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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | , Efficient isolation of microspores and the production of mtcrospore-de-rlved embryos from Brawca napus显示文摘 | Swanson E B Coumans M P Wu S C | 1987 | Plant Cell Rep1987，6，： | 1 |
| 3 | Analysis of impact response in composite plates显示文摘 | CHRISTOFOROU A P SWANSON S R | 1991 | International Journal of Solids and Structures1991，27，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction显示文摘 | SWANSON P E FREEMAN B D | 1999 | Crit Care Med1999，27，7： | 1 |
| 5 | Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans显示文摘 | TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，166，11： | 1 |
| 6 | Cell death显示文摘 | Hotchkiss R S Strasser A McDunn J E Swanson P E | 2009 | N Engl J Med2009，361，16： | 1 |
| 7 | Endothelial cell apoptosis in sepsis显示文摘 | Hotchkiss R S Tinsley K W Swanson P E | 2002 | Crit Care Med2002，30，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Polymyxin and related peptide antibiotics显示文摘 | Storm D R Rosenthal K S Swanson P E | 1977 | Annu Rev Biochem1977，46，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multi-ple organ dysfunction显示文摘 | HOTCHKISS R S SWANSON P E FREEMAN B D | 1999 | Crit Care Med1999，27，： | 1 |
| 10 | Shear wave elasticity imaging: a new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics 显示文摘 | Sarvazyan A P Rudenko 0 V Swanson S D | 1998 | Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology1998，24，9： | 1 |
| 11 | Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+T lymphocytes in humans显示文摘 | Hotchkiss R S Tinsley K W Swanson P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，166，： | 1 |
| 12 | De-pletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients with sepsis显示文摘 | HOTCHKISS R S TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 2002 | J Immunol2002，168，： | 1 |
| 13 | Prevention of lymphocyte cell death in sepsis improves survival in mice显示文摘 | TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 1999 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1999，96，14： | 1 |
| 14 | Localization of two gonadotropin receptors in the salmon gonad by in vitro ligand autoradiography显示文摘 | MIWA S YAN L SWANSON P | 1994 | Biol Reprod1994，50，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans显示文摘 | HOTCHKISS R S TINSLEY K W SWANSON P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，166，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Breaks in the syncytial trophoblast layer of human placenta villi are due to apotosis 显示文摘 | SWANSON P S | 1996 | Soc Gynecol Invest1996，3，： | 1 |
| 17 | Sepsis induced apoptosis causes progre - ssive profound depletion of B and CD4^+T lymphocytes in humans 显示文摘 | Hotchkiss R S Tinsley K W Swanson P E | 2001 | J Immunol2001，16，： | 1 |
| 18 | Evaluation of HIV type 1 group O isolates: identification of five phylogenetic clusters显示文摘 | Yamaguchi J Vallari A S Swanson P | 2002 | Aids Res and Hum Retroviruses2002，18，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Analysis of impact response in composite plates 显示文摘 | Christoforou A P Swanson S R | 1991 | International Journal of Solids and Structure1991，27，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Effects of gestational plane of nutrition and selenium supplementation on mammary development and eolostrum quality in pregnant ewe lambs 显示文摘 | Swanson T J Hammer C J Luther J S Carlson D B Taylor J B Redmer D A Neville T L Reed J J Reynolds L P Caton J S Vonnahme K A | 2008 | Journal of Animal Science2008，86，9： | 1 |
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