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| 1 | Does flagship species tourism benefit conservation? A case study of the golden snub-nosed monkey in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve显示文摘Tourism has been widely used as a conservation strategy that directly compensates local people or management authorities, thereby contributing to development and creating incentives to preserve the landscape. Reserves or parks that are inhabited by flagship species may be able to generate more revenue through tourism than those without such species because flagship species have great potential for raising funds and creating publicity for conservation goals. In this paper, we examine flagship species tourism focused on observing the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve (SNNR). After the program was launched in 2006, both the number of tourists and amount of revenue received by SNNR increased as the general trends of tourism revenue in the country also increased. As a result, SNNR significantly increased rein- vestment in tourism and conservation infrastructure. Furthermore, after senior politicians visited the golden snub-nosed monkey, they abruptly changed their attitudes toward biological conservation, as indicated by an increase in both regular and additional funding for the species conservation. We conclude that flagship species tourism may not only generate revenue for conservation and management but also can improve officials' attitudes toward preserving biodiversity. However, it is important to ensure the continued safety and sustainability of such programs, from both the human and animal perspective, and we suggest stricter measures are introduced to reduce the risk of aerosol disease transmission from tourists to the monkeys. | XIANG ZuoFu YU Yang YANG Mei YANG JingYuan NIAO MingYao LIMing | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，24： | 16 |
| 2 | Mitochondrial DNA variation analysis suggests extreme low genetic diversity in Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi)显示文摘Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is a unique, endangered primate in China, mainly distributed in Fanjing Mountain National Natural Reserve, Guizhou Province, in an area of 275 km2. Recently, habitat loss and fragmentation have caused population isolation. To assess genetic diversity within this species and its population structure, we sequenced 400 bp of the hypervariable I segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region for 128 individuals. Only one haplotype was identified from these individuals. Compared with other primate species, R. brelichi can be regarded as a species with very low genetic diversity, which further adds to the conservation concern. | PAN HuiJuan SHI FangLei CHANG ZongFei XIANG ZuoFu SUN TingTing LIU ZhiJin LIMing | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，24： | 15 |
| 3 | Activity budget of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tibet:Effects of day length,temperature and food availability显示文摘How animals allocate their time to various activities has significant consequences for their survival because they reflectthe different constraints on time-energy balances. Many ecological variables, such as day length, temperature, food availability,are supposed to effect on activity budgets allocation of temperate primates. To examine the potential influence of these threevariables, the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti was studied at Xiaochangdu, Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005. Pearsoncorrelations were utilized to assess potential relationships between activity budget and day length, food availability and temperature,and stepwise multiple regressions to identify the priority of resting and other activities (activities besides feeding, movingand resting). Time spent resting and doing 'other activities' is positively related to day length, temperature and food availability.No significant correlations were found between feeding/moving time and any of these variables. This suggests that foraging time(feeding + moving) takes priority over rest and other activities. Day length and foraging time (as independent variables) wererelated to the time spent in the other two activities besides feeding/moving (as dependent variables). Both time spent testing andin 'other activities' were highly significant positive functions of day length, with the latter a highly significant negative functionof feeding time and moving time. Resting time may therefore be interpreted as taking priority over 'other activities' time. Theseresults provide further evidence of the importance of day length, temperature and food availability to seasonal activity | Zuofu XIANG Sheng HUO Wen XIAO | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，6： | 7 |
| 4 | Terrestrial behavior and use of forest strata in a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu,Tibet显示文摘Food distribution and predation pressure are considered to be the main ecological factors that influence the use of forest strata(basically arboreality vs.terrestriality)in non-human primates.Here,we investigate ground use of wild,unprovisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti by means of the scan sampling method.The results show that the monkeys spent 15.0% of the day time on the ground;16.6%,12.7%,and 15.6% for adult males,adult females and juveniles,respectively.Adult males and juveniles of both sexes showed significantly higher rates of terrestrial time than adult females.Females without clinging infants spent significantly more time on the ground than expected,while females with clinging infants spent significantly less time on the ground than expected.These results suggest that the higher degree of terrestrial behavior for males and juveniles may be due to their higher agility in comparison with females.Our study showed that the monkeys fed more on lichens relative to other food items when in the trees,but more on buds/leaves,flowers,fruits/nuts,resin/bark,and herbs when on the ground.According to our investigation,the ecological significance of the species' terrestriality lies mainly in the utilization of terrestrial food | Zuofu XIANG Sheng HUO Wen XIAO Ruichang QUAN Cyril C.GRUETER | 2009 | Current Zoology2009，55，3： | 7 |
| 5 | Ranging pattern and population composition of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu,Tibet:Implications for conservation显示文摘We studied the ranging pattern of the wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti) at Xiaochangdu,Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005.Using the map grid cell method,the group home range were 16.75 km 2 in summer,10.50 km 2 in winter,and 21.25 km 2 total over two years.The daily travel length(DTL) averaged 765 m with a range of 350-3500 m.The results showed that DTL in winter was significantly shorter than those of in summer and spring.Temperature,rainfall,food availability,and human disturbance correlated positively with DTL.According to the maximum observed group size and estimated total home range,population density and biomass of R.bieti were 9.1 individuals/km 2 and 88.6 kg/km 2,respectively.The temporal and spatial variations of food resources and patterns of human disturbance largely determine the ranging behavior of R.bieti at Xiaochangdu. | XIANG ZuoFu XIAO Wen HUO Sheng LI Ming | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，17： | 5 |
| 6 | A short note on extractive foraging behavior in gray snub-nosed monkeys显示文摘Extractive foraging(EF)involves the exploitation of hidden or embedded foods,generally any food that is not visible to the naked eye.Therefore,EF is particularly important for survival in marginal habitats as it provides seasonal fallback foods in low food availability seasons.Although many studies consider primates’EF behavior and category,colobine species are usually categorized as non-extractive foragers and few studies quantitatively examine their EF behavior.In this study,we examined the EF behavior of one colobine species,the gray snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus brelichi),at Yangaoping in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve,Guizhou.We recorded 6 categories of EF behaviors.The most frequently sought-out foods were seeds,young bamboo and invertebrates.Extracted foods accounted for an average of 26.02%of feeding records.As the monkey engages in little EF behavior in the winter when the food availability is low,these results seem to do not support the hypothesis that EF serves to secure additional resources during lean times in marginal or seasonal habitats.According to these findings,we suggest R.brelich should be considered as an extractive forager.Our study also highlights the need for increased representation of colobines in the EF literature to better inform the discussion concerning its link to primate brain evolution. | Zuofu XIANG Wenbin LIANG Shuaiguo NIE Ming LI | 2013 | Integrative Zoology2013，8，4： | 3 |
| 7 | Current status and conservation of the gray snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus brelichi (Colobinae) in Guizhou,China显示文摘 | Xiang Zuofu Nie Shuaiguo Lei Xiaoping | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 8 | Diet and feeding behavior of Rhinopithecus brelichi at Yangaoping,Guizhou显示文摘 | Xiang Zuofu Liang Wenbin Nie Shuaiguo | | 0，，06： | 1 |
| 9 | Diet and feeding behav ior of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu,Tibet:adaptations to a marginal environment显示文摘 | Xiang Zuofu Huo Seng Xiao Wen et at | | 0，，10： | 1 |
| 10 | Tourism may trigger physiologically stress response of a long-term habituated population of golden snub-nosed monkeys显示文摘Wildlife tourism is a thriving form of nature-based tourism that can provide revenue for conservation funds,and increase public awareness of biodiversity conservation(Xiang et al.2011).Tourism,however,may induce behavioral and physiological stress responses on animals(Marechal 2015;Beehner and Bergman 2017).Part of the physiological stress response is increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,resulting in the systemic elevation of glucocorticoids.An increase of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream leads to rapid mobilization of stored energy reserves and inhibitions of nonimmediately critical activities like growth,reproduction,and digestion in response to environmental challenges(Beehner and Bergman 2017). | Haochun Chen Hui YAO Xiangdong Ruan Bernard Wallinier Julia Ostner Zuofu Xiang | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，4： | 0 |
| 11 | Major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in the polygynous primate:the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana)显示文摘The highly polymorphic genes within the major histocompatibility complex(MHC)not only play a major role in immunity resistance,but also seem to provide hints for mate choice in some animal populations.In the present study we investigated MHC-related mate choice in a small natural population(group size 40-55 individuals)of a polygynous primate,the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana).We found that there was no evidence either for MHC-disassortative mating,or for females to mate with males based on MHC heterozygosity or specific alleles.Nevertheless,of the 11 alleles identified,we found that the frequencies of 2 alleles,Rhro-DRB2(P<0.01)and Rhro-DRB5(P<0.05)were higher in offspring than in their parents.These findings suggest that MHC-DRB in this population of R.roxellana is unlikely to be associated with mating preferences.Limited female opportunities for mate choice are likely due,in part,to the harem breeding structure present in R.roxellana,and the relatively small number of resident adult males in our study band(N=4-6).In addition,we suggest that differences in the frequency of particular alleles across generations may be linked to parasite resistance in a fluctuating environment;however,confirmation of this finding requires further study. | Banghe YANG Baoping REN Zuofu XIANG Jingyuan YANG Hui YAO Paul A.GARBER Ming LI | 2014 | Integrative Zoology2014，9，5： | 0 |
| 12 | The mating system of Himalayan marmots as inferred by microsatellite markers显示文摘The Himalayan marmot Marmota himalayana is widely distributed across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and lives in social groups,yet the mating system of this highly social marmot species is unknown.In this study,the genetic mating system of Himalayan marmots was inves-tigated using microsatellite markers to determine which mating strategies individuals employ.Results revealed that both monogamous and polygamous mating relationships occur in our study population,indicating that the genetic mating system of this marmot species is promiscuity.This study presents the first genetic evidence on the mating system for Himalayan marmots,yet indicates that further studies employing both a genetic and behavioral framework are needed to better understand the social structure and reproductive biology of this marmotspecies. | Yi Chen Cheng Guo Shuailing Zhou Zuofu Xiang | 2023 | Current Zoology2023，69，6： | 0 |
| 13 | A randomized controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of early conversion to a low-dose calcineurin inhibitor combined with sirolimus in renal transplant patients显示文摘Background:The calcineurin inhibitor(CNI)-based immune maintenance regimen that is commonly used after renal transplantation has greatly improved early graft survival after transplantation;however,the long-term prognosis of grafts has not been significantly improved.The nephrotoxicity of CNI drugs is one of the main risk factors for the poor long-term prognosis of grafts.Sirolimus(SRL)has been employed as an immunosuppressant in clinical practice for over 20 years and has been found to have no nephrotoxic effects on grafts.Presently,the regimen and timing of SRL application after renal transplantation vary,and clinical data are scarce.Multicenter prospective randomized controlled studies are particularly rare.This study aims to investigate the effects of early conversion to a low-dose CNI combined with SRL on the long-term prognosis of renal transplantation.Methods:Patients who receive four weeks of a standard regimen with CNI+mycophenolic acid(MPA)+glucocorticoid after renal transplantation in multiple transplant centers across China will be included in this study.At week 5,after the operation,patients in the experimental group will receive an additional administration of SRL,a reduction in the CNI drug doses,withdrawal of MPA medication,and maintenance of glucocorticoids.In addition,patients in the control group will receive the maintained standard of care.The patients’vital signs,routine blood tests,routine urine tests,blood biochemistry,serum creatinine,BK virus(BKV)/cytomegalovirus(CMV),and trough concentrations of CNI drugs and SRL at the baseline and weeks 12,24,36,48,72,and 104 after conversion will be recorded.Patient survival,graft survival,and estimated glomerular filtration rate will be calculated,and concomitant medications and adverse events will also be recorded.Conclusion:The study data will be utilized to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early conversion to low-dose CNIs combined with SRL in renal transplant patients. | Xiang Zheng Weijie Zhang Hua Zhou Ronghua Cao Zhangfei Shou Shuwei Zhang Ying Cheng Xuchun Chen Chenguang Ding Zuofu Tang Ning Li Shaohua Shi Qiang Zhou Qiuyuan Chen Gang Chen Zheng Chen Peijun Zhou Xiaopeng Hu Xiaodong Zhang Ning Na Wei Wang | 2022 | Chinese Medical Journal2022，，13： | 0 |
| 14 | Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest显示文摘Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity.Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous,but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators.Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers,their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment.We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park,central China,by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds(n=1806,9 species)from fecal samples.Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples(ranging from 5-130 seeds),and ingested seeds were from small seeded species(seed width<4.5 mm).The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta(73%)and Rosa caudata(15%).The fruits of A.arguta were unripe when ingested(i.e.effective seed predation)and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials.Therefore,ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal.However,germination rates of defecated R.caudata(9%)were greater than control seeds(6%and 0%),demon-strating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal.Thus,colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings. | Hui YAO Yanpei BAI Yuan CHEN Haochun CHEN Wanji YANG Xiangdong RUAN Zuofu XIANG | 2021 | Integrative Zoology2021，16，1： | 0 |
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