spacing of 0.5°×0.5° and 21 vertical layers was thereafter established to study the long-term transport of the Fukushima-derived ^(137)Cs in the ocean.The simulation shows that the plume of ^(137)Cs would be rapidly transported eastward alongside the Kuroshio Current and its extensions. Contaminated waters with concentrations lower than 2 Bq/m3 would reach the west coast of North America 4 or 5 years after the accident. The ^(137)Cs tends to be carried, despite its very low concentration, into the Indian and South Pacific Oceans by 2016 via various branches of ocean currents.Meanwhile, the ^(137)Cs concentrations in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean decrease rapidly with time. Up to now the highly contaminated waters have remained in the upper 400 m, showing no evidence of significant penetration to deeper layers. | ZHAO Chang WANG Gang QIAO Fangli WANG Guansuo JUNG Kyung-Tae XIA Changshui | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，12： | 3 |
| 8 | Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model显示文摘Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea(SCS). The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height(SSH) anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE(Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific) project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future. | XIA Changshui JUNG Kyung Tae WANG Guansuo YIN Xunqiang GUO Jingsong | 2016 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2016，35，2： | 3 |
| 9 | A numerical study of the wintertime double-warm-tongue structure in the Huanghai(Yellow) Sea显示文摘Satellite remote sensing observations show that during winter, sea surface temperature (SST) presents the structure of double warm tongues in the Huanghai Sea trough: the western and the eastern warm tongues. Numerical experiments based on POM are carried out to study the forming mechanism of this thermal structure and its relation to the Huanghai Sea Warm Current (HSWC). The control experiment reproduces this phenomenon quite well, and comparing experiments inves-tigate the effect of wind and tide. It is found that the western warm tongue is mainly caused by the HSWC, which can be strengthened by wintertime southward wind. The eastern warm tongue develops under the influence of an anti-clockwise circulation which is induced by the temperature front of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM) in summer and autumn. In the eastern portion of this circulation, the northward current carries warm water to the north, forming the eastern warm tongue, which remains till winter. | SHAN Feng QIAO Fangli LU Xingang XIA Changshui | 2009 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2009，28，4： | 3 |
| 10 | The summertime circulation of the Bohai Sea simulated from a high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model显示文摘The Bohai Sea is a shallow semi-enclosed inner sea with an average depth of 18 m and is located at the west of the northern Yellow Sea. The climatological circulation pattern in summer of the Bohai Sea is studied by using a wave-tide-circulation coupled model. The simulated temperature and the circulation agree with the observation well. The result shows that the circulation pattern of the Bohai Sea is jointly influenced by the tidal residual current, wind and baroclinic current. There exists an obvious density current along the temperature front from the west part of the Liaodong Bay to the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary. In the Liaodong Bay there exists a clockwise gyre in the area north to the 40°N. While in the area south to the 40°N the circulation shows a two-gyre structure, the flow from the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary to the Liaodong Bay splits into two branches in the area between 39°N and 40°N. The west branch turns into north-west and forms an anti-clockwise gyre with the south-westward density current off the west of the Liaodong Bay. The east branch turns to the east and forms a clockwise gyre with the flow along the east coast of the Liaodong Bay. The forming mechanism of the circulation is also discussed in this paper. | Changshui Xia Jingsong Guo Guansuo Wang Zhenhua Chen Xiaodi Kuang | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 2 |
| 11 | Seasonal characteristics and forcing mechanisms of the surface Kuroshio branch intrusion into the South China Sea显示文摘Using observational data of Argos satellite-tracked drifters from 1988 to 2012, we analyzed seasonal characteristics of the surface Kuroshio branch(KB) intrusion into the South China Sea(SCS). The analysis results are as follows.The surface KB originates from the southern Balintang Channel(BLTC) and Babuyan Channel(BBYC). It begins in late September, reaches peak strength in November–December, and declines at the end of March. The mean speed of drifters along the KB path during their traverse of the Luzon Strait(LS) was 43% faster than during the two days before entering the LS for the flow originating from the southern BLTC, but there was a 24% increase in speed for the flow from the BBYC. The observations show that in winter, monthly-mean sea-level anomalies(SLAs) were positive southwest of Taiwan Island and extended to the northern LS. The SLAs were negative northwest of Luzon Island and extended to the southern LS, which acted like a pump, forcing a part of Kuroshio water westward into the SCS. The condition under which the KB forms was solved by a set of simplified motion equations. The results indicate that whether the KB can form depends upon the sea-level gradient at the central LS and region to the west, as well as the location, speed and direction of Kuroshio surface water when it enters the LS. | Jingsong Guo Zhixin Zhang Changshui Xia Binghuo Guo | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Upwelling and surface cold patches in the Yellow Sea in summer: Effects of tidal mixing on the vertical circulation显示文摘 | Xingang Lü Fangli Qiao Changshui Xia Guansuo Wang Yeli Yuan | 2009 | Continental Shelf Research2009，，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Reconstruction of eddies by assimilating satellite altimeter data into Princeton Ocean Model显示文摘An optimal interpolation assimilation model for satellite altimetry data is developed based on Princeton Ocean Model(POM),which is applied in a quasi-global domain,by the method of isotropic correlation between sea level anomaly(SLA) and sea temperature anomaly. The performance of this assimilation model is validated by the modeled results of SLA and the current patterns. Comparisons between modeling and satellite data show that both the magnitudes and distribution patterns of the simulated SLA are improved by assimilation. The most significant improvement is that meso-scale systems,e.g.,eddies,are well reconstructed. The evolution of an eddy located in the northwest Pacific Ocean is traced by using the assimilation model. Model results show that during three months the eddy migrated southwestward for about 6 degrees before merging into the Kuroshio. The three dimensional structure of this eddy on 12 August 2001 is further analyzed. The strength of this warm,cyclonic eddy decreases with the increase of depth. The eddy shows different horizontal patterns at different layers,and the SLA and temperature fields agree with each other well. This study suggests that this kind of data assimilation is economic and reliable for eddy reconstruction,and can be used as a promising technique in further studies of ocean eddies as well as other fine circulation structures. | YIN Xunqiang QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui LU Xin'gang YANG Yongzeng | 2010 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2010，29，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Analysis of the high and low temperature centers and their relation with circulations in the East China Sea显示文摘Three warm currents,the Kuroshio,its shelf intrusion branch in the northeast of Taiwan and the Taiwan Warm Current(hereafter TWC),dominate the circulation pattern in the East China Sea (hereafter ECS).Their origination,routes and variation in winter and summer are studied.Their relationship with four major high and low temperature centers is analyzed.Differing from the previous opinion,we suggest that the four major centers are generated to a great extent by the interaction of the currents in the ECS.In summer,a cold water belt in the northeast of Taiwan is preserved from winter between the Kuroshio and the TWC.The shelf intrusion branch of the Kuroshio separates the water belt,and two low temperature centers generate in the northeast of Taiwan.In the southern ECS,the TWC transports more heat flux northward to form a warm pool.But it is separated in the lower layer by the cold water driven by the intrusion branch of the Kuroshio.So the TWC and the intrusion branch of the Kuroshio play a dominating role to generate the high temperature center.The interaction among the eastward TWC,the northward Tsushima Warm Current(hereafter TSWC)and the southward Su Bei Coastal Flow(hereafter SBCF)generates the low temperature center in the northern ECS.In winter,the strengthening of the shelf intrusion branch of the Kuroshio obscures the two low temperature centers in the northeast of Taiwan.For the weakening of the TWC,the high temperature center in the southern ECS vanishes,and the low temperature center in the northern ECS shifts to south. | YANG Yongzeng QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui GE Renfeng | 2009 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2009，28，2： | 0 |
| 15 | Submesoscale eddies in the East China Sea detected from SAR images显示文摘Seven-year(2005-2011)Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are applied to study oceanic eddies in the East China Sea.It is found that most of these eddies detected from the SAR images are less than 10 km,which are submesoscale eddies.Seasonal differences are evident in the distribution of eddies,with the highest and the lowest number of eddies noted in summer and winter,respectively.Since slick streaks in SAR images look dark,an eddy identified due to the slicks is referred to as“black eddy”.As a result of wave-current interactions in the zones of current shear,it can be seen that an eddy exhibits a bright curve,the eddy is called“white eddy”.During the seven years,95 black eddies and 50 white eddies are identified in the study area.Black eddies are found in the whole study area while white eddies are mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current.This study suggests that the distribution of the white eddy is denser around the Kuroshio because of the strong shear in the Kuroshio region.In terms of the eddy sizes,white eddies are generally smaller than black eddies. | Yuxiang Ji Guangjun Xu Changming Dong Jingsong Yang Changshui Xia | 2021 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2021，40，3： | 0 |
| 16 | Sensitivity of the half-life time of water exchange in coastal waters显示文摘A three-dimensional model was established to investigate water exchange in coastal waters, and applied to Qinzhou Bay(QZB) in the South China Sea. Given the strong tidal current in QZB, a half-life time was calculated for water exchange by filtering the tidal signal from the concentrations of a conservative substance. In a control run driven by the tide, without external inputs and an open boundary concentration of zero, it was estimated that the average half-life time in QZB was 54.8 d. Numerical experiments showed that wind accounted for an 11.9% reduction in the half-life time to 48.3 d. When rivers were included in the model, the half-life time decreased by 74.6% to 13.9 d. Sensitivity experiments showed that the half-life time for water exchange was greatly affected by the concentration of the conservative substance which was used at the open boundary. In response to 10,20, 30, and 40% increases in the boundary concentration, the half-life time increased to 91.5, 168.3, 186.2, and 229.1 d,respectively. Results also suggested that for coastal bays with large intertidal areas such as QZB, consideration of the wet and dry processes produced more accurate simulations of the hydrodynamics and the half-life times. Simulations, which did not incorporate wet and dry processes, were more than likely to have overestimated or underestimated the half-life times for water exchange. | Zhenhua CHEN Fangli QIAO Gang WANG Changshui XIA | 2019 | Science China Earth Sciences2019，62，4： | 0 |
| 17 | An approach to determine coeffi cients of logarithmic velocity vertical profile in the bottom boundary layer显示文摘Velocity vertical profiles in the bottom boundary layer are important to understand the oceanic circulation.The logarithmic vertical profile,u=A ln z+B,is the universal profile for the horizontal velocity in the boundary layer,in which two coefficients(A and B)need to be determined.The two coefficients are the functions of the friction velocity(u_(*))and the roughness length(z_(0)),and they are calculated using u_(*)and z_(0).However,the measurement of u_(*)and z_(0) is a challenge.In the present study,an approach is developed to estimate the two coefficients(A and B)by using a series of fl ume laboratory experiments with fl at boundary and regularly distributed cylinders as the rough boundaries.An acoustic doppler velocimeter(ADV)is used to measure the velocity vertical profiles of the steady flow.Using the measured velocity data,the regressed logarithmic profiles are obtained.Based on the series of the A and B values,the mathematical formula for A and B are statistically established as the function of the cylinder height,inflow velocity,and the water depth,which avoids the measurement of the friction velocity and the roughness length. | Xiaowei WEI Yiming ZHANG Changming DONG Meibing JIN Changshui XIA | 2021 | Journal of Oceanology and Limnology2021，39，6： | 0 |
| 18 | The impact of surface waves on the mixing of the upper ocean显示文摘A new three-dimensional numerical model is derived through a wave average on the primitive N-S equations, in which both the'Coriolis-Stokes forcing' and the'Stokes-Vortex force' are considered. Three ideal experiments are run using the new model applied to the Princeton ocean model(POM). Numerical results show that surface waves play an important role on the mixing of the upper ocean. The mixed layer is enhanced when wave effect is considered in conjunction with small Langmuir numbers. Both surface wave breaking and Stokes production can strengthen the turbulent mixing near the surface. However, the influence of wave breaking is limited to a thin layer, but Stokes drift can affect the whole mixed layer. Furthermore, the vertical mixing coefficients clearly rise in the mixed layer, and the upper ocean mixed layer is deepened especially in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current when the model is applied to global simulations. It indicates that the surface gravity waves are indispensable in enhancing the mixing in the upper ocean, and should be accounted for in ocean general circulation models. | WANG Zhifeng WU Kejian XIA Changshui ZHANG Xiaoshuang | 2014 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2014，33，9： | 0 |
| 19 | Sensitive study of the long and short surface wave-induced vertical mixing in a wave-circulation coupled model显示文摘The previous studies by the MASNUM research team have shown the effectiveness of the wave-induced mixing (Bv) in improving the simulation of upper-ocean thermal structure. The mechanisms of Bv are further investigated by incorporating different Bv products into the MASNUM wave-circulation coupled model. First, experiments were designed to explore the effects of Bv, which contain the contributions at different wave lengths (l). The results of three experiments, the non-Bv case, the short-wave case (l <300 m), and the long-wave case (l >300 m) are compared, and it is found that the long waves are the most important component for Bv to generate mixing in the upper ocean. As the swell plays dominant role in mixing, the parameterization of Bv into wind may be not a proper way. Second, Bv effects at different time-scales, including daily and monthly, were examined. The results show that the monthly averaged Bv has larger impact than the daily averaged Bv, especially in summer. | ZHAO Chang | 2012 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2012，31，4： | 0 |
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