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| 1 | NMDA受体NR2A亚单位特异性地参与脑损伤导致的颞叶癫痫病显示文摘癫痫病(epilepsy)是一种危及人类健康的常见疾病,目前对癫痫病的预防还缺乏有效手段。NMDA受体在癫痫病的产生过程中起着至关重要的作用,NMDA受体非选择性拮抗剂MK801能够抑制癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)引起的神经元损伤和随后的癫痫病的产生。但非选择性拮抗剂有严重的副作用。NMDA受体由NR1和NR2两种亚基构成,NR2亚基又分为NR2A、NR2B、NR2C和NR2D四种亚单位,不同的亚单位在大脑中的分布以及在生理和病理情况下起的作用是不同的。我们在模拟人类颞叶癫痫的两种经典模型——电刺激点燃(kindling model)和匹罗卡品诱导癫痫(pilocarpine model)的大鼠模型中探讨了NMDA受体两种不同亚单位NR2A和NR2B在其中的作用。在两种不同的动物模型中分别给大鼠NMDA受体非选择性抑制剂MK801、NR2A选择性抑制剂NVP-AAM077、NR2B选择性抑制剂ifenprodil来观察各拮抗剂对大鼠癫痫产生和癫痫持续状态对大鼠神经元的损伤是否存在差异。我们发现NR2A和NR2B亚单位都参与了癫痫持续状态对大鼠神经元的损伤,而NR2A亚单位在癫痫病产生过程中起关键作用。这种差异可能与两种不同的亚单位激活不同基因和信号途径有关。该发现为临床研制癫痫病的预防药物提供了新的靶点。该工作已发表于2007年1月17日的《神经科学杂志》(Journal of Neuroscience,27(3):542—552)上。 | 陈迁 熊志奇 | 2007 | 中国基础科学2007，，2： | 36 |
| 2 | Up-Regulation of Trem2 Inhibits Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis and Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy via the PI3K/Akt Pathway in Mice显示文摘Epilepsy is a chronic and severe neurological disorder that has negative effects on the autonomous activities of patients. Functionally, Trem2(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) is an immunoglobulin receptor that affects neurological and psychiatric genetic diseases. Based on this rationale, we aimed to assess the potential role of Trem2 integration with the PI3 K/Akt pathway in epilepsy. We used microarray-based gene expression profiling to identify epilepsy-related differentially-expressed genes. In a mouse hippocampal neuron model of epilepsy, neurons were treated with lowMg^2+ extracellular fluid, and the protein and mRNA expression of Trem2 were determined. Using a gain-offunction approach with Trem2, neuronal apoptosis and its related factors were assessed by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR,and Western blot analysis. In a pilocarpine-induced epileptic mouse model, the malondialdehyde(MDA) and8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity in the hippocampus were determined,and the protein expression of Trem2 was measured. In addition, the regulatory effect of Trem2 on the PI3 K/Akt pathway was analyzed by inhibiting this pathway in both the cell and mouse models of epilepsy. Trem2 was found to occupy a core position and was correlated with epilepsy.Trem2 was decreased in the hippocampus of epileptic miceand epileptic hippocampal neurons. Of crucial importance,overexpression of Trem2 activated the PI3 K/Akt pathway to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, activation of the PI3 K/Akt pathway through over-expression of Trem2 alleviated oxidative stress, as shown by the increased expression of SOD and GSH-Px and the decreased expression of MDA and 8-OHdG. The current study defines the potential role of Trem2 in inhibiting the development of epilepsy, indicating that Trem2 up-regulation alleviates hippocampal neuronal injury and oxidative stress, and inhibits neuronal apoptosis in epilepsy by activating the PI3 K/Akt pathway. | Ai-Hua Liu Min Chu Yu-Ping Wang | 2019 | Neuroscience Bulletin2019，35，3： | 25 |
| 3 | Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy显示文摘AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD) alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group). Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants. | Gan Xie Qian Zhou Chuang-Zhao Qiu Wen-Kui Dai He-Ping Wang Yin-Hu Li Jian-Xiang Liao Xin-Guo Lu Su-Fang Lin Jing-Hua Ye Zhuo-Ya Ma Wen-Jian Wang | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，33： | 25 |
| 4 | 癫痫及抗癫痫药物的应用显示文摘癫痫(epilepsy)是脑部神经元同步化异常放电所引起的突发性中枢神经系统功能失常,且反复发作为特征的临床综合征。也是发作性意识丧失的常见原因。由于异常放电位置不同及波及范围差异,癫痫发作可表现为意识、运动、感觉、行为、精神和自主神经功能等障碍或兼有。临床上每一次发作或每次发作的过程称为痫性发作(seizure),患者可有一种或数种形式的痫性发作。 | 陈伟贤 蔡颖源 | 2015 | 中华全科医学2015，13，6： | 14 |
| 5 | Effects of music and music therapy on mood in neurological patients显示文摘Mood disorder and depressive syndromes represent a common comorbid condition in neurological disorders witha prevalence rate that ranges between 20% and 50% of patients with stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Notwithstanding, these conditions are often under-diagnosed and under-treated in the clinical practice and negatively affect the functional recovery, the adherence to treatment, the quality of life, and even the mortality risk. In addition, a bidirectional association between depression and neurological disorders may be possible being that depressive syndromes may be considered as a risk factor for certain neurological diseases. Despite the large amount of evidence regarding the effects of music therapy(MT) and other musical interventions on different aspects of neurological disorders, no updated article reviewing outcomes such as mood, emotions, depression, activity of daily living and so on is actually available; for this reason, little is known about the effectiveness of music and MT on these important outcomes in neurological patients. The aim of this article is to provide a narrative review of the current literature on musical interventions and their effects on mood and depression in patients with neurological disorders. Searching on Pub Med and Psyc Info databases, 25 studies corresponding to the inclusion criteria have been selected; 11 of them assess the effects of music or MT in Dementia, 9 explore the efficacy on patients with Stroke, and 5 regard other neurological diseases like Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/motor neuron disease, Chronic quadriplegia, Parkinson's Disease, and Acquired Brain dysfunctions. Selected studies are based on relational and rehabilitative music therapy approaches or concern music listening interventions. Most of the studies support the efficacy of MT and other musical interventions on mood, depressive syndromes, and quality of life on neurological patients. | Alfredo Raglio Lapo Attardo Giulia Gontero Silvia Rollino Elisabetta Groppo Enrico Granieri | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，1： | 13 |
| 6 | Pinellia Total Alkaloids Modulate the GABAergic System in Hippocampal Formation on Pilocarpine-Induced Epileptic Rats显示文摘Objective:To investigate the neuromodulatory effect of pinellia total alkaloids(PTA)on the gamma-aminobutyric acidergic(GABAergic)system in epileptic rats,and preliminarily evaluate the anti-epileptic effect of PTA.Methods:Ninety-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to a control group(n=17)or an epileptic group(n=74)using computer-generated random numbers.Status epilepticus(SE)was induced with pilocarpine in the epileptic group.Epileptic rats that survived SE were randomly divided into 4 groups,namely an epilepsy group(n=13),a topiramate(TPM,60 mg/kg)group(n=12),a high-dose PTA(800 mg/kg)group(n=12),and a low-dose PTA(400 mg/kg)group(n=10).Treatments were given intragastrically once daily for 14 days.The control group and epilepsy group received normal saline.Spontaneous recurrent seizures(SRSs)were monitored 8-h daily for 7 days after treatment.Then,the hippocampal formation tissues were collected.GABA level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Protein and mRNA expression levels of glutamate decarboxylase 65(GAD65),GABA transporter-1(GAT-1),GABA transaminase(GABA-T),and GABAA receptor(GABAAR)α4,α5,γ2 andδsubunits were measured using Western-blotting analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results:PTA lowered the incidence and frequency of SRS(both doses vs.the TPM group,P>0.05).Compared with the epilepsy group,PTA increased the levels of GABA(both doses P<0.01)and GAD65(mRNA,800 mg/kg,P<0.01),and suppressed the levels of GAT-1(mRNA,800 mg/kg,P<0.01;400 mg/kg,P<0.05),GABA-T(mRNA,both doses P<0.01),and GABAARδsubunit(protein,800 mg/kg,P<0.05)andγ2 subunit(protein,both doses P<0.01).PTA upregulated the low-expressed mRNA levels of GABAARα5 subunit(400 mg/kg,P<0.01),δsubunit(800 mg/kg,P<0.05),andγ2 subunit(400 mg/kg,P<0.05).Conclusions:PTA regulated the GABAergic system through modulating GABA levels and the expression levels of GAD65,GAT-1,GABA-T,and GABAARα4,α5,γ2 andδsubunits.PTA may exert antiepileptic effects on the pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model. | DENG Chu-xin WU Zhi-bing CHEN Yi YU Zheng-miao | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine2020，26，2： | 10 |
| 7 | Expression of human cytomegalovirus components in the brain tissues of patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis显示文摘Rasmussen's encephalitis(RE) is a rare and severe progressive epileptic syndrome with unknown etiology. Infection by viruses, including human cytomegalovirus(HCMV), has been speculated to be a potential trigger for RE. However, no viral antigens have been detected in the brains of patients with RE; thus, a possible clinical linkage between viral infections and RE has not been firmly established. In this study, we evaluated the expression of HCMV pp65 antigen in brain sections from 26 patients with RE and 20 non-RE patients by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and assessed the associations between HCMV infection and clinical parameters.Elevated expression of HCMV pp65 protein and DNA was observed in 88.5%(23/26) and 69.2%(18/26) of RE cases, respectively. In the non-RE group, HCMV pp65 antigen was detected only in two cases(10%), both of which were negative for DNA staining. Additionally, the intensity of HCMV pp65 staining was correlated with a shorter duration of the prodromal stage, younger age of seizure onset, and more severe unilateral cortical atrophy. Elevated expression of HCMV pp65 was observed in RE brain tissue and was correlated with the clinical features of RE disease. In summary, our results suggested that HCMV infection may be involved in the occurrence and progression of RE disease. Thus, further studies are needed to determine whether early treatment with anti-HCMV antibodies could modulate the course of RE. | Yao Zhang Yisong Wang Sichang Chen Shuai Chen Yuguang Guan Changqing Liu Tianfu Li Guoming Luan Jing An | 2017 | Virologica Sinica2017，32，2： | 9 |
| 8 | Epilepsy associated tumors: Review article显示文摘Long-term epilepsy associated tumors(LEAT) represent a well known cause of focal epilepsies. Glioneuronaltumors are the most frequent histological type consisting of a mixture of glial and neuronal elements and most commonly ariseing in the temporal lobe. Cortical dysplasia or other neuronal migration abnormalities often coexist. Epilepsy associated with LEAT is generally poorly controlled by antiepileptic drugs while, on the other hand, it is high responsive to surgical treatment. However the best management strategy of tumor-related focal epilepsies remains controversial representing a contemporary issues in epilepsy surgery. Temporo-mesial LEAT have a widespread epileptic networkwith complex epileptogenic mechanisms. By using an epilepsy surgery oriented strategy LEAT may have an excellent seizure outcome therefore surgical treatment should be offered early, irrespective of pharmacoresistance, avoiding both the consequences of uncontrolled seizures as well as the side effects of prolonged pharmacological therapy and the rare risk of malignant transformation. | Marco Giulioni Gianluca Marucci Matteo Martinoni Anna Federica Marliani Francesco Toni Fiorina Bartiromo Lilia Volpi Patrizia Riguzzi Francesca Bisulli Ilaria Naldi Roberto Michelucci Agostino Baruzzi Paolo Tinuper Guido Rubboli | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2014，2，11： | 9 |
| 9 | Chaihushugan decoction exerts antiepileptic effects by increasing hippocampal glutamate metabolism in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats显示文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antiepileptic effects of Chaihushugan decoction(CHSGD) in rats with pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizures and to discuss the impact of CHSGD on glutamate metabolism, a hypothesized underlying mechanism of seizure reduction.METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were divided randomly into either control(n = 10) or experimental(n = 40)groups. Rats in the control group were administered physiological saline intraperitoneally. A subconvulsive dose of PTZ(35 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats in the experimental group to induce seizures. The fully PTZ-kindled rats were then randomly divided into five subgroups(n = 8 each) based on the following treatment categories: physiological saline, VPA(200 mg/kg), CHSGD(2.5 g/kg), CHSGD(5 g/kg), or CHSGD(10 g/kg),administered orally once per day, respectively. On day 28 following initiation of drug treatment, seizures were monitored. The rats were then sacrificed, and hippocampal dissections were performed for subsequent studies.RESULTS: CHSGD significantly prolonged the latency of myoclonic, clonic, and tonic seizures, while decreasing overall seizure rates in the kindled rats.The measured concentrations of 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose(2-NBDG) and glutamate were significantly lower in the hippocampi of kindled rats in groups treated with CHSGD compared with those treated with PTZ alone. In addition, CHSGD was found to up-regulate both the expression of glutamate transporter-1(GLT-1) protein and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) in the hippocampi of kindled rats.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CHSGD has antiepileptic effects on PTZ-induced seizures.The results further suggest an increase in glutamate metabolism at the synaptic cleft is a putative underlying mechanism of seizure reduction. | Yu Yunhong Xie Wei Wang Changjun | 2015 | Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine2015，35，6： | 9 |
| 10 | Advances of Intracranial Electroencephalography in Localizing the Epileptogenic Zone显示文摘Intracranial electroencephalography(i EEG)provides the best precision in estimating the location and boundary of an epileptogenic zone. Analysis of i EEG in the routine EEG frequency range(0.5–70 Hz) remains the basis in clinical practice. Low-voltage fast activity is the most commonly reported ictal onset pattern in neocortical epilepsy, and low-frequency high-amplitude repetitive spiking is the most commonly reported ictal onset pattern in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent studies using wideband EEG recording have demonstrated that examining higher(80–1000 Hz) and lower(0.016–0.5 Hz) EEG frequencies can provide additional diagnostic information and help to improve the surgical outcome. In addition,novel computational techniques of i EEG signal analysis have provided new insights into the epileptic network.Here, we review some of these recent advances. Although these sophisticated and advanced techniques of i EEG analysis show promise in localizing the epileptogenic zone,their utility needs to be further validated in larger studies. | Bo Jin Norman K.So Shuang Wang | 2016 | Neuroscience Bulletin2016，32，5： | 9 |
| 11 | Oxcarbazepine monotherapy in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes improves quality of life显示文摘Background:Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes(BECTS)is the most common type of childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy.BECTS is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits and behavior problems.While seizures can be easily controlled,it is crucial to select anti-epileptic drugs that do not impair cognition,do not cause psychosocial effects,and improve the quality of life.Previous studies showed effects of oxcarbazepine(OXC)monotherapy on the cognitive and psychosocial profiles of patients with BECTS.Here,we studied the effects of OXC monotherapy on the neuropsychologic profiles and quality of life in patients with BECTS in China.Methods:Thirty-one patients aged 6 to 12 years newly diagnosed with BECTS were recruited.A psychometric assessment was performed before and during the follow-up of OXC monotherapy with Cognitive Computerized Task Battery,Depression SelfRating Scale for children,Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders,and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31(QOLIE-31).The results of the assessments were compared to explore the effect of OXC monotherapy in patients with BECTS.Results:Thirty children with BECTS completed the study.Five of ten cognitive test scores improved after treatment via OXC monotherapy,including visual tracing(F=14.480,P<0.001),paired associated learning(language)(F=6.292,P<0.001),paired associated learning(number)(F=9.721,P<0.05),word semantic(F=6.003,P<0.05),and simple subtraction(F=6.229,P<0.05).Of the neuropsychology data concerning the quality of life,statistically significant improvements were observed in emotion(F=4.946,P<0.05),QOLIE-social(F=5.912,P<0.05),and QOLIE-total(F=14.161,P<0.001).Conclusions:OXC is safe and does not impair neuropsychologic functions,with no obvious mood burden on children with BECTS.Most importantly,OXC has positive impacts on children’s perception of quality of life,especially in terms of happiness and life satisfaction. | Wan-Ting Liu Xiu-Xian Yan Da-Zhi Cheng Han-Zi Zhang Ning Ding Ke-Ming Xu Xin-Lin Zhou Qian Chen | 2020 | Chinese Medical Journal2020，，14： | 8 |
| 12 | What have we learned about the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in neurological disorders?显示文摘The kallikrein-kinin system(KKS) is an intricate endogenous pathway involved in several physiological and pathological cascades in the brain. Due to the pathological effects of kinins in blood vessels and tissues, their formation and degradation are tightly controlled. Their components have been related to several central nervous system diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and others. Bradykinin and its receptors(B1R and B2R) may have a role in the pathophysiology of certain central nervous system diseases. It has been suggested that kinin B1R is up-regulated in pathological conditions and has a neurodegenerative pattern, while kinin B2R is constitutive and can act as a neuroprotective factor in many neurological conditions. The renin angiotensin system(RAS) is an important blood pressure regulator and controls both sodium and water intake. AngⅡ is a potent vasoconstrictor molecule and angiotensin converting enzyme is the major enzyme responsible for its release. AngⅡ acts mainly on the AT1 receptor, with involvement in several systemic and neurological disorders. Brain RAS has been associated with physiological pathways, but is also associated with brain disorders. This review describes topics relating to the involvement of both systems in several forms of brain dysfunction and indicates components of the KKS and RAS that have been used as targets in several pharmacological approaches. | Maria da Graa Naffah-Mazzacoratti Telma Luciana Furtado Gouveia Priscila Santos Rodrigues Simōes Sandra Regina Perosa | 2014 | World Journal of Biological Chemistry2014，5，2： | 7 |
| 13 | Childhood epilepsy and sleep显示文摘Sleep and epilepsy are two well recognized conditions that interact with each other in a complex bi-directional way. Some types of epilepsies have increased activity during sleep disturbing it; while sleep deprivation aggravates epilepsy due to decreased seizure threshold. Epilepsy can deteriorate the sleep-related disorders and at the same time; the parasomnias can worsen the epilepsy. The secretion of sleep-related hormones can also be affected by the occurrence of seizures and supplementation of epileptic patients with some of these sleep-related hormones may have a beneficial role in controlling epilepsy. | Mohammed A Al-Biltagi | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2014，3，3： | 7 |
| 14 | 癫痫患儿家长生活质量及家庭干预效果研究显示文摘癫痫(epilepsy)是大脑神经元突发性异常放电所引起的一过性大脑功能紊乱的一种慢性疾病,是儿童常见的慢性神经系统疾病之一,据调查我国0~14岁儿童癫痫(不含热性惊厥)的发病率为151/10万,患病率为3.45‰。 | 许蓓 王桂兰 | 2017 | 山西医药杂志2017，46，17： | 7 |
| 15 | Neurocysticercosis:A case report and brief review显示文摘Neurocysticercosis(NCC) is one of the seven neglected endemic zoonoses targeted by the World Health Organization.It is considered a common infection of the nervous system caused by the Tanenia solium and is known to be the primary cause of preventable epilepsy in many developing countries.NCC is commonly resulted by the ingestion of Tanenia solium eggs after consuming undercooked pork,or contaminated water.The parasite can grow in the brain and spinal cord within the nervous system,causing severe headache and seizures beside other pathological manifestations.Immigration and international travel to endemic countries has made this disease common in the United States.NCC can be diagnosed with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.The treatment of the NCC including cysticidal drugs(eg.,albendazole and praziquantel),and neurosurgical procedure,depending upon a the situation.A patient of Asian origin came to our clinic with complaints of dizziness,headaches and episodes seizures for the past twelve years without proper diagnosis.The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans indicated multilobulated cystic mass in the brain with the suspicion of neurocysticercosis. | Syed A.A.Rizvi Ayman M.Saleh Hanns Frimpong Hussain M.Al Mohiy Jasmin Ahmed Ronda D.Edwards Sultan S.Ahmed | 2016 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2016，9，1： | 7 |
| 16 | 2小时睡眠剥夺脑电图在脑卒中后癫痫诊断中的应用研究显示文摘癫痫(epilepsy)是一种神经系统的常见病、多发病,它由不同病因引起,脑部神经元高度同步化异常放电所导致,由不同症状和体征组成,具有发作性、短暂性、刻板性等临床特点[1]。流行病学调查显示其发病率为0.5%1.0%,好发于儿童和老年人[2],尤其是脑卒中后遗症期的老年患者,研究表明60岁以上的新发癫痫患者,45%的病因与脑卒中密切相[3] | 叶世武 | 2017 | 中国现代医药杂志2017，19，6： | 6 |
| 17 | Generation of Febrile Seizures and Subsequent Epileptogenesis显示文摘Febrile seizures(FSs) occur commonly in children aged from 6 months to 5 years. Complex(repetitive or prolonged) FSs, but not simple FSs, can lead to permanent brain modification. Human infants and immature rodents that have experienced complex FSs have a high risk of subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the causes of FSs and the mechanisms underlying the subsequent epileptogenesis remain unknown. Here, we mainly focus on two major questions concerning FSs: how fever triggers seizures, and how epileptogenesis occurs after FSs. The risk factors responsible for the occurrence of FSs and the epileptogenesis after prolonged FSs are thoroughly summarized and discussed. An understanding of these factors can provide potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of FSs and also yield biomarkers for identifying patients at risk of epileptogenesis following FSs. | Bo Feng Zhong Chen | 2016 | Neuroscience Bulletin2016，32，5： | 6 |
| 18 | The neuro-glial coagulonome: the thrombin receptor and coagulation pathways as major players in neurological diseases显示文摘The neuro-glial interface extends far beyond mechanical support alone and includes interactions through coagulation cascade proteins. Here, we systematically review the evidence indicating that synaptic and node of Ranvier glia cell components modulate synaptic transmission and axonal conduction by a coagulation cascade protein system, leading us to propose the concept of the neuro-glial coagulonome. In the peripheral nervous system, the main thrombin receptor protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is located on the Schwann microvilli at the node of Ranvier and at the neuromuscular junction. PAR1 activation effects can be both neuroprotective or harmful, depending on thrombin activity levels. Low physiological levels of thrombin induce neuroprotective effects in the Schwann cells which are mediated by the endothelial protein C receptor. High levels of thrombin induce conduction deficits, as found in experimental autoimmune neuritis, the animal model for Guillaine-Barre syndrome. In the central nervous system, PAR1 is located on the peri-synaptic astrocyte end-feet. Its activation by high thrombin levels is involved in the pathology of primary inflammatory brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis, as well as in other central nervous system insults, including trauma, neoplasms, epilepsy and vascular injury. Following activation of PAR1 by high thrombin levels the seizure threshold is lowered. On the other hand, PAR1 activation by lower levels of thrombin in the central nervous system protects against a future ischemic insult. This review presents the known structure and function of the neuro-glial coagulonome, focusing on coagulation, thrombin and PAR1 in a pathway which may be either physiological (neuroprotective) or detrimental in peripheral nervous system and central nervous system diseases. Understanding the neuro-glial coagulonome may open opportunities for novel pharmacological interventions in neurological diseases. | Shany G.Gofrit Efrat Shavit-Stein | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，12： | 6 |
| 19 | The First National Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in China显示文摘Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disability characterized by impaired social interaction and communication,restricted interests,and stereotypical behaviors [1,2].In addition to these core diagnostic features,children with ASD frequently present with a host of associated behavioral issues,such as intellectual disability and epilepsy,as well as feeding and sleep problems.The prevalence of ASD in the United States is about 1/59,with a significantly higher proportion in males [3].Therefore,ASD is no longer a rare disorder. | Zi Chao Zhang Junhai Han | 2020 | Neuroscience Bulletin2020，36，9： | 5 |
| 20 | Pro-and anti-epileptic roles of microglia显示文摘Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis.In the epileptic brain, microglia show various activation phenotypes depending on the stage of epileptogenesis.Therefore, it remains unclear whether microglial activation acts in a pro-epileptic or anti-epileptic manner.In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, one of the most common form of epilepsies, microglia exhibit at least two distinct morphologies, amoeboid shape and ramified shape.Amoeboid microglia are often found in sclerotic area, whereas ramified microglia are mainly found in non-sclerotic area;however, it remains unclear whether these structurally distinct microglia share separate roles in the epileptic brain.Here, we review the roles of the two distinct microglial phenotypes, focusing on their pro-and anti-epileptic roles in terms of inflammatory response, regulation of neurogenesis and microglia-neuron interaction. | Shinichi Kinoshita Ryuta Koyama | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，7： | 5 |
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