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| 1 | Greenhouse gas budget for terrestrial ecosystems in China显示文摘Terrestrial ecosystems may act as a source or a sink for the atmospheric greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), depending on land use and management. This paper reviews the literature on carbon, CH4, and N2O fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems in China, and analyzes its national greenhouse gas budget. Carbon storage in biomass and soils in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems decreased in the past 300 years, due to deforestation and expansion of cultivated land, and reached a minimum in the late 1970s. Since then, carbon storage has increased at an estimated rate of 0.19 to 0.26 Pg C yr-1, mainly owing to reforestation and afforestation. CH4 emission from natural wetlands decreased from 6.65 Tg CH4 yr-1 in 1990 to 5.71 Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2000 owing to the decrease in wetland area. CH4 emission from flooded rice fields was 7.41 Tg CH4 yr-1. At the same time, aerobic soils took up atmospheric CH4 at a rate of 2.56 Tg CH4 yr-1. Nitrous oxide emission from forestlands, grasslands, and farmlands was positively correlated with precipitation at a national scale, and the emission rate was positively correlated with the CH4 uptake rate of forestlands and grasslands (P<0.01). Natural N2O sources were estimated to be 419 Gg N yr-1 and anthropogenic sources (from farmlands) to be 292 to 476.3 Gg N yr-1, with a mean of 372.6 Gg N yr-1. The integrated budget of greenhouse gasses indicates that Chinese terrestrial ecosystems act as a small net sink for global warming potential (GWP), ranging from 0.04 to 0.32 Pg CO2-eq yr-1, in a striking contrast to terrestrial ecosystems globally, which are a source of 2.75 to 6.78 Pg CO2-eq yr-1. The ratios of anthropogenic to natural sources of CH4 and N2O are much larger in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems than they are in global averages, reflecting greater human disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. | CAI ZuCong | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，2： | 21 |
| 2 | Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils显示文摘The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did not nitrify much in the first place. But chlorothalonil at higher rates inhibited nitrification significantly in all soils. For soils JXP and JXU with a pH of less than 5.0, chlorothalonil almost completely stopped their nitrification at 20FR and 40FR during the whole 14 d incubation period. For soils HNP and HNU with a pH of greater than 8.0, chlorothalonil also significantly inhibit nitrification at 20FR and 40FR (p < 0.05). However, NH4+ that was added to the soil was also almost completely nitrified by the end of the incubation period in these two soils. The effects of chlorothalonil at 20FR and 40FR on the nitrification of JSP and JSU soils, with a pH of 5.4 and 7.2, respectively, were intermediate between the other soil types. Chlorothalonil had no effect on denitrification at the field rate and had little effect at the higher rates of application in some soils. Carbendazim had essentially no effect on nitrification and denitrification in soils assessed. | LANG Man, CAI Zucong State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008, China | 2009 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2009，21，4： | 14 |
| 3 | Effects of water regime, crop residues, and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense显示文摘Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated(100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30℃ for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential(down to- 350 m V) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore,incorporating soil with straw(rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100%water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30℃. | Teng Wen Xinqi Huang Jinbo Zhang Tongbin Zhu Lei Meng Zucong Cai | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，5： | 8 |
| 4 | Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils: Nitrification and denitrification显示文摘Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. 15N-tracing experiments were carried out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of N2O was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH+4-N and NO. 3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO. 3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification(N2On) among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as N2O among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one(from 1.26 to 6.47). We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity. | Ting Lan Yong Han Marco Roelcke Rolf Nieder Zucong Cai | 2014 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2014，26，3： | 7 |
| 5 | Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation显示文摘Reductive soil disinfestation(RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate(SO42-) transformation and sulfur(S)gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO42-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO42--accumulated vegetable soils(denoted as S1 and S2) were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO42-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO42-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide(H2S),carbonyl sulfide(COS), and dimethyl sulfide(DMS) were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for < 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO42-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2 S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO42-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO42-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium. | Tianzhu Meng Tongbin Zhu Jinbo Zhang Zucong Cai | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，10： | 5 |
| 6 | Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest显示文摘Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory using ^(15)N tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH_4^+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO_3^-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH_4^+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO_3^- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO_3^-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO_3^- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation. | Peng Tian Jinbo Zhang Christoph Müller Zucong Cai Guangze Jin | 2018 | Journal of Forestry Research2018，29，3： | 3 |
| 7 | Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications显示文摘A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a15 N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil p H along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amo A gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity(defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO3-consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO3-loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age. | Yushu Zhang Jinbo Zhang Tongbin Zhu Christoph Müller Zucong Cai | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，8： | 3 |
| 8 | Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N_2O and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China显示文摘Tree species and temperature change arising from seasonal variation or global warming are two important factors influencing N2O and NO emissions from forest soils. However, few studies have examined the effects of temperatures(5–35℃) on the emissions of forest soil N2O and NO in typical subtropical region. A short-term laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of temperature changes(5–35℃) on soil N2O and NO emissions under aerobic conditions in two contrasting(broad-leaved and coniferous) subtropical acidic forest types in China. The results showed that the temporal pattern of N2O and NO emissions between the three lower temperatures(5℃, 15℃, and 25℃) and 35℃ was significantly different for both broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. The effects of temperature on soil N2O and NO emission rates varied between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. Both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with an increase in temperature in the broad-leaved forest soil. However, N2O and NO emissions in the coniferous forest soil were not sensitive to temperature change between 5℃ and 25℃. N2O and NO emission rates were significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest soil as compared with the coniferous forest soil at all incubation temperatures except 5℃. These results suggest that the broad-leaved forest could contribute more N2O and NO emissions than the coniferous forest for most of the year in the subtropical region of China. | Yi Cheng Jing Wang Shenqiang Wang Zucong Cai Lei Wang | 2014 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2014，26，3： | 3 |
| 9 | Experimentai Research on Saturated-Gain for Soft X-Ray Laser from Neon-Like Germanium Plasma显示文摘AmpliHcation of spontaneous emissions at 19.6,23.2 and 23.6 nm have been observed by a “ultiple-Target Series Coupling”design in Ge plasma,.The combined length for four targets is up to 56mm.The gain length product(GL)of small signal is up to 18 for both lines at 23.2 and 23.6 nmt and the effective GL is 16.4 and 15.7 for these two lines respectively.This two lines are obviously tending to saturation.The divergence of x-ray laser beam is about 4 mrad. | WANG Shiji GU Yuan ZHOU GuanUn NI Yuanlong YU Songyu FU Sizu MAO Chusheng TAO Zucong CHEN Wannian LIN Zunqi FAN Dianyuan ZHANG Guoping SHENG Jiatian YANG Minglun ZHANG Tanxin SHAO Yunfeng PENG Huimin HE Xiantu YU Min | 1991 | Chinese Physics Letters1991，8，12： | 3 |
| 10 | Key Variables Explaining Soil Organic Carbon Content Variations in Croplands and Non-Croplands in Chinese Provinces显示文摘Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in global carbon cycles.Large spatial variations in SOC contents result in uncertain estimates of the SOC pool and its changes.In the present study,the key variables explaining the SOC contents of croplands (CPs) and non-croplands (NCPs) in Chinese provinces were investigated.Data on SOC and other soil properties (obtained from the Second National Soil Survey conducted in the late 1970s to the early 1990s),climate parameters,as well as the proportion of the CP to the total land area (Pcp) were used.SOC content variations within a province were larger than those among provinces.Soil clay and total phosphorus content,ratio of annual precipitation to mean temperature,as well as Pcp were able to explain 75% of the SOC content variations in whole soil samples.Soil pH,mean temperature during the growing season from May to October,and mean annual wind velocity were able to explain 63% of the SOC content variations in NCP soils.Compared with NCP soils,CP soils had lower SOC contents,with smaller variations within and among provinces and lower C/N ratios.Stepwise regression showed that the soil clay content was a unique factor significantly correlated with the SOC content of CP soils.However,this factor only explained 24% of the variations.This result suggested that variables related to human activities had greater effects on SOC content variations in CP soils than soil properties and climate parameters.Based on SOC contents directly averaged from soil samples and estimated by regression equations,the total SOC pool in the topsoil (0-20 cm) of China was estimated at 60.02 Pg and 57.6 Pg.Thousands of years of intensive cultivation in China resulted in CP topsoil SOC loss of 4.34-4.98 Pg. | WU Lezhi CAI Zucong | 2012 | Chinese Geographical Science2012，22，3： | 2 |
| 11 | Wheat straw management affects CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from rice fields显示文摘 | Jing Ma Erdeng Ma Hua Xu Kazuyuki Yagi Zucong Cai | 2009 | Soil Biology and Biochemistry2009，，5： | 2 |
| 12 | Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) alters gross N transformation rates and reduces NO and N 2 O emissions in degraded vegetable soils显示文摘 | Tongbin Zhu Qi Dang Jinbo Zhang Christoph Müller Zucong Cai | 2014 | 2014 (1-2)2014，，1： | 2 |
| 13 | Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management显示文摘 | Zucong Cai Guangxi Xing Xiaoyuan Yan Hua Xu Haruo Tsuruta Kazuyuki Yagi Katsuyuki Minami | 1997 | Plant and Soil1997，，1： | 2 |
| 14 | Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N20 and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China显示文摘Tree species and temperature change arising from seasonal variation or global warming are two important factors influencing N2O and NO emissions from forest soils. However, few studies have examined the effects of temperatures(5–35℃) on the emissions of forest soil N2O and NO in typical subtropical region. A short-term laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of temperature changes(5–35℃) on soil N2O and NO emissions under aerobic conditions in two contrasting(broad-leaved and coniferous) subtropical acidic forest types in China. The results showed that the temporal pattern of N2O and NO emissions between the three lower temperatures(5℃, 15℃, and 25℃) and 35℃ was significantly different for both broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. The effects of temperature on soil N2O and NO emission rates varied between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. Both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with an increase in temperature in the broad-leaved forest soil. However, N2O and NO emissions in the coniferous forest soil were not sensitive to temperature change between 5℃ and 25℃. N2O and NO emission rates were significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest soil as compared with the coniferous forest soil at all incubation temperatures except 5℃. These results suggest that the broad-leaved forest could contribute more N2O and NO emissions than the coniferous forest for most of the year in the subtropical region of China. | Yi Cheng Jing Wang Shenqiang Wang Zucong Cai Lei Wang | 2014 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2014，26，3： | 2 |
| 15 | Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on NO emissions,soil quality and crop production in a loam soil显示文摘 | Lei Meng Ding Weixin Cai Zucong | 2005 | Soil Biology and Biochemistry2005，37，： | 1 |
| 16 | Summertime variation of methane oxidation in the rhizosphere of a carex dominated freshwater marsh显示文摘 | DING Weixin CAI Zucong TSURUTA H | | 0，，25： | 1 |
| 17 | Effect of rice plants on CI-h production, transport, oxidation and emission in rice paddy soil 显示文摘 | Zhongjun Jia Zucong Cai Hua Xu | 2001 | Plant and Soil2001，230，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Does ammonium-based N addition influence nitrificationand acidification in humid subtropical soils of China显示文摘 | Zhao Wei Cai Zucong Xu Zhihong | 2007 | Plant Soil2007，297，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Effects of organic material amendment and water content on NO, N 2 O, and N 2 emissions in a nitrate-rich vegetable soil显示文摘 | Tongbin Zhu Jinbo Zhang Wenyan Yang Zucong Cai | 2013 | Biology and Fertility of Soils2013，，： | 1 |
| 20 | Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively cultivated maize-wheat rotation soil in the North China Plain显示文摘 | DING Weixin CAI Yan CAI Zucong | 2007 | Science of the Total Environment2007，373，23： | 1 |
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