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| 1 | 肛裂临床诊治指南(第三次修订)显示文摘“美国结直肠外科医师协会(American Societyof ColonandRectal Surgeons.ASCRS)”(协会)致力于推进结直肠和肛门疾病的相关理论以及预防和诊疗水平的提高,给患者提供优质的医疗服务。“标准委员会”由协会中在结直肠外科方面有显著专长的成员组成。该委员会的建立是为了引领国际结直肠和肛门疾病诊治的发展,以建立具有循证医学证据的临床诊疗指南。指南是涵盖性的,非指令性的,目的是为临床决策提供信息,而非具体的治疗方法。指南适用于所有相关的医护人员以及希望得到相应指南中疾病的相关诊治信息的患者。 | Farshid Araghizadeh ~ Robin Boushey Sridhar Chalasani George Chang Robert Cima Gary Dunn Daniel Feingold Philip Fleshner Daniel Geisler Jill Genua Sharon Gregorcyk Daniel Herzig Andreas Kaiser Ravin Kumar David Larson Steven Mills John Monson P. Terry Phang Feza Remzi David Rivadeneira Howard Ross Peter Senatore Elin Sigurdson Thomas Stahl Scott Steele Scott Strong Charles Tement Judith Trudel Madhulika Varnna Martin Weiser 丁义江(译) 皇甫少华(译) 丁曙晴(译) | 2013 | 中华胃肠外科杂志2013，16，7： | 70 |
| 2 | A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns显示文摘发展史长通知了蕨类植物分类。当我们推断进化的树的能力改善了,针对认出生来的组的分类变得逐渐地预兆、稳定。这里,我们为 lycophytes 和蕨纲植物提供一个现代、全面分类,在下面,利用一条基于社区的途径类水平。我们 monophyly 用作主要标准让 taxa,而且目的识别保存两个广泛地被接受的存在 taxa 和界限并且与我们蕨类植物发展史的理解一致。总共,这个分类对待一在 337 个类, 51 个家庭, 14 目,和二个班估计了 11 916 种类。这个分类没在 lycophyte 和蕨纲植物上作为最后的词被打算分类,而是当前的假设的概括陈述,源于最好的可得到的数据并且在问题由熟悉植物的那些大多数塑造了。我们希望它将在蕨类植物上为最近的文学的那些想要的参考用作一个资源发展史和分类,为指导未来调查的一个框架,和推进讲话的刺激。 | Eric Schuettpelz Harald Schneider Alan R. Smith Peter Hovenkamp Jefferson Prado Germinal Rouhan Alexandre Salino Michael Sundue Thafs Elias Almeida Barbara Parris Emily B. Sessa Ashley R. Field Andre Luis de Gasper Carl J. Rothfels Michael D. Windham Marcus Lehnert Benjamin Dauphin Atsushi Ebihara Samuli Lehtonen Pedro Bond Schwartsburd Jordan Metzgar Li-Bing Zhang Li-Yaung Kuo Patrick J. Brownsey Masahiro Kato Marcelo Daniel Arana Francine C. Assis Michael S. Barker David S. Barrington Ho-Ming Chang Yi-Han Chang Yi-Shan Chao Cheng-Wei Chen De-Kui Chen Wen-Liang Chiou Vinicius Antonio de Oliveira Dittrich Yi-Fan Duan Jean-Yves Dubuisson Donald R. Farrar Susan Fawcett Jose Maria Gabriel y Galan Luiz Armando de Araujo Goes-Neto Jason R. Grant Amanda L. Grusz Christopher Haufler Warren Hauk Hai He Sabine Hennequin Regina Yoshie Hirai Layne Huiet Michael Kessler Petra Korall Paulo H. Labiak Anders Larsson Blanca Leen Chun-Xiang Li Fay-Wei Li Melanie Link-Perez Hong-Mei Liu Ngan Thi Lu Esteban I. Meza-Torres Xin-Yuan Miao Robbin Moran Claudine Massi Mynssens Nathalie Nagalingum Benjamin Ollgaard Alison M. Paul Jovani B. de S. Pereira Leon R. Perrie Monica Ponce Tom A. Ranker Christian Schulz Wataru Shinohara Alexander Shmakov Erin M. Sigel Filipe Soares de Souza Lana da Silva Sylvestre Weston Testo Luz Amparo Triana-Moreno Chie Tsutsumi Hanna Tuomisto IvAn A. Valdespino Alejandra Vasco Raquel Stauffer Viveros Alan Weakley Ran Wei Stina Weststrand Paul G. Wolf George Yatskievych Xiao-Gang Xu Yue-Hong Yan Liang Zhang Xian-Chun Zhang Xin-Mao Zhou | 2016 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2016，54，6： | 44 |
| 3 | Petawatt and exawatt class lasers worldwide显示文摘In the 2015 review paper‘Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide’a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of>200 TW was presented.This was largely based on facility specifications,with some description of their uses,for instance in fundamental ultra-high-intensity interactions,secondary source generation,and inertial confinement fusion(ICF).With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Professors Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou for the development of the technique of chirped pulse amplification(CPA),which made these lasers possible,we celebrate by providing a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed.We are now in the era of multi-petawatt facilities coming online,with 100 PW lasers being proposed and even under construction.In addition to this there is a pull towards development of industrial and multi-disciplinary applications,which demands much higher repetition rates,delivering high-average powers with higher efficiencies and the use of alternative wavelengths:mid-IR facilities.So apart from a comprehensive update of the current global status,we want to look at what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes,and some of the critical issues facing their development. | Colin N.Danson Constantin Haefner Jake Bromage Thomas Butcher Jean-Christophe FChanteloup Enam A.Chowdhury Almantas Galvanauskas Leonida A.Gizzi Joachim Hein David I.Hillier Nicholas W.Hopps Yoshiaki Kato Efim A.Khazanov Ryosuke Kodama Georg Korn Ruxin Li Yutong Li Jens Limpert Jingui Ma Chang Hee Nam David Neely Dimitrios Papadopoulos Rory R.Penman Liejia Qian Jorge J.Rocca andrey A.Shaykin Craig W.Siders Christopher Spindloe Sándor Szatmári Raoul M.G.M.Trines Jianqiang Zhu Ping Zhu Jonathan D.Zuegel | 2019 | High Power Laser Science and Engineering2019，7，3： | 33 |
| 4 | miR-200 family expression is downregulated upon neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus显示文摘AIM: To investigate miR-200 family expression in Barrett's epithelium, gastric and duodenal epithelia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure miR-200, ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of miR-200 targets was used to predict biological outcomes. RESULTS: Barrett's epithelium expressed lower levels of miR-141 and miR-200c than did gastric and duodenal epithelia (P < 0.001). In silico analysis indicated roles for the miR-200 family in molecular pathways that distinguish Barrett's epithelium from gastric and duodenalepithelia, and which control apoptosis and proliferation. All miR-200 members were downregulated in adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02), and miR-200c expression was also downregulated in non-invasive epithelium adjacent to adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02). The expression of all miR-200 members was lower in Barrett's epithelium derived high-grade dysplastic cell lines than in a cell line derived from benign Barrett's epithelium. We observed signif icant inverse correlations between miR-200 family expression and ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression in Barrett's epithelium and esophageal adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: miR-200 expression might contribute to the anti-apoptotic and proliferative phenotype of Barrett's epithelium and regulate key neoplastic processes in this epithelium. | Cameron M Smith David I Watson Mary P Leong George C Mayne Michael Z Michael Bas PL Wijnhoven Damian J Hussey | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，8： | 13 |
| 5 | Nature:揭示干细胞惊人异质性显示文摘论文作者George Daley教授说:"这是一项非常基础的研究,但它阐明了多能性状态广泛性。我们捕获了干细胞不同状态的详细分子谱。"研究人员通过采用多种变量如不同的化学物质、培养环境和遗传敲除来扰乱多能干细胞,研究人员探究了它们的发育景观。随后,他们分析了每个细胞的遗传组成,观察了每个细胞多能状态的微小波动。他们发现内部、化学和环境信号影响干细胞方式的许多细微差异,揭示出了复杂的发育调控因子"决策"回路。 | Roshan M.Kumar Patrick Cahan Alex K.Shalek Rahul Satija A.Jay Daley Keyser Hu Li Jin Zhang Keith Pardee David Gennert John J.Trombetta Thomas C.Ferrante Aviv Regev George Q.Daley James J. Collins | 2014 | 岭南现代临床外科2014，14，6： | 10 |
| 6 | Can we predict which patients with community-acquired pneumonia are likely to have positive blood cultures?显示文摘BACKGROUND: Blood cultures (BC ) are commonly ordered during the initial assessment ofpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), yet their yield remains low. Selective use of BCwould allow the opportunity to save healthcare resources and avoid patient discomfort. The studywas to determine what demographic and clinical factors predict a greater likelihood of a positiveblood culture result in patients diagnosed with CAP.METHODS: A structured retrospective systematic chart audit was performed to comparerelevant demographic and clinical details of patients admitted with CAP, in whom blood culture resultswere positive, with those of age, sex, and date-matched control patients in whom blood cultureresults were negative.RESULTS: On univariate analysis, eight variables were associated with a positive BC result.After logistic regression analysis, however, the only variables statistically significantly associatedwith a positive BC were WBC less than 4.5 x 109/L [likelihood ratio (LR): 7.75, 95% CI=2.89-30.39], creatinine 〉106 !mol/L (LR: 3.15, 95%CI=1.71-5.80), serum glucose〈6.1 mmol/L (LR: 2.46,95%CI=1.14-5.32), and temperature 〉 38 °C (LR: 2.25, 95% CI =1.21-4.20). A patient with all of thesevariables had a LR of having a positive BC of 135.53 (95% CI=25.28-726.8) compared to patientswith none of these variables.CONCLUSIONS: Certain clinical variables in patients with CAP admitted to hospitals doappear to be associated with a higher probability of a positive yield of BC, with combinations of thesevariables increasing this likelihood. We have identified a subgroup of CAP patients in whom bloodcultures are more likely to be useful. | Samuel George Campbell R. Andrew McIvor Vincent Joanis David Graydon Urquhar | 2011 | World Journal of Emergency Medicine2011，2，4： | 7 |
| 7 | Neuronal failure in Alzheimer's disease: a view through the oxidative stress looking-glass显示文摘Considerable debate and controversy surround the cause(s) of Alzheimer's disease(AD). To date, several theories have gained notoriety, however none is universally accepted. In this review, we provide evidence for the oxidative stress-induced AD cascade that posits aged mitochondria as the critical origin of neurodegeneration in AD. | David J. Bonda Xinglong Wang Hyoung-Gon Lee Mark A. Smith George Perry Xiongwei Zhu | 2014 | Neuroscience Bulletin2014，30，2： | 7 |
| 8 | 水力压裂监测新方法显示文摘深入了解水力压裂裂缝的几何形态和延伸情况有助于改善低渗油气藏压裂增产作业效果,改善油气井产能并提高油气采收率。应用地震方法对水力压裂裂缝进行监测和描述已经有多年了,而新的地震硬件和处理技术的出现使得这类监测更加有效、可靠。 | Les Bennett Joeol Le Calvez David R. ( Rich ) Sarver Kevin Tanner W.S.(Scott)Birk George Waters Julian Drew Gw e nola Michaud Paolo Primiero Leo Eisner Rob Jones David Leslie Michael John Williams Jim Govenlock Richard C. ( Rick ) Klein Kazuhiko Tezuka | 2007 | 国外测井技术2007，22，4： | 7 |
| 9 | Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS , and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis显示文摘 | Wendy De Roock Bart Claes David Bernasconi Jef De Schutter Bart Biesmans George Fountzilas Konstantine T Kalogeras Vassiliki Kotoula Demetris Papamichael Pierre Laurent-Puig Frédérique Penault-Llorca Philippe Rougier Bruno Vincenzi Daniele Santini Giusepp | 2010 | Lancet Oncology2010，，8： | 6 |
| 10 | Acute liver injury induced by weight-loss herbal supplements显示文摘We report three cases of patients with acute liver injury induced by weight-loss herbal supplements. One patient took Hydroxycut while the other two took Herbalife supplements. Liver biopsies for all patients dem onstrated f indings consistent with drug-induced acute liver injury. To our knowledge, we are the fi rst instit ute to report acute liver injury from both of these two typ es of weight-loss herbal supplements together as a case series. The series emphasizes the importance of taking a cautious approach when consuming herbal supp lements for the purpose of weight loss. | Gary C Chen Vivek S Ramanathan David Law Pauline Funchain George C Chen Samuel French Boris Shlopov Viktor Eysselein David Chung Sonya Reicher Binh V Pham | 2010 | World Journal of Hepatology2010，2，11： | 5 |
| 11 | AME证据系列001--转化医学协会:脓毒症诊断和早期识别的临床实践指南显示文摘脓毒症是一种由感染引起的异质性疾病,感染触发了一系列复杂的局部或者全身的免疫炎症反应,引起多器官功能衰竭,发病率和病死率显著升高。由于至今仍然没有诊断脓毒症的金标准,所以脓毒症的临床诊断仍是一个难题。因此,脓毒症的临床诊断需要不断改变来满足临床和研究的要求。然而,尽管有许多新型的生物标记和筛选工具去预测脓毒症发生的风险,但是这些措施的诊断价值和有效性不足以让人满意,并且没有充分的证据去建议临床使用这些新技术。因此,脓毒症的临床诊断标准需要定期更新去适应不断产生的新证据。这篇综述旨在呈现当前脓毒症的诊断和早期识别方面的最新研究证据。临床运用不同的诊断方法的推荐意见依赖于推荐、评价、发展和评估分级体系(Grades of Recommendation Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE),因为大部分的研究是观察性研究,并没有对这些方法进行可靠评估,采用的是两步推理方法。未来需要更多研究来确认或者反驳某一特殊的指标检测,同时应该直接采用相关病人的结果数据。 | Zhongheng Zhang Nathan J.Smischney Haibo Zhang Sven Van Poucke Panagiotis Tsirigotis Jordi Rello Patrick M.Honore Win Sen Kuan Juliet June Ray Jiancang Zhou You Shang Yuetian Yu Christian Jung Chiara Robba Fabio Silvio Taccone Pietro Caironi David Grimaldi Stefan Hofer George Dimopoulos Marc Leone Sang-Bum Hong Mabrouk Bahloul Laurent Argaud Won Young Kim Herbert D.Spapen Jose Rodolfo Rocco 张建成(译) 尚游(译) 钟鸣(校) | 2016 | 临床与病理杂志2016，36，10： | 5 |
| 12 | CD8:Adhesion Molecule,Co-Receptor and Immuno-Modulator显示文摘CD8 is a cell surface glycoprotein found in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are important components in cellular immunity, esp. In the immune response to cancer and chronic infections. There are two forms of CD8,either as an αα homodimer or αβ heterodimer. It acts as an 'assistant' or co-receptor in the function of cytotoxic T cells where specific immunity is mediated by interaction of specific T cell receptor (αβTCR) and its ligand peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). CD8 also binds to pMHC but away from the interface of pMHC and TCR contact, thereof no influence on the specificity of this interaction. If the TCR and CD8 bind to the same pMHC at the same time, CD8 is defined as a co-receptor, functioning through its signalling via its cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphorylation pathway; if CD8 binds to pMHC independently of the TCR, it is defined as an adhesion molecule. At present, the co-receptor function theory is dominated in the field.Recent study has also shown that murine CD8αα binds to TL antigen, an MHC homologue, therefore acts as an immuno-modulator. In this review, we discuss these current understandings of the three aspects of the CD8 functions and their structural basis. | David K Cole George F Gao | 2004 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2004，1，2： | 4 |
| 13 | Procalcitonin,and cytokines document a dynamic inflammatory state in non-infected cirrhotic patients with ascites显示文摘AIM:To quantitate the simultaneous serum and ascitic fluid levels of procalcitonin and inflammatory markers in cirrhotics with and without ascites.METHODS:A total of 88 consecutive severe cirrhotic patients seen in a large city hospital liver clinic were studied and divided into two groups,those with and without ascites.Group 1 consisted of 41 cirrhotic patients with massive ascites,as demonstrated by necessity for therapeutic large-volume paracentesis.Group 2consisted of 47 cirrhotic patients without any clinically documented ascites to include either a recent abdominal computed tomography scan or ultrasound study.Serum and ascitic fluid levels of an array of inflammatory markers,including procalcitonin,were measured and compared to each other and a normal plasma panel(NPP).RESULTS:The values for inflammatory markers assayed in the serum of Groups 1 and 2,and ascitic fluid of the Group 1.The plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-8,interferon gamma(IFNγ)and epidermal growth factor(EGF)were all significantly greater in the serum of Group 1as compared to that of the serum obtained from the Group 2 subjects(all P<0.05).There were significantly greater serum levels of IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,tumor necrosis factor-α,vascular endothelial growth factor and EGF when comparing Group 2 to the NPP.There was no significant difference for IL-1A,IL-1B,IL-2,IL-4 and IFNγlevels between these two groups.Serum procalcitonin levels were increased in cirrhotics with ascites compared to cirrhotics without ascites,but serum levels were similar to ascites levels within the ascites group.Furthermore,many of these cytokines,but not procalcitonin,demonstrate an ascites-to-serum gradient.Serum procalcitonin does not demonstrate any significant difference segregated by liver etiology in the ascites group;but ascitic fluid procalcitonin is elevated significantly in car-diac cirrhosis/miscellaneous subgroup compared to the hepatitis C virus and alcoholic cirrhosis subgroups.CONCLUSION:Procalcitonin in the ascitic fluid,but not in the serum,differentiates between cirrhotic subgroup reflecting the dynamic interplay of ascites,bacterial translocation and the peri-peritoneal cytokine. | Bashar M Attar Christopher M Moore Magdalena George Nicolae Ion-Nedelcu Rafael Turbay Annamma Zachariah Guiliano Ramadori Jawed Fareed David H Van Thiel | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，9： | 4 |
| 14 | Randomised controlled trial of triclosan coated vs uncoated sutures in primary hip and knee arthroplasty显示文摘BACKGROUND Triclosan-coated vicryl plus suture(Ethicon, Inc.) was developed to reduce microbial colonisation during surgical procedures. However, its effect on wound healing and surgical site infections remain unclear after hip and knee arthroplasty surgery.AIM To determine the effect of triclosan-coated sutures(TCS) vs non-coated sutures on wound healing, following primary hip and knee arthroplasties.METHODS A single-centred, double-blind randomised controlled trial(RCT) was undertaken. We randomly allocated patients to receive either the triclosan-coated sutures(TCS vicryl plus) or non-coated sutures(NCS vicryl) during the closure of unilateral primary hip and knee arthroplasties. We utilised the ASEPSIS wound scoring system to evaluate wound healing for the first 6 weeks post-operatively.RESULTS One hundred and fifty patients undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty over a one-year period were included. Eighty-one were randomised to the TCS group and 69 to the NCS group. Despite no statistically significant difference in the ASEPSIS scores among the study groups(P = 0.75), sensitivity analysis using the Mann Whitney test(P = 0.036) as well as assessment of the wound complications at 6 weeks follow up, demonstrated significantly higher wound complication rates in the TCS group(8 vs 1, P = 0.03).CONCLUSION No clear advantage was demonstrated for using the TCS. However, larger multicentred RCTs are required to validate their use in hip and knee arthroplasty surgery. | Mohamed Sukeik David George Ayman Gabr Rami Kallala Peter Wilson Fares Sami Haddad | 2019 | World Journal of Orthopedics2019，10，7： | 4 |
| 15 | Incubation Phase of Acute Hepatitis B in Man: Dynamic of Cellular Immune Mechanisms显示文摘 | George J.M. Webster Stephanie Reignat Mala K. Maini Simon A. Whalley Graham S. Ogg Abigail King David Brown Peter L. Amlot Roger Williams Diego Vergani Geoffrey M. Dusheiko Antonio Bertoletti | 2000 | Hepatology2000，，5： | 4 |
| 16 | 大连和沈阳两市区79例母乳中二噁英污染水平调查显示文摘目的 通过测定乳汁中二英类污染物浓度 ,了解我国人群体内二英负荷水平 ,对新生儿授乳期间的二英每日摄入量进行卫生学评价。方法 采用CALUX生物法测定内陆城市 (沈阳地区 32例 )和沿海城市 (大连地区 4 7例 )初产妇乳汁中二英总毒性当量。结果 大连地区母乳中二英类污染物总毒性当量中位数为 15 84 73pgTEQs/gfat,显著高于沈阳地区 7 2 12 9pgTEQs/gfat。 结论 我国母乳中二英污染水平处于世界平均水平 ,新生儿授乳期间二英摄入量估计值超过WHO推荐的成人每日耐受量 ,应该引起相关部门足够的重视。 | 金一和 陈慧池 唐慧君 金秀花 刘惠芳 李珍 香山不二雄 滨松昌彦 匂坂馨 David Brown George Clark 中村昌文 | 2003 | 中华预防医学杂志2003，37，6： | 4 |
| 17 | The Cost-Effectiveness of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation is Superior to a Surgery-First Approach in the Treatment of Pancreatic Head Adenocarcinoma显示文摘 | Daniel E. Abbott Ching-Wei David Tzeng Ryan P. Merkow Scott B. Cantor George J. Chang Matthew Harold Katz David J. Bentrem Karl Y. Bilimoria Christopher H. Crane Gauri R. Varadhachary James L. Abbruzzese Robert A. Wolff Jeffrey E. Lee Douglas B. Evans Jas | 2013 | Annals of Surgical Oncology2013，，3： | 3 |
| 18 | 手术中知晓事件的新分级标准显示文摘背景有外显记忆的手术中知晓事件的发生率仅为1/1000—2/1000。因其较罕见,为了更好的了解手术中知晓事件及其后遗效直,需要对大批量的研究数据进行统计。因此,对其进行标准描述和表达将很有价值。方法本研究创建了一种新的手术中知晓事件评估标准:0级:未发生手术中知晓;1级:仅存在听觉感知;2级:感知触觉(比如手术操作、气管插管);3级:感知痛觉;4级:感知麻痹(比如感到不能活动、说话或呼吸);5级:感知麻痹及痛觉。患者主述有恐惧、焦虑、窒息、末日感、濒死感及其他相关显性描述,另行附加“D”(distress[痛苦、悲伤])。本研究回顾了15项详细提供手术中知晓报告信息的研究。来自3个研究并创建了该项分级标准的5位麻醉医生,各自独立的评估了这些病例。另外20名相关人员(麻醉主治医生、麻醉住院医生、麻醉护士、医学生及其辅助工作人员),虽未参与该分级标准的创建,但也独立对手术中知晓事件进行了评估。用Flwiss’s κ系数评估观察者之间的一致性。结果对151例确认发生手术中知晓事件的成年病例进行数据分析。基础评估1~5级中,总体κ系数为0.851(95%可信区间CI0.847~0.856)。包括附加情感障碍“D”的评估中,总体κ系数为0.779(95%可信区间CI 0.776~0.783)。结论本研究创建了新的手术中知晓事件评估标准,在评估者间具有近乎完美的一致性,这将有助于手术中知晓事件的研究。 | George A. Mashour Roy K. Esaki Kevin K. Tremper David B. Glick Michael O'Connor Michael S. Avidan 潘鹏(译) 李文志(校) | 2009 | 麻醉与镇痛2009，，6： | 3 |
| 19 | Oil-bearing fluid inclusions from the Palaeoproterozoic:A review of biogeochemical results from time-capsules >2.0 Ga old显示文摘The observation of oil inclusions trapped prior to 2.0 Ga in Palaeoproterozoic rocks and the ability to obtain detailed molecular geochemical information from them provide a robust way for understanding the early biogeochemical evolution of the Earth. Oil-bearing fluid inclusions (FI) in ca. 2.45 Ga fluvial metaconglomerate of the Matinenda Formation at Elliot Lake, Canada were trapped in quartz and feldspar during diagenesis and early metamorphism of the host rock, probably before ca. 2.2 Ga. The 2.1 Ga FA Formation sandstone of the Franceville Basin in Gabon that hosts the Oklo natural fission reactors has also been discovered to contain abundant Palaeoproterozoic oil-bearing FIs. This oil occurs within H2O and CO2-dominated inclusions trapped in syntaxial quartz overgrowths and intragranular and transgranular microfractures in detrital quartz, and was most likely trapped 2.1-1.98 Ga. Molecular geochemical analyses of both FI oils reveal a wide range of compounds, including n-alkanes, isoprenoids, monomethylalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and trace amounts of complex multi-ring biomarkers including terpanes, hopanes, methylhopanes, steranes and diasteranes. To ensure a reliable interpretation of oil inclusions, a comprehensive series of outside-rinse blanks and procedural system blanks was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; quantitative amounts of the hydrocarbons in these blanks were compared to the FI extracts, so as to provide confidence limits on the experimental integrity of each compound class. Maturity ratios based on reliably detected compound classes show that the FI oils were generated in the oil window, with no evidence of extensive thermal cracking. The presence of biomarkers for cyanobacteria and eukaryotes derived from and trapped in rocks deposited prior to 2.0 Ga is consistent with early evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and suggests that some aquatic settings had become sufficiently oxygenated for sterol biosynthesis by this time. The extraction of biomarker molecules from Palaeoproterozoic oil-bearing FIs thus establishes a new method, using low detection limits and system blank levels, to trace evolution through Earth's early history that avoids the potential contamination problems affecting shale-hosted hydrocarbons. | Simon C. GEORGE Adriana DUTKIEWICZ Herbert VOLK John RIDLEY David J. MOSSMAN Roger BUICK | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，1： | 3 |
| 20 | 当归芍药散治疗阿尔茨海默病的作用机制实验研究进展显示文摘阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种起病隐匿并呈进行性发展的神经系统退行性疾病,已成为全球重大健康和社会经济问题。AD发病机制十分复杂,存在β淀粉样蛋白过度沉积、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化、氧化应激、炎症等多种假说,因此迫切需要多途径、多环节、多靶点的整体综合调治措施的干预。这正是中医药的特色与优势。开展和加强中医药治疗本病的研究,具有重大意义。当归芍药散出自《金匮要略》,该方肝脾同调、血水并治,原为疗妇人之疾而设,自20世纪80年代末首次被日本学者用于治疗AD获效后,逐渐被广泛用于临床,疗效确切。阐明此方作用机理有助于其治疗优势的发挥。该文综述近年来相关实验研究进展,就其减少β-淀粉样蛋白过度沉积、抑制Tau蛋白异常磷酸化、改善氧化应激损伤、抑制炎症反应、调节乙酰胆碱相关酶类、增加α7烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体、调节脂质代谢、改善肠道菌群、拮抗神经细胞凋亡、降低胞内Ca2+超载并提高雌二醇激素水平等机制进行论述,以期为阐明此方治疗AD的科学内涵提供文献支持,并为进一步研究奠定基础。 | 陈云慧 夏军 刘丹 刘兴隆 张天娥 DAVID BAXTER George LIU Lizhou 游宇 谢永美 龚圆渊 彭伟 | 2022 | 中国实验方剂学杂志2022，28，24： | 3 |
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