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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial显示文摘 | David N Krag Stewart J Anderson Thomas B Julian Ann M Brown Seth P Harlow Joseph P Costantino Takamaru Ashikaga Donald L Weaver Eleftherios P Mamounas Lynne M Jalovec Thomas G Frazier R Dirk Noyes André Robidoux Hugh MC Scarth Norman Wolmark | 2010 | Lancet Oncology2010，，10： | 3 |
| 3 | Conduit necrosis following esophagectomy: An up-to-date literature review显示文摘Esophageal conduit ischaemia and necrosis is an uncommon but devastating complication of esophagectomy and remains one of the most challenging issues in surgical practice. The incidence, time interval to develop symptoms, and clinical presentation are highly variable with no predictable pattern. Evidence comes from case reports and case series rather than randomized controlled trials.We describe the issues surrounding conduit necrosis affecting the stomach,jejunum and colon as an esophageal replacement and the advantages,disadvantages and challenges of each type of reconstruction. Diagnosis is challenging for the most experienced surgeon. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and computed tomography thorax with both oral and intravenous contrast is the gold standard. Management, either conservative or interventional is also a difficult decision. Management options include conservative treatment and more aggressive treatments such as stent insertion, surgical debridement and repair of the esophagus using jejunum, colon or a musculocutaneous flap. In spite of recent advances in surgical techniques, there is no reliable strategy to manage esophageal conduit necrosis. Our review covers the pathophysiology and clinical significance of esophageal necrosis while highlighting current techniques of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening condition. | Antonios Athanasiou Mairead Hennessy Eleftherios Spartalis Benjamin H L Tan Ewen A Griffiths | 2019 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2019，11，3： | 2 |
| 4 | Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial显示文摘 | David N Krag Stewart J Anderson Thomas B Julian Ann M Brown Seth P Harlow Takamaru Ashikaga Donald L Weaver Barbara J Miller Lynne M Jalovec Thomas G Frazier R Dirk Noyes André Robidoux Hugh MC Scarth Denise M Mammolito David R McCready Eleftherios P Mamo | 2007 | Lancet Oncology2007，，10： | 2 |
| 5 | Uterine prolapse complicating pregnancy显示文摘 | George D Elias L Eleftherios A | 2007 | Arch Gynecol Obstet2007，276，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Uterine prolapse complicating pregnancy显示文摘 | George D Elias L Eleftherios A | 2007 | Arch Gynecol Obstet2007，276，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Paclitaxel After Doxo-rubicin Plus Cyclophosphamide As Adjuwant Chemotherapyfor Node - Positive Breast Cancer : Results From NSABP B -28 显示文摘 | Eleftherios P John B Barry L | 2005 | JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY2005，23，16： | 1 |
| 8 | Effect the fracture process zone in directed crack propagation in borehole blasting 显示文摘 | George E Zacharias A Eleftherios L | 1994 | SPE 280851994，，： | 1 |
| 9 | Uterine prolapse complicatingpregnancy显示文摘 | George D Elias L Eleftherios A | 2007 | Arch Gynecol Obstet2007，276，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Nitric oxide mediates the effect of fluvastatin on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 ex- pression on human endothelial cells显示文摘 | Eleftherios S Xenos Scott L | 2005 | Ann Vasc Surg2005，19，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Drags in reproductive medicine显示文摘 | Eleftherios M Stuart L | 2006 | Curr Obstet Gynaecol2006，16，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Expression of Clostn'dium acetobutylieum ATCC 824 genes in Eschefichia coli for acetone production and acetate detoxification 显示文摘 | LOURDES L B NEIL E W ELEFTHERIOS T P | 1998 | Appl Environ Mi- crob1998，64，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Distribution of 15 human kallikreins in tissues and biological fluids 显示文摘 | Julie L V Eleftherios P | 2007 | Clin Chem2007，53，8： | 1 |
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