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| 1 | Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain显示文摘Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses,while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth,development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46%N,240 kg ha^(-1)) applications.The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0%at sowing and 100%at jointing/booting),N25–75 (25%at sowing and 75%at jointing and booting),N50–50(50%at sowing and 50%at jointing/booting),N75–25 (75%at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting),and N100–0 (100%at sowing and 0%at jointing/booting).The SRF (43%N,240 kg ha^(-1)) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield,yield components,aboveground biomass (ABM),water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield(8.84 and 8.85 t ha^(-1)),ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^(-1)),WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^(-3)) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^(-1)).This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading,the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP. | Sunusi Amin ABUBAKAR Abdoul Kader Mounkaila HAMANI WANG Guang-shuai LIU Hao Faisal MEHMOOD Abubakar Sadiq ABDULLAHI GAO Yang DUAN Ai-wang | 2023 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2023，22，3： | 1 |
| 2 | Intelligent Transmission Control for Efficient Operations in SDN显示文摘Although the Software-Defined Network(SDN)is a well-controlled and efficient network but the complexity of open flow switches in SDN causes multiple issues.Many solutions have been proposed so far for the prevention of errors and mistakes in it but yet,there is still no smooth transmission of pockets from source to destination specifically when irregular movements follow the destination host in SDN,the errors include packet loss,data compromise etc.The accuracy of packets received at their desired destination is possible if networks for pockets and hosts are monitored instead of analysis of network snapshot statistically for the state,as these approaches with open flow switches,discover bugs after their occurrence.This article proposes a design to achieve the said objective by defining the Intelligent Transmission Control Layer(ITCL)layer.It monitors all the connections of end hosts at their specific locations and performs necessary settlements when the connection state changes for one or multiple hosts.The layer informs the controller regarding any state change at one period and controller collects information of end nodes reported via ITCL.Then,updates flow tables accordingly to accommodate a location-change scenario with a routechange policy.ICTL is organized on prototype-based implementation using the popular POX platform.In this paper,it has been discovered that ITCL produces efficient performance in the trafficking of packets and controlling different states of SDN for errors and packet loss. | Reem Alkanhel Abid Ali Faisal Jamil Muzammil Nawaz Faisal Mehmood Ammar Muthanna | 2022 | Computers, Materials & Continua2022，，5： | 0 |
| 3 | An Energy-Efficient Mobile Agent-Based Data Aggregation Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks显示文摘Due to the advancement in wireless technology and miniaturization,Wireless Body Area Networks(WBANs)have gained enormous popularity,having various applications,especially in the healthcare sector.WBANs are intrinsically resource-constrained;therefore,they have specific design and development requirements.One such highly desirable requirement is an energy-efficient and reliable Data Aggregation(DA)mechanism for WBANs.The efficient and reliableDAmay ultimately push the network to operate without much human intervention and further extend the network lifetime.The conventional client-serverDAparadigm becomes unsuitable and inefficient for WBANs when a large amount of data is generated in the network.Similarly,in most of the healthcare applications(patient’s critical conditions),it is highly important and required to send data as soon as possible;therefore,reliable data aggregation in WBANs is of great concern.To tackle the shortcomings of the client-serverDAparadigm,theMobile Agent-Basedmechanismproved to be a more workable solution.In aMobile Agent-Based mechanism,a taskspecific mobile agent(code)traverses to the intended sources to gather data.Thesemobile agents travel on a predefined path called itinerary;however,planning a suitable and reliable itinerary for a mobile agent is also a challenging issue inWBANs.This paper presents a new Mobile Agent-Based DA scheme for WBANs,which is energy-efficient and reliable.Firstly,in the proposed scheme,the network is divided into clusters,and cluster-heads are selected.Secondly,a mobile agent is generated from the base station to collect the required data from cluster heads.In the case,if any fault occurs in the existing itinerary,an alternate itinerary is planned in real-time without compromising the network performance.In our simulation-based validation,we have found that the proposed system delivers significantly improved fault-tolerance and reliability with energy-efficiency and extended network lifetime in WBANs. | Gulzar Mehmood Muhammad Zahid Khan Muhammad Fayaz Mohammad Faisal Haseeb Ur Rahman Jeonghwan Gwak | 2022 | Computers, Materials & Continua2022，，3： | 0 |
| 4 | Enhancing Cloud Performance Using File Format Classifications显示文摘Metaheuristic approaches in cloud computing have shown significant results due to theirmulti-objective advantages.These approaches are now considering hybridmetaheuristics combining the relative optimized benefits of two or more algorithms resulting in the least tradeoffs among several factors.The critical factors such as execution time,throughput time,response time,energy consumption,SLA violations,communication overhead,makespan,and migration time need careful attention while designing such dynamic algorithms.To improve such factors,an optimizedmulti-objective hybrid algorithm is being proposed that combines the relative advantages of Cat Swarm Optimization(CSO)with machine learning classifiers such as Support Vector Machine(SVM).The adopted approach is based on SVMone to many classification models of machine learning that performs the classifications of various data format types in the cloud with best accuracy.In CSO,grouping phase is used to divide the data files as audio,video,image,and text which is further extended by polynomial Kernel function based on various input features and used for optimized load balancing.Overall,proposed approach works well and achieved performance efficiency in evaluated QoS metrics such as average energy consumption by 12%,migration time by 9%,and optimization time by 10%,in the presence of competitor baselines. | Muhammad Junaid Adnan Sohail Monagi H.Alkinani Adeel Ahmed Mehmood Ahmed Faisal Rehman | 2022 | Computers, Materials & Continua2022，，2： | 0 |
| 5 | Land-Cover Classification and its Impact on Peshawar’s Land Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing显示文摘Spatial and temporal informationon urban infrastructure is essential and requires various land-cover/land-use planning and management applications.Besides,a change in infrastructure has a direct impact on other land-cover and climatic conditions.This study assessed changes in the rate and spatial distribution of Peshawar district’s infrastructure and its effects on Land Surface Temperature(LST)during the years 1996 and 2019.For this purpose,firstly,satellite images of bands7 and 8 ETM+(Enhanced Thematic Mapper)plus and OLI(Operational Land Imager)of 30 m resolution were taken.Secondly,for classification and image processing,remote sensing(RS)applications ENVI(Environment for Visualising Images)and GIS(Geographic Information System)were used.Thirdly,for better visualization and more in-depth analysis of land sat images,pre-processing techniques were employed.For Land use and Land cover(LU/LC)four types of land cover areas were identified-vegetation area,water cover,urbanized area,and infertile land for the years under research.The composition of red,green,and near infra-red bands was used for supervised classification.Classified images were extracted for analyzing the relative infrastructure change.A comparative analysis for the classification of images is performed for SVM(Support Vector Machine)and ANN(Artificial Neural Network).Based on analyzing these images,the result shows the rise in the average temperature from 30.04℃ to 45.25℃.This only possible reason is the increase in the built-up area from 78.73 to 332.78 Area km^(2) from 1996 to 2019.It has also been witnessed that the city’s sides are hotter than the city’s center due to the barren land on the borders. | Shahab Ul Islam Saifullah Jan Abdul Waheed Gulzar Mehmood Mahdi Zareei Faisal Alanazi | 2022 | Computers, Materials & Continua2022，，2： | 0 |
| 6 | Towards a Dynamic Virtual IoT Network Based on User Requirements显示文摘The data being generated by the Internet of Things needs to be stored,monitored,and analyzed for maximum IoT resource utilization.Software Defined Networking has been extensively utilized to address issues such as heterogeneity and scalability.However,for small-scale IoT application,sometimes it is considered an inefficient approach.This paper proposes an alternate lightweight mechanism to the design and implementation of a dynamic virtual network based on user requirements.The key idea is to provide users a virtual interface that enables them to reconfigure the communication flow between the sensors and actuators at runtime.The throughput of the communication flow depends on the data traffic load and optimal routing.Users can reconfigure the communication flow,and virtual agents find the optimal route to handle the traffic load.The virtual network provides a user-friendly interface to allow physical devices to be mapped with the corresponding virtual agents.The proposed network is applicable for all systems that lie in the Internet of Things domain.Results conclude that the proposed network is efficient,reliable,and responsive to network reconfiguration at runtime. | Faisal Mehmood Shabir Ahmad Israr Ullah Faisal Jamil DoHyeun Kim | 2021 | Computers, Materials & Continua2021，，11： | 0 |
| 7 | Facies Analysis, Sequence Stratigraphy and Diagenetic Studies of the Jurassic Carbonates of the Kohat Basin, Northwest Pakistan: Reservoir Implications显示文摘The present study deals with the depositional facies, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy of the shallow marine carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation, Kohat Basin, in order to elucidate its reservoir quality. The Samana Suk Formation consists of thin to thick-bedded, oolitic, bioclastic, dolomitic and fractured limestone. Based on the integration of outcrop, petrographic and biofacies analyses, the unit is thought to have been deposited on a gentle homoclinal ramp in peritidal, lagoonal and carbonate shoal settings. Frequent variations in microfacies based sea-level curve have revealed seven Transgressive Systems Tracts(TSTs) and six Regressive Systems Tracts(RSTs). The unit has undergone various stages of diagenetic processes, including mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation,micritization, dissolution and dolomitization. The petrographic analyses show the evolution of porosity in various depositional and diagenetic phases. The fenestral porosity was mainly developed in peritidal carbonates during deposition,while the burial dissolution and diagenetic dolomitization have greatly enhanced the reservoir potential of the rock unit, as is further confirmed by the plug porosity and permeability analyses. The porosities and permeabilities were higher in shoal facies deposited in TSTs, as compared to lagoonal and peritidal facies, except for the dolomite in mudstone, deposited during RSTs. Hence good, moderate and poor reservoir potential is suggested for shoal, lagoonal and peritidal facies,respectively. | Emadullah KHAN Abbas Ali NASEEM Suleman KHAN Bilal WADOOD Faisal REHMAN Maryam SALEEM Mubashir MEHMOOD Waqar AHMAD Zubair AHMED Tahir AZEEM | 2022 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2022，96，5： | 0 |
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