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| 1 | Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing显示文摘COVID-19,caused by SARS-CoV-2[1,2],has been contained in China through stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions.Border control and quarantine have effectively prevented the virus from being spread by infected travellers,but the risk of resurgence caused by other routes of introduction and transmission remains unclear,and current strategies to prevent resurgence could be flawed.Since July,SARS-CoV-2 RNA contaminations in frozen food imported from countries with ongoing epidemics have been reported in nine provinces in China[3,4].However,there is no robust evidence of COVID-19 outbreaks initiated by environmentto-human transmission.Here we add to evidence of such transmission by investigating the recent COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing. | Xinghuo Pang Lili Ren Shuangsheng Wu Wentai Ma Jian Yang Lin Di Jie Li Yan Xiao Lu Kang Shichang Du Jing Du Jing Wang Gang Li Shuguang Zhai Lijuan Chen Wenxiong Zhou Shengjie Lai Lei Gao Yang Pan Quanyi Wang Mingkun Li Jianbin Wang Yanyi Huang Jianwei Wang COVID-19 Field Response Group COVID-19 Laboratory Testing Group | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，12： | 51 |
| 2 | Cryospheric Science: research framework and disciplinary system显示文摘Cryospheric changes and their impacts have received increasing concern, extending the research to include the interactions between earth spheres and the impacts of and social adaptation to cryospheric changes. As a result, Cryospheric Science is rapidly developing. However, the research framework of Cryospheric Science has not completely been set up, and the intension and extension of Cryospheric Science are unclear.Following a literature review, the research framework for Cryospheric Science and the discipline components are analysed in this paper. We consider that Cryospheric Science is an inevitable product of international research on the earth and environmental changes as well as on human sustainable development. It will not only strengthen the linkage between the cryosphere and other earth spheres by deepening traditional research areas, but will also bring more focus on the critical roles of the cryosphere in interactions between earth spheres, and will enhance the relationship between cryospheric change and climate, ecology, hydrology, surface environment and sustainable development. The disciplinary tree of Cryospheric Science is developed following the mainstream of change-impacts adaptation. The disciplines of Cryospheric Science were teased out against characteristics of traditional branches and the developing interdisciplinary branches of cryosphere elements, which will provide reference to Cryospheric Science as it systematically grows to maturity. | Dahe Qin Yongjian Ding Cunde Xiao Shichang Kang Jianwen Ren Jianping Yang Shiqiang Zhang | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，2： | 42 |
| 3 | Global warming weakening the inherent stability of glaciers and permafrost显示文摘The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inherent stability changes of glaciers and permafrost caused by warming. Various study results suggest that over the past 30 years, the internal temperature of glaciers and permafrost exhibits an overall accelerating warming trend. The warming rate peaked in the mid-2000s and slowed slightly for several years afterward. In recent years, however, the warming rate has seemed to pick up again. The warming of glaciers and permafrost has exerted great impact on their stability, displayed as intensified melting,increased glacier surging, enlargement of supraglacial lakes, and increased permafrost degradation.Even without a future temperature increase, some glaciers will continue to shrink, and the number of surging glaciers will increase. The transition from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost is a noticeable warning sign of a comprehensive degradation of permafrost. These results indicate that‘‘warming' glaciers and permafrost will exert significant impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and stability of engineering in cold regions. | Yongjian Ding Shiqiang Zhang Lin Zhao Zhongqin Li Shichang Kang | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，4： | 37 |
| 4 | Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole(TP). This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic and cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation and the albedos of snow and ice surfaces; moreover, the behavior and fates within the cryosphere and environmental impacts of environmental pollutants are topics of increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring and research framework and network to link atmospheric pollution and cryospheric changes(APCC) within the TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary of progress and achievements related to the APCC research framework, including aspects of atmospheric pollution’s composition and concentration, spatial and temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways and mechanisms, and effects on the warming of atmosphere and changing in Indian monsoon, as well as melting of glacier and snow cover. We highlight that exogenous air pollutants can enter into the TP’s environments and cause great impacts on regional climatic and environmental changes. At last, we propose future research priorities and map out an extended program at the global scale. The ongoing monitoring activities and research facilitate comprehensive studies of atmosphere–cryosphere interactions, represent one of China’s key research expeditions to the TP and the polar regions and contribute to the global perspective of earth system science. | Shichang Kang Qianggong Zhang Yun Qian Zhenming Ji Chaoliu Li Zhiyuan Cong Yulan Zhang Junming Guo Wentao Du Jie Huang Qinglong You Arnico K.Panday Maheswar Rupakheti Deliang Chen Orjan Gustafsson Mark H.Thiemens Dahe Qin | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，4： | 35 |
| 5 | Glacial distribution and mass balance in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its influence on lakes显示文摘Glaciers in the Yarlung Zangbo River witness severe glacial retreat nowadays,which gives important influence on lake processes in the region.We have studied glacial distribution,glacial mass balance and found large deficit in glacial mass and its impact in the region.Our study also integrated the variation in glacial-fed lakes of the Nam Co and Ranwu Lake,and presented an initial assessment of the impact of glacial mass balance on lakes.The study has shown a significant contribution of glacial melting to recent lake expansion and lake level rising. | YAO TanDong LI ZhiGuo YANG Wei GUO XueJun ZHU LiPing KANG ShiChang WU YanHong YU WuSheng | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，20： | 34 |
| 6 | Recent temperature increase recorded in an ice core in the source region of Yangtze River显示文摘Interests on climate change in the source region of Yangtze River have been raised since it is a region with the greatest warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A 70-year history of precipitation δ^(18)O has been recovered using an ice core record retrieved in a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33°34′37.8″N, 91°10′35.3″E, 5720 m a.s.l.), Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River), in November, 2005. By using a significant positive relationship between ice core δ^(18)O record and summer air temperature (July to September) from the nearby meteorological stations, a history of summer air temperature has been reconstructed for the last 70 years. Summer temperature was relatively low in 1940s and high in 1950s to the middle of 1960s. The lowest temperature occurred in the middle of 1970s. Temperature was low in 1980s and dramatically increased since 1990s, keeping the trend to the begin-ning of the 21st century. The warming rate recorded in the ice core with 0.5℃/10 a since 1970s is much higher that that in the central TP and the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and it becomes 1.1℃/10 a since 1990s which is also higher than these from the central TP and the NH, reflecting an accelerated warm-ing and a more sensitive response to global warming in the high elevation region. | KANG ShiChang ZHANG YongJun QIN DaHe REN JiaWen ZHANG QiangGong Bjorn GRIGHOLM Paul A. MAYEWSKI | 2007 | Chinese Science Bulletin2007，52，6： | 27 |
| 7 | Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2005显示文摘The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant increasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipitation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming. | YOU Qinglong KANG Shichang WU Yanhong YAN Yuping | 2007 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2007，17，4： | 25 |
| 8 | Monitoring Glacier and Supra-glacier Lakes from Space in Mt. Qomolangma Region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China显示文摘Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques the paper presents the results of a multitempora satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 (or 0.75 km2 yr-1) during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km2 (or 0.36 km2 yr-1) during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km2 (or 0.12 km2 yr-1) during 1992-2000. 1.14 km2 (or 0.22 km2 yr-1) during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km2 (or 0.07 km2 yr-1) during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas. | YE Qinghua ZHONG Zhenwei KANG Shichang Alfred Stein WEI Qiufang LIU Jingshi | 2009 | Journal of Mountain Science2009，6，3： | 26 |
| 9 | Water balance estimates of ten greatest lakes in China using ICESat and Landsat data显示文摘湖水平和区域变化对地区性的气候变化敏感并且能被用来间接地估计湖的水平衡。在这研究,在中国的 10 个最大的湖, 1000 km2 或更大,被检验在从在 2003 和 2009 之间记录的 ICESat 和 Landsat 数据分别地导出的湖水平和区域决定变化。湖水平和在西藏的高原( TP )和在东北中国的克辛凯·莱克的 Selin 公司, Nam 公司,和金海·莱克的区域的时间系列展出一个增加的趋势与在湖水平( 0.69 m/a )显示出最快的上升的 Selin 公司,区域( 32.59 km2/a ),和在 10 之中的体积( 1.25 km3/a )检验了湖。在北中国的干旱、半干旱的区域的 Bosten 和 Hulun 湖在湖水平和区域显示出衰落,与显示出在湖水平(0.43 m/a ) 和显示出最大的区域收缩(35.56 km2/a ) 的胡伦·莱克的最大的减少的博斯顿·莱克一起。然而,没有任何明显的趋势,在长江盆的中间降低活动范围的 Dongting, Poyang, Taihu,和 Hongze 湖介绍季节的可变性。湖水平和区域为 Selin 公司, Nam 公司, Qinghai, Poyang, Hulun,和 Bosten 湖显示出强壮的关联(R 2 > 0.80 ) 并且为 Taihu, Hongze,和 Xingkai 湖和为东方东廷·莱克(0.37 ) 的弱关联(0.70 ) 。湖水平变化和水体积变化在为所有湖的很好的同意(R 2 > 0.98 ) 。10 个湖的水平衡根据湖水平和区域变化被导出,与分别地显示出 9.08, 4.07, 2.88,和 1.09 km3 的积极的水预算的 Selin 公司, Nam 公司, Qinghai,和 Xingkai 湖。分别地, Bosten 和 Hulun 湖显示出 3.01 和 4.73 km3 的否定预算,沿着长江的四个湖不显示出明显的变化。对在这四个湖的湖水平和区域变化的可能的解释也被讨论。这研究建议遥感能为估计湖水平衡作为一个快、有效的工具服务的那颗卫星。 | ZHANG GuoQing XIE HongJie YAO TanDong KANG ShiChang | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，31： | 25 |
| 10 | Long range trans-Pacific transport and deposition of Asian dust aerosols显示文摘在他们的横渡太平洋期间,运输可能引起重要海洋的浮游植物生物资源的亚洲灰尘喷雾器的免职增加。然而,横渡太平洋灰尘运输,免职,和空间分发的知识由于在亚洲次洲,北方太平洋,和北美洲的连续、同时的观察的缺乏仍然是差的。灰尘在 2001 年 4 月 6 日期间袭击的严格的亚洲人提供了一个机会获得横渡太平洋灰尘运输和免职的更好的理解,用从卫星的观察的一个全面集合,基于地面的轻察觉并且变化,飞机,和表面观察网络。观察和模型模拟构画出灰尘运输,免职,垂直侧面,和空间分发的一般模式。下列点被遵守:(1 ) 表面灰尘集中沿着运输小径从 80 ° E 与增加的灰尘运输距离指数地减少了到 120 ° W;(2 ) 灰尘集中山峰的高度与在北方太平洋区域增加运输距离增加了;并且(3 ) 灰尘免职的空间分发主要取决于横渡太平洋运输线路。 | HAN Yongxiang FANG Xiaomin ZHAO Tianliang KANG Shichang | 2008 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2008，20，4： | 14 |
| 11 | Mercury speciation and spatial distribution in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibet显示文摘The Yarlung Zangbo River is the highest river in the world.It flows from west to east through the southern part of Tibet.The mercury(Hg)speciation and distribution in surface waters and soils near the bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries,the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers,were investigated in June 2007.Simultaneously,major water quality parameters were also measured at the same stations.Total Hg(THg)and total methylmercury(TMeHg)concentrations in surface waters of the Yarlung Zangbo River ranged from 1.46 to 4.99 ng/L and from 0.06 to 0.29 ng/L,respectively,representing the background levels in river systems of the Tibetan Plateau.Particulate Hg(PHg)accounted for 69%of the THg,and the two Hg species had a significant relationship(r=0.990,P<0.01).Approximately 61%of the spatial distribution of THg was controlled by the concentrations of total suspended particles(TSP).Reactive Hg(RHg)concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.36 ng/L,and this fraction may play a weak role in terms of the transport and fate of Hg in surface waters.Dissolved methylmercury(DMeHg)constituted 71%of the TMeHg and was significantly correlated with TMeHg(r=0.746,P<0.01).The spatial distribution of TMeHg is not strongly affected by environmental factors such as THg,RHg,temperature,pH,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and TSP.In addition,the inflow of both the Lhasa and Niyang Rivers probably influences the concentrations of THg in surface waters of the mainstream, but such an effect is not obvious for TMeHg. | ZHENG Wei KANG ShiChang FENG XinBin ZHANG QiangGong LI ChaoLiu | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，24： | 11 |
| 12 | Diagnostic and surgical therapeutic features of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma without jaundice显示文摘AIM: To analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic features of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (EBDC) without jaundice. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1999, 101 patients underwent surgery for EBDC in Xiangya Hospital. These patients were divided into two groups: 84 jaundiced patients and 17 nonjaundiced patients according to preoperative serum total bilirubin levels. The dinical manifestations, laboratory findings, location, pathology and surgical resectability of the tumors were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The laboratory parameters such as hemoglobin,serum albumin ALB, AKP, γ-GT, and sonography appearancewere similar between the two groups, and there was no significant difference in tumor location, pathological type and resectability. However, the number of non-jaundiced patients associated with chololithiasis was significantly greater than that of jaundiced patients (P=0.008). CONCLUSION: The presence of jaundice is not a reliable criterion for the prediction of the resectability and the extent of tumor progression in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Decreased levels of blood hemoglobin and serum albumin, elevated levels of AKP and γ-GT, and/or abnormal sonography may be suggestive. Biopsy of a stenotic or thickened bile duct is strongly recommended for a correct diagnosis before the appearance of jaundice. | Hui-HuanTang ShiChang Xian-WeiWang YunHuang Xue-JunGong JunZhou | 2004 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2004，10，20： | 11 |
| 13 | Distribution and transportation of mercury from glacier to lake in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, China显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau is home to the largest aggregate of glaciers outside the Polar Regions and is a source of fresh water to 1.4 billion people. Yet little is known about the transportation and cycling of Hg in high-elevation glacier basins on Tibetan Plateau. In this study, surface snow,glacier melting stream water and lake water samples were collected from the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. The spatiotemporal distribution and transportation of Hg from glacier to lake were investigated. Significant diurnal variations of dissolved Hg(DHg) concentrations were observed in the river water, with low concentrations in the morning(8:00 am–14:00 pm) and high concentrations in the afternoon(16:00 pm–20:00 pm). The DHg concentrations were exponentially correlated with runoff, which indicated that runoff was the dominant factor affecting DHg concentrations in the river water. Moreover, significant decreases of Hg were observed during transportation from glacier to lake. DHg adsorption onto particulates followed by the sedimentation of particulate-bound Hg(PHg) could be possible as an important Hg removal mechanism during the transportation process. Significant decreases in Hg concentrations were observed downstream of Xiao Qiangyong Lake, which indicated that the high-elevation lake system could significantly affect the distribution and transportation of Hg in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. | Shiwei Sun | 2016 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2016，28，6： | 10 |
| 14 | Review of the studies on climate change since the last inter-glacial period on the Tibetan Plateau显示文摘As the “Third Pole” of the world, the Tibetan Plateau has important effects on climate of its surrounding areas and even the whole world. Many results have been achieved on climate change since the last inter-glacial period in recent decades from ice core, tree-ring and lake sediment records over the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we review these achievements, especially those in the special periods. During the last inter-glacial period, temperature went down rapidly and went up slowly. The temperature record of the last glacial period is consistent with Greenland ice core records, also having own features over the Tibetan Plateau. Younger Dryas event agrees with the records from Europe and Greenland. Generally speaking, it is warm in the Holocene, and temperature has been rising gradually in the last 2000 years and gone up rapidly in recent decades. Climate changes on different time scales on the Tibetan Plateau occurred earlier and the change amplitude is larger than those in other parts of China. | LI Chaoliu KANG Shichang | 2006 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2006，16，3： | 10 |
| 15 | Insights into mercury in glacier snow and its incorporation into meltwater runoff based on observations in the southern Tibetan Plateau显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is recognized as 'Water Tower of Asia'. Yet our understanding of mechanisms influencing incorporation of mercury(Hg) into freshwater in mountain glaciers on the TP remains quite limited. Extensive sampling of environmental matrices(e.g., snow/ice)were conducted on the East Rongbuk glacier on Mt. Everest and Zhadang glacier on Mt.Nyainqentanglha for Hg speciation analysis. Speciated Hg behaved quite different during snowmelt: a preferential early release of DHg(dissolved Hg) was observed at the onset of snowmelt, whereas PHg(particulate-bound Hg) and THg(total Hg) become relatively enriched in snow and released later. Small fraction of Hg in snow was lost during a snowmelt day(18.9%–34.7%) with a large proportion(58.1%–87.3%) contributed by PHg decrease, indicating that the deposited Hg is most likely retained in glacier snow/ice. Furthermore, THg were positively correlated with PHg and crustal major ions(e.g., Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+)) during snowmelt, indicating that Hg is mainly migrated with particulates. The main pathway of Hg loss during snowmelt was most probably associated with release of PHg with meltwater, which was greatly influenced by ablation intensity of snow/ice. This should be paid particular concern as Hg preserved in mountain glaciers will mostly enter aquatic ecosystem as climate warms, impacting on downstream ecosystems adversely. Obvious decrease of THg during the downstream transport from glacier was observed with a large proportion contributed by PHg decrease. The main removal mechanism of Hg was associated with sedimentation of PHg during the transport process. | Shiwei Sun Shichang Kang Junming Guo Qianggong Zhang Rukumesh Paudyal Xuejun Sun Dahe Qin | 2018 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2018，30，6： | 9 |
| 16 | Identification of an AFLP marker linked to the stripe rust resistance gene Yr10 in wheat显示文摘AFLP analysis of near-isogenic lines of the stripe rust resistance gene Yr10 was carried out with 6 Pst I -primers and 10 Taq I -primers with the donor parent of Yr1O gene as the check. A total of about 4200 distinguishable bands were amplified, of which 5 were stable. The genetic linkage of the 5 polymorphic DNA fragments with the target gene were tested preliminarily on a segregating F2 population derived from a cross between the gene donor parent 'Moro' and susceptible cultivar 'Mingxian 169'. The DNA fragment PT0502 was found closely linked to the Yr10 gene and cloned and sequenced. Based on the sequence specific primers for PCR were designed and synthesized. Genetic linkage analysis with 195 segregating F2 plants indicated that the genetic distance was 0.5 cM between the main product SC200 fragment produced by PCR with the primers and the Yr10 gene. The primers can be used to detect the Yr10 gene quickly, effectively and exactly. | SHAO Ymgtian NIU Yongchun ZHU Lihuang ZHAI Wenxue XU Shichang WU Liren | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，17： | 9 |
| 17 | Clue to a thorough understanding of terahertz pulse generation by femtosecond laser filamentation显示文摘In this work, it has been demonstrated that in order to fully understand the terahertz(THz) pulse generation process during femtosecond laser filamentation, the interaction between THz wave and air plasma has to be taken into account. This interaction is mainly associated with the spatial confinement of the THz pulse by the plasma column, which could be described by the one-dimensional negative dielectric(1DND) waveguide model. By combining the 1 DND model with the conventional four-wave mixing(4WM) and photocurrent(PC) models,the variation of THz spectral amplitude and width obtained in experiments could be better understood. Finally, a three-step procedure, with 1DND bridging 4WM and PC processes, has been established for the first time to describe the underlying mechanism of THz radiation from plasma sources. | JIAYU ZHAO WEIWEI LIU SHICHANG LI DAN LU YIZHU ZHANG YAN PENG YIMING ZHU SONGLIN ZHUANG | 2018 | Photonics Research2018，6，4： | 9 |
| 18 | Response of Zhadang Glacier runoffin Nam Co Basin,Tibet,to changes in air temperature and precipitation form显示文摘This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range,Tibet,and analyzes their causes.Precipitation increased by 17.9%in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007,drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%,and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%.Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a degree-day model.This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature.Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo,considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form,resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater.It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5%of total precipitation,while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%,with the majority of precipitation falling as snow.Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers. | ZHOU ShiQiao KANG ShiChang GAO TanGuang ZHANG GuoShuai | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，20： | 9 |
| 19 | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders A meta-analysis显示文摘OBJECTIVE:This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucination of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.DATA SOURCES:Online literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed,ISI Web of Science,EMBASE,Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January1985 to May 2012.Key words were'transcranial magnetic stimulation','TMS','repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation',and'hallucination'.STUDY SELECTION:Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Experimental intervention was low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in left temporoparietal cortex for treatment of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Control groups received sham stimulation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome was total scores of Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale,Auditory Hallucination Subscale of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale,Positive and Negative Symptom Scale-Auditory Hallucination item,and Hallucination Change Scale.Secondary outcomes included response rate,global mental state,adverse effects and cognitive function.RESULTS:Seventeen studies addressing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders were screened,with controls receiving sham stimulation.All data were completely effective,involving 398 patients.Overall mean weighted effect size for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus sham stimulation was statistically significant(MD=–0.42,95%CI:–0.64 to–0.20,P=0.000 2).Patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation responded more frequently than sham stimulation(OR=2.94,95%CI:1.39 to 6.24,P=0.005).No significant differences were found between active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation for positive or negative symptoms.Compared with sham stimulation,active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation had equivocal outcome in cognitive function and commonly caused headache and facial muscle twitching.CONCLUSION:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. | Yingli Zhang Wei Liang Shichang Yang Ping Dai Lijuan Shen Changhong Wang | 2013 | Neural Regeneration Research2013，8，28： | 8 |
| 20 | Recent advances on mixed matrix membranes for CO_2 separation显示文摘Recent advances on mixed matrix membrane for CO_2 separation are reviewed in this paper. To improve CO_2 separation performance of polymer membranes, mixed matrix membranes(MMMs) are developed. The concept of MMM is illustrated distinctly. Suitable polymer and inorganic or organic fillers for MMMs are summarized.Possible interface morphologies between polymer and filler, and the effect of interface morphologies on gas transport properties of MMMs are summarized. The methods to improve compatibility between polymer and filler are introduced. There are eight methods including silane coupling, Grignard treatment, incorporation of additive, grafting, in situ polymerization, polydopamine coating, particle fusion approach and polymer functionalization. To achieve higher productivity for industrial application, mixed matrix composite membranes are developed. The recent development on hollow fiber and flat mixed matrix composite membrane is reviewed in detail. Last, the future trend of MMM is forecasted. | Ming Wang Zhi Wang Song Zhao Jixiao Wang Shichang Wang | 2017 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2017，25，11： | 8 |
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