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| 1 | Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment显示文摘Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward. | Tijian WANG Taichang GAO Hongsheng ZHANG Maofa GE Hengchi LEI Peichang ZHANG Peng ZHANG Chunsong LU Chao LIU Hua ZHANG Qiang ZHANG Hong LIAO Haidong KAN Zhaozhong FENG Yijun ZHANG Xiushu QIE Xuhui CAI Mengmeng LI Lei LIU Shengrui TONG | 2019 | Science China Earth Sciences2019，62，12： | 5 |
| 2 | A method for distinguishing and linking turbulent entrainment mixing and collision-coalescence in stratocumulus clouds显示文摘This paper presents a method to distinguish and link inhomogeneous mixing with subsequent ascent and collision-coalescence. Three stratocumulus clouds analyzed were collected over the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site during the March 2000 cloud Intensive Observation Period. The criteria are presented to distinguish the two processes. Inhomogeneous mixing with subsequent ascent is identified if cloud along an aircraft horizontal leg is non-drizzling and the relationship between cloud volume-mean radius and liquid water content is negative; in contrast, drizzling and positive relationship between the above two properties are the criteria for collision-coalescence. To link the two processes, threshold function, the possibility of occurrence of collision-coalescence, is employed; the big droplets generated during the in-homogeneous mixing with subsequent ascent increase the threshold function, initiates collision-coalescence and produces drizzle drops. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on distinguishing and linking inhomogeneous mixing with subsequent ascent and collision-coalescence based on observational data. | LU ChunSong LIU YanGang NIU ShengJie | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，4： | 4 |
| 3 | Characteristics of Surface Solar Radiation under Different Air Pollution Conditions over Nanjing, China: Observation and Simulation显示文摘Surface solar radiation (SSR) can affect climate, the hydrological cycle, plant photosynthesis, and solar power. The values of solar radiation at the surface reflect the influence of human activity on radiative climate and environmental effects, so it is a key parameter in the evaluation of climate change and air pollution due to anthropogenic disturbances. This study presents the characteristics of the SSR variation in Nanjing, China, from March 2016 to June 2017, using a combined set of pyranometer and pyrheliometer observations. The SSR seasonal variation and statistical properties are investigated and characterized under different air pollution levels and visibilities. We discuss seasonal variations in visibility, air quality index (AQI), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and their correlations with SSR. The scattering of solar radiation by particulate matter varies significantly with particle size. Compared with the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm (PM2.5-10), we found that the PM2.5 dominates the variation of scattered radiation due to the differences of single-scattering albedo and phase function. Because of the correlation between PM2.5 and SSR, it is an effective and direct method to estimate PM2.5 by the value of SSR, or vice versa to obtain the SSR by the value of PM2.5. Under clear-sky conditions (clearness index ≥0.5), the visibility is negatively correlated with the diffuse fraction, AQI, PM10, and PM2.5, and their correlation coefficients are ?0.50,?0.60,?0.76, and ?0.92, respectively. The results indicate the linkage between scattered radiation and air quality through the value of visibility. | Hao LUO Yong HAN Chunsong LU Jun YANG Yonghua WU | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，10： | 4 |
| 4 | Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics显示文摘 | Chunsong Lu Shengjie Niu Lili Tang Jingjing Lv Lijuan Zhao Bin Zhu | 2010 | Atmospheric Research2010，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Observational study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the winter radiation fog in the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, China显示文摘We conducted a three-month field experiment focusing on the physical and chemical characteristics of fog in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China,in the winter of 2019.In general,the fog would form at midnight and persist because of the increased long-wave radiative cooling combined with the high relative humidity,gentle breeze,and a relatively low aerosol number concentration in the forest;the fog would dissipate before noon due to the increasing turbulence near the surface.This diurnal cycle is typical for radiation fog.The microphysical fog properties included a relatively low number concentration of the fog droplet,large droplet size,high liquid water content,narrow droplet number-size distribution,and high supersaturation.The chemical properties showed that the fog water was slightly alkaline with low electrical conductivity,whereas the highest proportions of anions and cations therein were Cl^(−)and Ca^(2+),respectively;the chemical components were enriched in small fog droplets.In addition,we indirectly calculated the fog supersaturation according to theκ-Köhler theory.We found that condensation broadens the droplet number-size distribution at relatively low supersaturation,which is positively correlated with the fog-droplet number concentration and negatively correlated with the droplet mean-volume diameter;this affects the key microphysical processes of fog. | Yuan WANG Shengjie NIU Chunsong LU Jingjing LV Jing ZHANG Hongwei ZHANG Sirui ZHANG Naifu SHAO Wei SUN Yuchen JIN Qinghai SONG | 2021 | Science China Earth Sciences2021，64，11： | 1 |
| 6 | Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics显示文摘 | Chunsong Lu Shengjie Niu Lili Tang Jingjing Lv Lijuan Zhao Bin Zhu | 2010 | Atmospheric Research2010，，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Improvement of cloud microphysical parameterization and its advantages in simulating precipitation along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway显示文摘The Sichuan-Xizang Railway is an important part of the railway network in China, and geological disasters, such as mountain floods and landslides, frequently occur in this region. Precipitation is an important cause of these disasters;therefore,accurate simulation of the precipitation in this region is highly important. In this study, the descriptions for uncertain processes in the cloud microphysics scheme are improved;these processes include cloud droplet activation, cloud-rain autoconversion, rain accretion by cloud droplets, and the entrainment-mixing process. In the default scheme, the cloud water content of different sizes corresponds to the same cloud droplet concentration, which is inconsistent with the actual content;this results in excessive cloud droplet size, unreasonable related conversion rates of microphysical process(such as cloud-rain autoconversion), and an overestimation of precipitation. Our new scheme overcomes the problem of excessive cloud droplet size. The processes of cloudrain autoconversion and rain accretion by cloud droplets are similar to the stochastic collection equation, and the mixing mechanism of cloud droplets is more consistent with that occurred during the actual physical process in the cloud. Based on the new and old schemes, multiple precipitation processes in the flood season of 2021 along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway are simulated, and the results are evaluated using ground observations and satellite data. Compared to the default scheme, the new scheme is more suitable for the simulation of cloud physics, reducing the simulation deviation of the liquid water path and droplet radius from 2 times to less than 1 time and significantly alleviating the overestimation of precipitation intensity and range of precipitation center. The average root-mean-square error is reduced by 22%. Our results can provide a scientific reference for improving precipitation forecasting and disaster prevention in this region. | Xiaoqi XU Zhiwei HENG Yueqing LI Shunjiu WANG Jian LI Yuan WANG Jinghua CHEN Peiwen ZHANG Chunsong LU | 2024 | Science China Earth Sciences2024，67，3： | 0 |
| 8 | Parameterizations of different hydrometeor spectral relative dispersion in the convective clouds显示文摘离散度的诊断对模式中沉降过程的准确描述至关重要.本文利用WRF模式结合谱分档方案模拟安徽寿县地区的对流云,研究不同水成物的离散度.首先,无论在清洁还是污染条件下,除冰晶谱的离散度与体积平均直径间呈现负相关关系外,云滴,雨滴,霰粒子与雪粒子谱离散度与体积平均直径呈现正相关关系;云滴和雨滴受碰并过程影响,冰晶,霰粒子和雪粒子分别受凝华过程,淞附过程和聚并增长影响.其次,综合考虑污染与清洁条件下离散度和体积平均直径之间的相关关系,建立了离散度的参数化方案.最后,把该离散度方案应用到下落末速度的参数化方案中,结果表明,对于云滴,冰晶,霰粒子和雪粒子,在Gamma分布中假设谱形参数等于0会低估谱形参数而高估离散度.对于雨滴而言,假设谱形参数等于0与参数化方案结果接近.针对不同的水成物,给出了最合适的谱形参数定值.本文发展的离散度方案为进一步优化模式中下落末速度参数化方案提供参考. | Qinyao Zou Lei Zhu Chunsong Lu Guang J.Zhang Xiaoqi Xu Qian Chen Dan Li | 2022 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2022，15，3： | 0 |
| 9 | Relationships between Cloud Droplet Spectral Relative Dispersion and Entrainment Rate and Their Impacting Factors显示文摘Cloud microphysical properties are significantly affected by entrainment and mixing processes.However,it is unclear how the entrainment rate affects the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution.Previously,the relationship between relative dispersion and entrainment rate was found to be positive or negative.To reconcile the contrasting relationships,the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model is used to determine the underlying mechanisms.When evaporation is dominated by small droplets,and the entrained environmental air is further saturated during mixing,the relationship is negative.However,when the evaporation of big droplets is dominant,the relationship is positive.Whether or not the cloud condensation nuclei are considered in the entrained environmental air is a key factor as condensation on the entrained condensation nuclei is the main source of small droplets.However,if cloud condensation nuclei are not entrained,the relationship is positive.If cloud condensation nuclei are entrained,the relationship is dependent on many other factors.High values of vertical velocity,relative humidity of environmental air,and liquid water content,and low values of droplet number concentration,are more likely to cause the negative relationship since new saturation is easier to achieve by evaporation of small droplets.Further,the signs of the relationship are not strongly affected by the turbulence dissipation rate,but the higher dissipation rate causes the positive relationship to be more significant for a larger entrainment rate.A conceptual model is proposed to reconcile the contrasting relationships.This work enhances the understanding of relative dispersion and lays a foundation for the quantification of entrainment-mixing mechanisms. | Shi LUO Chunsong LU Yangang LIU Yaohui LI Wenhua GAO Yujun QIU Xiaoqi XU Junjun LI Lei ZHU Yuan WANG Junjie WU Xinlin YANG | 2022 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2022，39，12： | 0 |
| 10 | The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation显示文摘The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization. | Lei ZHU Chunsong LU Xiaoqi XU Xin HE Junjun LI Shi LUO Yuan WANG Fan WANG | 2024 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2024，41，1： | 0 |
| 11 | Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Cloud Systems over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and East China:A Cloud-resolving Model Study显示文摘The seasonal and diurnal variations of cloud systems are profoundly affected by the large-scale and local environments.In this study,a one-year-long simulation was conducted using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau(ETP)and two subregions of Eastern China:Southern East China and Central East China.Deep convective clouds(DCCs)rarely occur in the cold season over ETP,whereas DCCs appear in Eastern China throughout the year,and the ETP DCCs are approximately 20%−30%shallower than those over Eastern China.Most strong rainfall events(precipitation intensity,PI>2.5 mm h−1)in Eastern China are related to warm-season DCCs with ice cloud processes.Because of the high elevation of the ETP,the warm-season freezing level is lower than in Eastern China,providing favorable conditions for ice cloud processes.DCCs are responsible for the diurnal variations of warm-season rainfall in all three regions.Warm-season DCCs over the ETP have the greatest total cloud water content and frequency in the afternoon,resulting in an afternoon rainfall peak.In addition,rainfall events in the ETP also exhibit a nocturnal peak in spring,summer,and autumn due to DCCs.Strong surface heat fluxes around noon can trigger or promote DCCs in spring,summer,and autumn over the ETP but produce only cumulus clouds in winter due to the cold and dry environment. | Jinghua CHEN Xiaoqing WU Chunsong LU Yan YIN | 2022 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2022，39，7： | 0 |
| 12 | The scattering mechanism of squall lines with C-Band dual polarization radar.Part Ⅱ:the mechanism of an abnormal ZDR echo in clear air based on the parameterization of turbulence deformation显示文摘In part I,the clear air echo in front of the squall line is caused by turbulence diffraction,which makes the Z_(DR) echo characteristics different from particle scattering.To study the turbulence deformation phenomenon that is affected by environmental wind,the turbulence-related method is used to analyze the characteristics of three-dimensional turbulence energy spectrum density,and the parametric model of turbulence integral length scale and environmental wind speed is established.The results show that the horizontal scale of turbulence is generally larger than the vertical scale.The turbulence is nearly isotropic in the horizontal direction,presenting a flat ellipsoid with the vertical orientation of the rotation axis when there is no horizontal wind or the horizontal velocity is small.When horizontal wind exists,the turbulence scale increases along the dominant wind direction.The turbulence scale is positively correlated with the wind speed.The power function is used to fit the relationships of turbulence integral length scale and horizontal wind speed,which obtains the best fitting effect,and the goodness of fit(GF)is above 0.99 in each direction.The deforming turbulence can cause 8-9 dB Z_(DR) anomalies in the echo of dual polarization radar,which the ratio of scales in the dominant wind and the vertical direction of deforming turbulence(L_(u)/L_(w))is around 4.3.The variation in Z_(DR) depends on the turbulence shape,orientation and the relative position between turbulence and radar.The shape of turbulence derived from radar detection results is consistent with that of the parametric model,which can provide a parametric scheme for turbulence research.The results reveal the mechanism of abnormal Z_(DR) echo caused by deforming turbulence. | Jiashan ZHU Ming WEI Sinan GAO Chunsong LU | 2022 | Frontiers of Earth Science2022，16，2： | 0 |
| 13 | Parameterization and Explicit Modeling of Cloud Microphysics:Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions显示文摘Cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs)and large-eddy simulation(LES)models.Instead of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years,this study concentrates purposely on several topics that we believe are understudied but hold great potential for further advancing bulk microphysics parameterizations:multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations and the role of the spectral shape of hydrometeor size distributions;discrete vs“continuous”representation of hydrometeor types;turbulence-microphysics interactions including turbulent entrainment-mixing processes and stochastic condensation;theoretical foundations for the mathematical expressions used to describe hydrometeor size distributions and hydrometeor morphology;and approaches for developing bulk microphysics parameterizations.Also presented are the spectral bin scheme and particle-based scheme(especially,super-droplet method)for representing explicit microphysics.Their advantages and disadvantages are elucidated for constructing cloud models with detailed microphysics that are essential to developing processes understanding and bulk microphysics parameterizations.Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation(DNS)models are described as an emerging technique to investigate turbulence-microphysics interactions at the most fundamental level by tracking individual particles and resolving the smallest turbulent eddies in turbulent clouds.Outstanding challenges and future research directions are explored as well. | Yangang LIU Man-Kong YAU Shin-ichiro SHIMA Chunsong LU Sisi CHEN | 2023 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2023，40，5： | 0 |
| 14 | Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution during a Regional Freezing Rain Event in the Jianghan Plain of Central China显示文摘The characteristics of the raindrop size distribution(DSD)during regional freezing rain(FR)events that occur throughout the phase change(from liquid to solid)are poorly understood due to limited observations.We investigate the evolution of microphysical parameters and the key formation mechanisms of regional FR using the DSDs from five disdrometer sites in January 2018 in the Jianghan Plain(JHP)of Central China.FR is identified via the size and velocity distribution measured from a disdrometer,the discrete Fréchet distancemethod,surface temperature,human observations,and sounding data.With the persistence of precipitation,the emergence of graupel or snowflakes significantly reduces the proportion of FR.The enhancement of this regional FR event is mainly dominated by the increase in the number concentration of raindrops but weakly affected by the diameters.To improve the accuracy of quantitative precipitation estimation for the FR event,a modified second-degree polynomial relation between the shapeμand slopeΛof gamma DSDs is derived,and a new Z-R(radar reflectivity to rain rate)relationship is developed.The mean values of mass-weighted mean diameters(D_(m))and generalized intercepts(lgN_(w))in FR are close to the stratiform results in the northern region of China.Both the melting of tiny-rimed graupels and large-dry snowflakes are a response to the formation of this regional FR process in the JHP,dominated by the joint influence of the physical mechanism of warm rain,vapor deposition,and aggregation/riming coupled with the effect of weak convective motion in some periods. | Jingjing LÜ Yue ZHOU Zhikang FU Chunsong LU Qin HUANG Jing SUN Yue ZHAO Shengjie NIU | 2023 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2023，40，4： | 0 |
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