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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | When wildlife tourism goes wrong: acase study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island,Australia显示文摘 | Burns G L Howard P | 2003 | Tourism Management2003，，6： | 1 |
| 3 | Comparison of thermodilution measured extravascular lung water with chest radiographic assessment of pulmonary oedema in patients with acute lung injury显示文摘 | Brown L M Calfee C S Howard J P | 2013 | Ann Intensive Care2013，3，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Postoperative assessment of clipped aneurysms with64-slice computer-ized tomography angiography显示文摘 | Thines L Dehdashti AR Howard P | 2010 | Neurosurgery2010，67，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation 显示文摘 | Perkins-Veazie P Collins JK Howard L | 2008 | Postharvest Biol Technol2008，47，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Distal symmetric polyneuropathy: A definition for clinical research: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation显示文摘 | J D. England G S. Gronseth G Franklin R G. Miller A K. Asbury G T. Carter J A. Cohen M A. Fisher J F. Howard L J. Kinsella N Latov R A. Lewis P A. Low A J. Sumner | 2005 | Neurology2005，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Days and Nights on the Internet the Impact of a Diffusing Technology显示文摘 | Howard P E N Rainie L Jones S | 2001 | American Behavioral Scientist2001，45，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage 显示文摘 | Zhang Y P Howard R M | 2001 | Exp Neurol2001，167，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Neuroprotective signaling pathways are modulated by adenosine in the anoxia tolerant turtle显示文摘 | GAURI H N HOWARD M P SARAH L M | 2011 | J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2011，31，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation显示文摘 | PERKINS-VEAZIE P COLLINS J K HOWARD L | 2008 | Postharvest Biol Technol2008，47，： | 1 |
| 11 | A novel domestic electric water heater model for a multi-objective demand side management program 显示文摘 | LIAM P HOWARD L CHANG L | 2010 | Electric Power System Research2010，80，12： | 1 |
| 12 | A Comparison of Eleven Static Heuristics for Mapping a Class of Independent Tasks onto Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Systems显示文摘 | Tracy D Braun Howard Jay Siegel Noah Beck Ladislau L B?l?ni Muthucumaru Maheswaran Albert I Reuther James P Robertson Mitchell D Theys Bin Yao Debra Hensgen Richard F Freund | 2001 | Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing2001，，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage显示文摘 | Cao Q L Zhang Y P Howard R M | 2001 | Exp Neurol2001，167，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation显示文摘 | Perkins-Veazie P COLLINS J K HOWARD L | 2008 | Postharvest Biology and Technology2008，47，： | 1 |
| 15 | Human endothelial cells express CCR2 and respond to MCP-1 : direct role of MCP-1 in angiogenesis and tumor progression显示文摘 | ROSALBA S MARIA L P HOWARD A Y | 2000 | Blood2000，96，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Crystal structure of the Escherichia coli YjiA protein suggests a GTP-dependent regulatory function显示文摘 | Khil P P Obmolova G Teplyakov A Howard A J Gilliland G L Camerini-Otero R D | 2004 | Proteins2004，54，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation显示文摘 | PERKINS-VEAZIE P COLLINS J K HOWARD L | 2008 | Postharvest Biology and Technology2008，47，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Preliminary in-vestigation of the histological effects of laser endodontictreatment on the periradicular tissues in dogs显示文摘 | Bahcall J Howard P Miserendino L | 1992 | J Endod1992，18，2： | 1 |
| 19 | The structure of frenolicin显示文摘 | George A E Howard A W Ernest L P | 1966 | J Am Chem Soc1966，88，17： | 1 |
| 20 | Modeling of non-Ideal aluminized explosives显示文摘 | Howard W M Fried L E Souers P C | 1999 | Shock Compression of Condensed Matter1999，，： | 1 |
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