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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Aplysamine-1 and related analogs as histamine H3 receptor antagonists显示文摘 | SWANSON D M WILSON S J BOGGS J D | 2006 | Bioorg Med Chem Lett2006，16，4： | 1 |
| 3 | , Efficient isolation of microspores and the production of mtcrospore-de-rlved embryos from Brawca napus显示文摘 | Swanson E B Coumans M P Wu S C | 1987 | Plant Cell Rep1987，6，： | 1 |
| 4 | Biosynthesis of S-(4- ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-2-s-triazino ) glutathione: Partial purification and properties of a glutathione S- transferase from com显示文摘 | FREAR D S SWANSON H R | 1970 | Phytochemistry1970，9，10： | 1 |
| 5 | Comparison of a higher order theory for sandwich beams with finite element and elasticity analyses 显示文摘 | Swanson S R Kim J | 2000 | Journal of Sandwich Structure Material2000，2，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: comparison with Wada language results显示文摘 | Yetkin FZ Swanson S Fischer M | 1998 | AJNR Am J Neuroradiol1998，19，6： | 1 |
| 7 | A constitution for- mulation for high elongation propellants显示文摘 | Swanson S R Christenson L W | 1983 | Journal of Spacecraft and Rocket1983，20，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Limits of quasi-static solutions in impact of composite structures 显示文摘 | Swanson S R | 1992 | Composites Engineering1992，2，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Analysis of impact response in composite plates显示文摘 | CHRISTOFOROU A P SWANSON S R | 1991 | International Journal of Solids and Structures1991，27，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Characterization of the interlaminar fracture toughness of a laminated carbon/epoxy composite显示文摘 | Mathews M J Swanson S R | 2007 | Compos Sci Technol2007，67，： | 1 |
| 11 | Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction显示文摘 | SWANSON P E FREEMAN B D | 1999 | Crit Care Med1999，27，7： | 1 |
| 12 | Nutritional genomics: Implications for companion animals显示文摘 | Kelly S Swanson Lawrence B | 2003 | J Nutr2003，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Survival following lobectomy and limited resection for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm in size:a review of SEER data显示文摘 | Kates M Swanson S Wisnivesky JP | 2011 | Chest2011，139，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans显示文摘 | TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，166，11： | 1 |
| 15 | Influence of undegraded intake protein on retake,digestion,serum hormones and metabolites,and nitrogen balance in sheep显示文摘 | Swanson K C Catun J S Redmer D A | 2000 | Small Ruminant Reserch2000，35，： | 1 |
| 16 | Two-dimension Heisenberg antiferromagnet:A numerical study显示文摘 | BARNES T SWANSON E S | 1988 | Phys Rev B1988，37，16： | 1 |
| 17 | Evidence forpreferential flow through sandstone aquifers in Southern Wisconsin显示文摘 | SWANSON S K BAHR J M BRADBURY K R | 2006 | Sedimentary Geology2006，184，33： | 1 |
| 18 | A constitutive formulation for high elongation propellant显示文摘 | Swanson S R Christensen L W | 1983 | Spacecraft1983，20，： | 1 |
| 19 | Growth of ultrathin covalently attached polymer films: Uniform thin films for chemical microsensors显示文摘 | Yang X G Shi J X Johnson S Swanson B | 1998 | Langmuir1998，14，： | 1 |
| 20 | In vivo imaging of Ca2+,pH,and reactive oxygen species using fluorescent probes in plants显示文摘 | SWANSON S J CHOI W G CHANOCA A | 2011 | Annu Rev Plant Biol2011，62，： | 1 |
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