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| 1 | Methods, units and quality requirements for the analysis of haemoglobin A_(1c) in diabetes mellitus显示文摘The formation of glycohemoglobin, especially the hemoglobin A1c(Hb_(A1c)) fraction, occurs when glucose becomes coupled with the amino acid valine in the β-chain of Hb; this reaction is dependent on the plasma concentration of glucose. Since the early 1970 s it has been known that diabetics display higher values of Hb_(A1c) because they have elevated blood glucose concentrations. Thus Hb_(A1c) has acquired a very important role in the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After the introduction of the first quantitative measurement of Hb_(A1c), numerous methods for glycohemoglobin have been introduced with different assay principles: From a simple minicolumn technique to the very accurate automated highpressure chromatography and lastly to many automated immunochemical or enzymatic assays. In early days, the results of the quality control reports for Hb_(A1c) varied extensively between laboratories, therefore in United States and Canada working groups(WG) of the Diabetes Controls and Complications Trial(DCCT) were set up to standardize the Hb_(A1c) assays against the DCCT/National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program reference method based on liquid chromatography. In the 1990 s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine(IFCC) appointed a new WG to plan a reference preparation and method for the Hb_(A1c) measurement. When the reference procedureswere established, in 2004 IFCC recommended that all manufacturers for equipment used in Hb_(A1c) assays should calibrate their methods to their proposals. This led to an improvement in the coefficient of variation(CV%) associated with the assay. In this review, we describe the glycation of Hb, methods, standardization of the Hb_(A1c) assays, analytical problems, problems with the units in which Hb_(A1c) values are expressed, reference values, quality control aspects, target requirements for Hb_(A1c), and the relationship of the plasma glucose values to Hb_(A1c) concentrations. We also note that the acceptance of the mmol/mol system for Hb_(A1c) as recommended by IFCC, i.e., the new unit and reference ranges, are becoming only slowly accepted outside of Europe where it seems that expressing Hb_(A1c) values either only in per cent units or with parallel reporting of percent and mmol/mol will continue. We believe that these issues should be resolved in the future and that it would avoid confusion if mmol/mol unit for Hb_(A1c) were to gain worldwide acceptance. | Ilkka Penttil? Karri Penttil? P?ivi Holm Harri Laitinen P?ivi Ranta Jukka T?rr?nen Rainer Rauramaa | 2016 | World Journal of Methodology2016，6，2： | 3 |
| 2 | Real-time simulation of heat transfer in continuous casting显示文摘 | Ubenkilpi S Laitinen E Ninermine R | 1993 | Metall Trans B1993，24，： | 2 |
| 3 | A dynamic performance measurement system: evidence from small Finnish technology companies显示文摘 | Erkki K Laitinen | 2001 | Scandinavian Journal of Management2001，，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Overlap Syndrome of Asthma and COPD Predicts Low Quality of Life显示文摘 | Paula Kauppi Henna Kupiainen Ari Lindqvist Lauri Tammilehto Maritta Kilpel? inen Vuokko L. Kinnula Tari Haahtela Tarja Laitinen | 2011 | Journal of Asthma2011，，3： | 2 |
| 5 | Host Remodeling of the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Changes during Pregnancy显示文摘 | Omry Koren Julia K. Goodrich Tyler C. Cullender Aymé Spor Kirsi Laitinen Helene Kling B?ckhed Antonio Gonzalez Jeffrey J. Werner Largus T. Angenent Rob Knight Fredrik B?ckhed Erika Isolauri Seppo Salminen Ruth E. Ley | 2012 | Cell2012，，3： | 2 |
| 6 | Importance of genetic factors in adolescent asthma:a population-based twin-family study显示文摘 | Laitinen T Rasanen M Kaprio J | 1998 | Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998，157，41： | 1 |
| 7 | Tissue response to polyglycolide,polydioxanone,polylevolactide,and metallic pins in cancellous bone:An experimental study on rabbits显示文摘 | Pihlajamaki H Salminen S Laitinen O | 2006 | J Orthop Res2006，24，： | 1 |
| 8 | Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity显示文摘 | Laitinen J Power C Jarvelin MR | 2001 | Am J Clin Nutr2001，74，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Safety of sputum induction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease显示文摘 | Rytila PH Lindqvist AE Laitinen La | 2000 | Eur Respir J2000，15，11： | 1 |
| 10 | Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induction of acytokine response显示文摘 | Kaukoranta-Tolvanen SS Teppo AM Laitinen K | 1996 | Microb Pathog1996，21，： | 1 |
| 11 | A novel growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) related factor is co-expressed with GDF-9 in mouse oocytes during folliculogenesis显示文摘 | Laitinen M Vuojolainen K Jaatinen R | 1998 | Mech Dev1998，78，12： | 1 |
| 12 | Treatment of pathologicalhumerus shaft fractures with intramedullary nails with or withoutcement fixation 显示文摘 | Laitinen M Nieminen J Pakarinen TK | 2011 | Arch Orthop Trauma Surg2011，131，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Heart rate and performance during combat missions in a flight simulator 显示文摘 | Lahtinen TM Koskelo JP Laitinen T | 2007 | Aviat Space Environ Med2007，78，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Automatic dextrous microhandling based on a 6-DOF microgripper显示文摘 | ZHOU Q KORHONEN P LAITINEN J | 2006 | Journal of Micromechatronics2006，3，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Maternal breast-milk and intestinal bifidobacteria guide the compositional development of the Bifidobacterium microbiota in infants at risk of allergic disease显示文摘 | Gr(o)nlund MM Gueimonde M Laitinen K | 2007 | Clin Exp Allergy2007，37，12： | 1 |
| 16 | Towards a Micro Economic Approach of the Balanced Scorecard显示文摘 | Laitinen E K | 2004 | Managerial Finance2004，，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Mesoporoussilicon microparticles for oral drug delivery:Loading and re-lease of five model drugs显示文摘 | Salonen J Laitinen L Kaukonen AM | 2005 | J Control Release2005，108，23： | 1 |
| 18 | Common polymorphism of the Vitamin D receptor gene is associated with variation of peak bone mass in young finns显示文摘 | Viitanen A Laitinen K Laitinen K | 1996 | Calcif Tissue Int1996，59，4： | 1 |
| 19 | A randomized doubleblind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoractomy显示文摘 | Salomaki TE Laitinen JO Nuutinen LS | 1991 | Anesthesiology1991，75，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Bankruptcy prediction Application of the Taylor's expansion in logistic regression 显示文摘 | Erkki K Laitinen Teija Laitinen | 2000 | International Review of Financial Analysis2000，9，： | 1 |
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