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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Leaf senescence and late season net photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum(Liqu id am bar sty raciflua grown in elevated and ambient carbon dioxide concentrations显示文摘 | JEFFREY D H R1CHARD B T | 2003 | Tree Physiology2003，23，： | 1 |
| 3 | Synthesis of polysub- stituted indoles and indulines by means of zirconcenne- stabilized benzzyne complexes 显示文摘 | JEFFREY H T STEPHEN L B | 1994 | J Am Chem Soc1994，116，11： | 1 |
| 4 | Ensemble Square Root Filters显示文摘 | Michael K T Jeffrey L A Craig H B | 2002 | Notes and Correspondence2002，25，6： | 1 |
| 5 | The influence of R~-D investment on the use of corporate venture capital: an industry-level analysis显示文摘 | ARV1N S STEENSMA H K JEFFREY Q B | 2010 | Journal of Business Ventu ring2010，25，4： | 1 |
| 6 | The growth of word trade:Tariffs,transport costs and income similarities显示文摘 | Scott L B Jeffrey H B | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 7 | Pharmacological effects of SB220025, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, in angiogenesis and chronic inflalmmatory disease models显示文摘 | Brian B Leonard H | 1998 | J Pharmacol Exp Ther1998，284，2： | 1 |
| 8 | An API for runtime code patching 显示文摘 | Bryan B Jeffrey K H | 2000 | The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications2000，14，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Alginase enzyme production by Bacillus circulans显示文摘 | Jeffrey B H Scott D Ram J | 1984 | Appl Envi Microb1984，47，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Dibenzofuran phtoalexins from the sapwood of cotoneaster acutifolius and five related species显示文摘 | Tetsuo K Jeffrey B H John E | 1995 | Phytochemistry1995，38，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Dibenzofuran phtoalexins from the sapwood tissue of photinia,pyracantha and crataegus species显示文摘 | Tetsuo K Jeffrey B H John E | 1995 | Phytochemistry1995，39，5： | 1 |
| 12 | A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants显示文摘 | RENEE J GRAYER JEFFREY B H | 1994 | Phytochemistry1994，34，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under alternative straw management practices显示文摘 | Alison J E Jeffrey A B William R H | 2000 | Agron J2000，92，6： | 1 |
| 14 | Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals 显示文摘 | Hussein S H Jeffrey M B | 2001 | Toxicology2001，167，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Advances in flavonoid research since 1992显示文摘 | JEFFREY B H CHRISTINE A W | 2000 | Phytochemistry2000，55，6： | 1 |
| 16 | An API for runtime code patching 显示文摘 | Bryan B Jeffrey K H | 2000 | International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications2000，14，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Enhance in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater by combined injection of nitrate and sulfate 显示文摘 | Jeffrey A C Halla B Gary D H | 2001 | Environ Sci Technol2001，35，16： | 1 |
| 18 | Heat-stress induced synthesis of chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) in a heat-tolerant maize line显示文摘 | BShailendra K B Thomas E E Jeffrey E H | 2001 | Planta2001，212，： | 1 |
| 19 | Incorporation of a computerized human patient simulator in critical care training: Apreliminary report显示文摘 | Jeffrey H Mordechai B Bo C | 2002 | Journal of Trauma - Infection & Critical Care2002，53，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Do Speculators Drive Crude Oil Futures Prices?显示文摘 | Büyüksahin Bahattin Harris Jeffrey H | 2011 | The Energy Journal2011，，2： | 1 |
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